流速、温度对封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆摄食效应和动态投喂模型的研究
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摘要
本研究在封闭循环水养殖条件下,从生态营养和水环境调控角度,探讨流速和温度对大菱鲆摄食、生长、水质指标、消化酶及免疫指标的效应特征及变化规律,寻找适于大菱鲆摄食、生长、水生态等的最适流速和温度。根据流速和温度对大菱鲆摄食影响特征,结合试验室相关研究,建立了基于体重、温度、密度以及流速等关键影响因子的多参数动态投喂模型,同时建立了体重、温度和密度对大菱鲆氨氮排泄率的效应模型。
1在封闭循环水高密度养殖条件下(平均密度14.1±0.51kg/m~2),设置四个流速梯度(200L/h, 400L/h, 600L/h, 800L/h,分别以A～D组表示),选用相近体重(200.3±7.6g)大菱鲆进行42天养殖试验,每个梯度设置三个重复,每个重复55尾鱼,研究流速对封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆生长、摄食、水质以及免疫和血清酶的影响。试验结果表明:
(1)大菱鲆摄食量、生长率、增重率随流速增大先快速上升后缓升趋稳,饲料系数则相反。B、C、D三组特定生长率、摄食量分别显著(P<0.05)高于A组30.77%～52.31%、17.30%～22.05%;饲料系数则显著低于A组13.83%～22.34%。
(2)养殖水体中总氨氮、非离子氨及亚硝酸氮浓度随流速的增大先快速下降后缓降趋稳。B、C、D三组水质总氨氮氨浓度均极显著(P<0.01)低于A组53.70%～79.07%。
(3)根据流速对特定生长率、水体总氨氮二者的影响,创新获得养殖的生长生态适宜流速为625L/h;再结合流速对水循环动力的影响,获得养殖的生长生态经济适宜流速为480L/h。
(4)流速对大菱鲆血清SOD、LZM有显著影响:血清SOD、GPT、血钠、血钾、血氯表现出先升后降的趋势,GOT与此相反;LDH、LZM则表现持续上升的趋势。与A组相比,B、C、D三组SOD活力显著性(P<0.05)提高14.25%～21.25%; LZM活力极显著性(P<0.01)增加22.16%～57.53%; ALP活力显著性(P<0.05)增加17.88%～73.74%; GPT活力显著性(P<0.05)增加35.68%～71.65%;各组的GOT活力、血钠、血钾、血氯含量上则无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
2在高密度封闭循环水养殖条件下(平均密度14.20±0.48kg/m~2),设置四个温度梯度(14℃, 16℃, 18℃, 21℃,分别以A～D组表示),挑选相近体重(371.68±43.15g)的大菱鲆进行56天养殖试验。每个梯度设置三个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。研究高密度封闭循环水养殖条件下温度对大菱鲆摄食、氨氮排泄、消化以及免疫指标的影响。试验结果表明:温度对大菱鲆摄食、生长、氨氮排泄及消化免疫指标具有显著影响。
(1)在14～18℃范围内,大菱鲆摄食量随温度增加而增大,但当温度为21℃时,该组总摄食量、日均摄食量与其他三组相比均出现显著(P<0.05)下降。A、B、C三组的总摄食量、日均摄食量、日均摄食率与D组差异显著(P<0.05),三组的日均摄食量分别提高25.65%、32.26%及45.08%。
(2)大菱鲆生长和存活率随温度增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。A、B、C三组增重率分别比D组提高75.23%、91.05%及121.18%,特定生长率分别提高34.29%、80%、102.86%。
(3)温度对养殖水中总氨氮、亚硝酸氮有显著(P<0.05)影响。总氨氮排泄随温度增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,以16～18℃范围水体氨氮浓度较高,与其摄食、生长、消化等性能显著提高相符合。虽然两次亚硝酸氮测定最大值不同,但均出现在中等温度范围内,其与生物滤器菌群变化关系的机制,需在今后深入探讨。同时通过24小时连续监测,大菱鲆氨氮排泄呈昼夜周期性变化,在摄食后6～9小时出现氨氮排泄高峰。C组总氨氮显著性(P<0.05)高于A、D两组32.34%、25.57% (第一次水质测定)及82.14%、34.21%(第二次水质)。
(4)在14～18℃范围内,大菱鲆胃蛋白酶、SOD、LZM活力及血清皮质醇含量随温度增加而增大;当温度为21℃时,上述指标均出现显著下降。C组皮质醇含量、SOD、LZM、胃蛋白酶活力分别较A、B、D高11.46%～13.54%、6.69%～15.38%、9.17%～70.22%及39.63%～202.64%。血清GOT、GPT活力随温度的增加表现出先降低后升高的趋势;肠道AMS活力随温度增加表现出持续增大的趋势,D组分别高于C组10.81%、显著性(P <0.05)高于B组59.74%、极显著性(P<0.01)高于A组115.79%;四组肠LPS、鳃丝Na~ +, K~+- ATPase并无显著性差异。
(5)在本试验条件下,综合不同指标结果,确定封闭循环水高密度养殖大菱鲆成鱼(300～400g体重)的适宜温度范围为16～18℃;对应的日均摄食率为0.52%～0.55%,特定生长率为0.63%/d～0.71%/d,总氨氮排泄率为0.12～0.13mg N /kg W/h。
(6)从摄食量与氨氮排泄量的关系特征获得,在本试验条件下:排泄总氨氮占风干饲料的均数为2.7%、占饲料氮的均数为33.7%;即摄入1kg风干饲料平均排出0.0270kg总氨氮,摄入1kg饲料氮平均排出0.337kg总氨氮。
3通过对试验数据分析处理,初步建立了封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆的饱食投喂模型、氨氮排泄率模型和特定生长率模型。
(1)饱食投喂模型: F_I=W~( 0.769 )D~ (-0.087) e~(-3 .211-0.032 T +0.125F)式中F_I代表日饱食摄食量(g/d/fish),W代表体重阶段(g),D代表养殖密度(kg/m~2),T代表温度(℃),Fr代表流速(tank volumes/h)。
(2)氨氮排泄率模型: A =W ~(-3 .409 )D ~(2.298 )e~(0.037T-12.370)特定生长率模型: G =W~(-0 .423 )D~( -0.024 )e~(1 .496 + 0.257 F+ 0.087(18 -T))式中A代表氨氮排泄率(mg N/ kgW/ h),W代表体重阶段(g),D代表养殖密度(kg/m~2),T代表温度(℃),G代表特定生长率(%/d),Fr代表流速(tankvolumes/h)。
(3)模型的用途和意义:①可以使实际生产饲料投喂量基本达到定量化、清洁化和动态化。②将饱食投喂模型、特定生长率模型与氨氮排泄模型相结合,计算得出基于较快生长、较低水污染的生态适宜投喂量,对精准投喂和水质净化具有重要实际生产应用价值。③应用关联的模型,可以根据任意3个变量,估测第4个变量,在生产中非常方便和实用。如:可以根据温度、鱼体重及养殖密度预测鱼类氨氮排泄速率,预测水体氨氮浓度及变化,有效指导实际养殖生产。④本模型的建立和完善,可初步实现最佳生长、最少饲料浪费、并向生物滤器提供稳定代谢物的清洁投喂目的,使封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆的饲料投喂和水环境调控步入动态、数字化水平。
Based on the view of Eco-nutrition and Water environmental control, the studyaims to explore the effects of flow rate and temperature on the feed intake, growth,water quality, digestive enzyme activity and immunity of turbot (Scophthatmusmaximus L) in a closed recirculation aquaculture system, looking for the optimumflow rate and temperature for feeding, growth, water ecology of turbot. According tothe features of flow rate and temperature on the feeding of turbot, combining withlaboratory research, we established multi-parameter dynamic model on the base ofkey factors such as body weight, temperature, density and flow rate. We also build theeffect model of ammonia excretion rate of turbot on the base of body weight,temperature and density .
1 Effects of flow rate on feed intake, growth and water quality of turbot wereinvestigated in closed recirculation aquaculture system. Fish with a mean initialweight of 200.3±7.6g were reared at four different flow rates (200L/h, 400 L/h,600L/h, 800L/h), equaling 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 tank volumes/h in 400L tanks during 42days. Six hundred and sixty fish were randomly allotted in four treatments with threereplicates for each treatment in a stocking density of 14.1±0.51kg/m~2.The resultsindicated:
(1) Feed intake, specific growth rate and weight gain rate were increasing rapidlyfirst and then slowly with increased flow rate, while food conversion rate showed areverse pattern. The specific growth rate of group B,C,D are significantly higher thangroup A by 30.77%～52.31%, while feed conversion rate is lower than group A by13.83%～22.34%.
(2) Concentrationsoftotalammonianitrogen(TAN),unionizedammonianitrogen(UIA-N) and nitrite (NO_2~--N) in water decreased rapidly first and then slowly withincreased flow rate. The ammonia nitrogen of group B,C,D are significantly higherthan group A by 53.70%～79.07%.
(3) The optimal growth and ecological flow rate was calculated as 625L/h (1.56tank volumes/h), combining the specific growth rate with total ammonia nitrogen inwater. Another optimal growth and ecological economical flow rate was calculated as480L/h (1.20 tank volumes/h), combining specific growth rate with powerconsumption and TAN in water.
(4) TheflowrateshavesignificantinfluenceonthebloodNa~+,K~+,CI~-,GPT,SOD,LZM, GOT of turbot: the GPT and SOD first increased and then decreased withincreased flow rate, while GOT showed a reverse tendency and LZM showedtendency of growing. Compared with group A, the SOD activity significantly (P<0.05) increased by 14.25% ~ 21.25%; LZM activity by 22.16% ~ 57.53%; ALPactivity by17.88% ~ 73.74%; GPT activity by 35.68% ~ 71.65% in groups B,C, D.There were no significant difference (P> 0.05) in serum sodium, potassium, chloridecontent of blood among these four groups.
2 Effects of water temperature on feed intake, growth, water quality, digestiveenzyme activity and immunity of turbot were investigated in closed recirculationaquaculture system. Fish with a mean initial weight of 371.68±43.15g were reared atfour different temperature (14℃, 16℃, 18℃, 21℃, represented by A～D) in 400Ltanks during 56 days. Three hundred and sixty fish were randomly allotted in fourtreatments with three replicates for each treatment in a stocking density of14.20±0.48kg/m~2. The results indicated:
(1) At the range of 14 ~ 18℃, the feed intake of turbot increased withtemperature, but when the temperature was 21℃, the group's total feed intake,average daily feed intake decreased significantly compared with the other threegroups. The total feed intake, average daily feed intake, daily feeding rate of groups A,B, C are significantly different with D group (P <0.05), average daily feed intake ofthe three groups increased by 25.65%, 32.26% and 45.08%. Under the propertemperature(16～18℃), the daily feeding rate of high-density culture turbot was0.52%～0.55%.
(2) The growth and survival rate of turbot increased first and then decreased withincreasing temperature. The weight gain ratio of groups A, B, C increased 75.23%91.05% and 121.18% than the D group, while the specific growth rate increased by34.29%, 80%, 102.86%. Under the proper temperature(16～18℃), the specificgrowth rate of high-density culture turbot was 0.63%/d～0.71%/d.
(3) Water temperature has significant effects on the total ammonia nitrogen,nitrite concentrations. The ammonia peaks appeared in the range of 16～18℃and thiswas consistent with tendency of feeding, growth and digestion. The nitrite peaksappeared in the middle temperature range even though that the maximum value of twowere different. The mechanism relationed between bacteria and biological filter needsto be discussied in future research. Through 24 hours of continuous monitoring,ammonia excretion of turbot cyclical changed during day and night and the peaksappeared 6 to 9 hours after feeding. The TAN of group C was significantly (P <0.05)higher than that of A, D group by 32.34%, 25.57% (the first water qualitymeasurement) and 82.14%, 34.21% (the first water quality measurement).
(4) At 14 ~ 18℃, the pepsin activity, SOD activity, LZM activity and serumcortisol concentration of turbot increased with temperature, but when the temperaturewas 21℃, the four indicators decreased significantly. Serum GOT, GPT showed atrend of first increased and then decreased. The cortisol levels, SOD, LZM, pepsinactivities were higher than the other three groups by 11.46% ~ 13.54% , 6.69% ~15.38%, 9.17% ~ 70.22% and 39.63% ~ 202.64%. Serum GOT, GPT increased firstwith temperature and then decreased. The Intestinal amylase activity increased withincreasing temperature and the group D was higher than the C group by 10.81%,significantly (P<0.05) higher than group B by 59.74% and significantly (P<0.01)higher than the group A by 115.79%. Four groups of intestinal lipase activity and gillNa ~+, K~+- ATPase activity showed no significantly different.
(5) In this experiment, combining different indicators, the study identified thespecific growth rate of turbot (300-400g body weight) was 0.63% / d ~ 0.71% / d,while the average daily feeding rate was 0.52 % ~ 0.55% and the ammonia excretionrate was 0.12～0.13 mg N·kg~(-1)·W·h~(-1) in high-density closed recirculation aquaculturesystem when the suitable temperature range was 16 ~ 18℃.
(6) Combining the feed intake and ammonia excretion, the research identified theproportion of ammonia excretion in feed and feed nitrogen was 2.7% and 33.7%. Itmeanes fish can excrete 0.027kg and 0.337kg TAN when intake 1kg feed and feednitrogen.
3 Ontheanalysisof experimentaldata,weestablishedtheinitialmodeloffeeding,ammonia excretion and specific growth rate of turbot in a closed recirculationaquaculture system.
(1) Feedingmodel:
F_I=W ~(0.769) D ~(-0.087 )e~(-3.211-0.032T+0.125F_r)
F_I represents daily feed intake(g/fish/d),W represents body weight(g),D representsstocking density(kg/m~2), T represents temperature(℃),Fr represents flow rate(tankvolumes/h).
(2) Ammoniaexcretionmodel:
A =W ~(-3 .409 )D ~(2.298) e~(0.037 T-12.370)
Specific growth rate model:
G =W ~(-0 .423 )D ~(-0.024 )e~(1.496+0.257 F_r+0.087(18 -T))
A represents ammonia excretion rate(mg N /kgW/ h), W represents bodyweight(g),D represents stocking density(kg/m~2), T represents temperature(℃), Frrepresents flow rate(tank volumes/h), G represents specific growth rate(%/d).
(3) Purpose and significance of the model:①the model can make the actualfeeding ration achieve the quantitative, clean and dynamic.②Combing the satiationfeeding model, the specific growth rate model and the ammonia excretion model, wecan get ecological feeding of faster growth, lower water pollution, which is beneficialfor the accurate feeding and water environmental regulation.③The associated modelin the production is very convenient and practical, basing on any three variables toestimate the fourth variables. For example: we can predict water ammoniaconcentration according to forecast of ammonia excretion rate by temperature, fishweight and fish stocking density. This offers a lot for the actual farming.④Theestablishment and improvement of the model can initially achieve the aim of optimalgrowth, least feed waste, provide of a stable metabolite of feeding for the bio-filter,and it can also make the feeding and water environmental control achieve the level ofdynamics in closed recirculating aquaculture system.
1在封闭循环水高密度养殖条件下(平均密度14.1±0.51kg/m~2),设置四个流速梯度(200L/h, 400L/h, 600L/h, 800L/h,分别以A～D组表示),选用相近体重(200.3±7.6g)大菱鲆进行42天养殖试验,每个梯度设置三个重复,每个重复55尾鱼,研究流速对封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆生长、摄食、水质以及免疫和血清酶的影响。试验结果表明:
(1)大菱鲆摄食量、生长率、增重率随流速增大先快速上升后缓升趋稳,饲料系数则相反。B、C、D三组特定生长率、摄食量分别显著(P<0.05)高于A组30.77%～52.31%、17.30%～22.05%;饲料系数则显著低于A组13.83%～22.34%。
(2)养殖水体中总氨氮、非离子氨及亚硝酸氮浓度随流速的增大先快速下降后缓降趋稳。B、C、D三组水质总氨氮氨浓度均极显著(P<0.01)低于A组53.70%～79.07%。
(3)根据流速对特定生长率、水体总氨氮二者的影响,创新获得养殖的生长生态适宜流速为625L/h;再结合流速对水循环动力的影响,获得养殖的生长生态经济适宜流速为480L/h。
(4)流速对大菱鲆血清SOD、LZM有显著影响:血清SOD、GPT、血钠、血钾、血氯表现出先升后降的趋势,GOT与此相反;LDH、LZM则表现持续上升的趋势。与A组相比,B、C、D三组SOD活力显著性(P<0.05)提高14.25%～21.25%; LZM活力极显著性(P<0.01)增加22.16%～57.53%; ALP活力显著性(P<0.05)增加17.88%～73.74%; GPT活力显著性(P<0.05)增加35.68%～71.65%;各组的GOT活力、血钠、血钾、血氯含量上则无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
2在高密度封闭循环水养殖条件下(平均密度14.20±0.48kg/m~2),设置四个温度梯度(14℃, 16℃, 18℃, 21℃,分别以A～D组表示),挑选相近体重(371.68±43.15g)的大菱鲆进行56天养殖试验。每个梯度设置三个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。研究高密度封闭循环水养殖条件下温度对大菱鲆摄食、氨氮排泄、消化以及免疫指标的影响。试验结果表明:温度对大菱鲆摄食、生长、氨氮排泄及消化免疫指标具有显著影响。
(1)在14～18℃范围内,大菱鲆摄食量随温度增加而增大,但当温度为21℃时,该组总摄食量、日均摄食量与其他三组相比均出现显著(P<0.05)下降。A、B、C三组的总摄食量、日均摄食量、日均摄食率与D组差异显著(P<0.05),三组的日均摄食量分别提高25.65%、32.26%及45.08%。
(2)大菱鲆生长和存活率随温度增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。A、B、C三组增重率分别比D组提高75.23%、91.05%及121.18%,特定生长率分别提高34.29%、80%、102.86%。
(3)温度对养殖水中总氨氮、亚硝酸氮有显著(P<0.05)影响。总氨氮排泄随温度增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,以16～18℃范围水体氨氮浓度较高,与其摄食、生长、消化等性能显著提高相符合。虽然两次亚硝酸氮测定最大值不同,但均出现在中等温度范围内,其与生物滤器菌群变化关系的机制,需在今后深入探讨。同时通过24小时连续监测,大菱鲆氨氮排泄呈昼夜周期性变化,在摄食后6～9小时出现氨氮排泄高峰。C组总氨氮显著性(P<0.05)高于A、D两组32.34%、25.57% (第一次水质测定)及82.14%、34.21%(第二次水质)。
(4)在14～18℃范围内,大菱鲆胃蛋白酶、SOD、LZM活力及血清皮质醇含量随温度增加而增大;当温度为21℃时,上述指标均出现显著下降。C组皮质醇含量、SOD、LZM、胃蛋白酶活力分别较A、B、D高11.46%～13.54%、6.69%～15.38%、9.17%～70.22%及39.63%～202.64%。血清GOT、GPT活力随温度的增加表现出先降低后升高的趋势;肠道AMS活力随温度增加表现出持续增大的趋势,D组分别高于C组10.81%、显著性(P <0.05)高于B组59.74%、极显著性(P<0.01)高于A组115.79%;四组肠LPS、鳃丝Na~ +, K~+- ATPase并无显著性差异。
(5)在本试验条件下,综合不同指标结果,确定封闭循环水高密度养殖大菱鲆成鱼(300～400g体重)的适宜温度范围为16～18℃;对应的日均摄食率为0.52%～0.55%,特定生长率为0.63%/d～0.71%/d,总氨氮排泄率为0.12～0.13mg N /kg W/h。
(6)从摄食量与氨氮排泄量的关系特征获得,在本试验条件下:排泄总氨氮占风干饲料的均数为2.7%、占饲料氮的均数为33.7%;即摄入1kg风干饲料平均排出0.0270kg总氨氮,摄入1kg饲料氮平均排出0.337kg总氨氮。
3通过对试验数据分析处理,初步建立了封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆的饱食投喂模型、氨氮排泄率模型和特定生长率模型。
(1)饱食投喂模型: F_I=W~( 0.769 )D~ (-0.087) e~(-3 .211-0.032 T +0.125F)式中F_I代表日饱食摄食量(g/d/fish),W代表体重阶段(g),D代表养殖密度(kg/m~2),T代表温度(℃),Fr代表流速(tank volumes/h)。
(2)氨氮排泄率模型: A =W ~(-3 .409 )D ~(2.298 )e~(0.037T-12.370)特定生长率模型: G =W~(-0 .423 )D~( -0.024 )e~(1 .496 + 0.257 F+ 0.087(18 -T))式中A代表氨氮排泄率(mg N/ kgW/ h),W代表体重阶段(g),D代表养殖密度(kg/m~2),T代表温度(℃),G代表特定生长率(%/d),Fr代表流速(tankvolumes/h)。
(3)模型的用途和意义:①可以使实际生产饲料投喂量基本达到定量化、清洁化和动态化。②将饱食投喂模型、特定生长率模型与氨氮排泄模型相结合,计算得出基于较快生长、较低水污染的生态适宜投喂量,对精准投喂和水质净化具有重要实际生产应用价值。③应用关联的模型,可以根据任意3个变量,估测第4个变量,在生产中非常方便和实用。如:可以根据温度、鱼体重及养殖密度预测鱼类氨氮排泄速率,预测水体氨氮浓度及变化,有效指导实际养殖生产。④本模型的建立和完善,可初步实现最佳生长、最少饲料浪费、并向生物滤器提供稳定代谢物的清洁投喂目的,使封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆的饲料投喂和水环境调控步入动态、数字化水平。
Based on the view of Eco-nutrition and Water environmental control, the studyaims to explore the effects of flow rate and temperature on the feed intake, growth,water quality, digestive enzyme activity and immunity of turbot (Scophthatmusmaximus L) in a closed recirculation aquaculture system, looking for the optimumflow rate and temperature for feeding, growth, water ecology of turbot. According tothe features of flow rate and temperature on the feeding of turbot, combining withlaboratory research, we established multi-parameter dynamic model on the base ofkey factors such as body weight, temperature, density and flow rate. We also build theeffect model of ammonia excretion rate of turbot on the base of body weight,temperature and density .
1 Effects of flow rate on feed intake, growth and water quality of turbot wereinvestigated in closed recirculation aquaculture system. Fish with a mean initialweight of 200.3±7.6g were reared at four different flow rates (200L/h, 400 L/h,600L/h, 800L/h), equaling 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 tank volumes/h in 400L tanks during 42days. Six hundred and sixty fish were randomly allotted in four treatments with threereplicates for each treatment in a stocking density of 14.1±0.51kg/m~2.The resultsindicated:
(1) Feed intake, specific growth rate and weight gain rate were increasing rapidlyfirst and then slowly with increased flow rate, while food conversion rate showed areverse pattern. The specific growth rate of group B,C,D are significantly higher thangroup A by 30.77%～52.31%, while feed conversion rate is lower than group A by13.83%～22.34%.
(2) Concentrationsoftotalammonianitrogen(TAN),unionizedammonianitrogen(UIA-N) and nitrite (NO_2~--N) in water decreased rapidly first and then slowly withincreased flow rate. The ammonia nitrogen of group B,C,D are significantly higherthan group A by 53.70%～79.07%.
(3) The optimal growth and ecological flow rate was calculated as 625L/h (1.56tank volumes/h), combining the specific growth rate with total ammonia nitrogen inwater. Another optimal growth and ecological economical flow rate was calculated as480L/h (1.20 tank volumes/h), combining specific growth rate with powerconsumption and TAN in water.
(4) TheflowrateshavesignificantinfluenceonthebloodNa~+,K~+,CI~-,GPT,SOD,LZM, GOT of turbot: the GPT and SOD first increased and then decreased withincreased flow rate, while GOT showed a reverse tendency and LZM showedtendency of growing. Compared with group A, the SOD activity significantly (P<0.05) increased by 14.25% ~ 21.25%; LZM activity by 22.16% ~ 57.53%; ALPactivity by17.88% ~ 73.74%; GPT activity by 35.68% ~ 71.65% in groups B,C, D.There were no significant difference (P> 0.05) in serum sodium, potassium, chloridecontent of blood among these four groups.
2 Effects of water temperature on feed intake, growth, water quality, digestiveenzyme activity and immunity of turbot were investigated in closed recirculationaquaculture system. Fish with a mean initial weight of 371.68±43.15g were reared atfour different temperature (14℃, 16℃, 18℃, 21℃, represented by A～D) in 400Ltanks during 56 days. Three hundred and sixty fish were randomly allotted in fourtreatments with three replicates for each treatment in a stocking density of14.20±0.48kg/m~2. The results indicated:
(1) At the range of 14 ~ 18℃, the feed intake of turbot increased withtemperature, but when the temperature was 21℃, the group's total feed intake,average daily feed intake decreased significantly compared with the other threegroups. The total feed intake, average daily feed intake, daily feeding rate of groups A,B, C are significantly different with D group (P <0.05), average daily feed intake ofthe three groups increased by 25.65%, 32.26% and 45.08%. Under the propertemperature(16～18℃), the daily feeding rate of high-density culture turbot was0.52%～0.55%.
(2) The growth and survival rate of turbot increased first and then decreased withincreasing temperature. The weight gain ratio of groups A, B, C increased 75.23%91.05% and 121.18% than the D group, while the specific growth rate increased by34.29%, 80%, 102.86%. Under the proper temperature(16～18℃), the specificgrowth rate of high-density culture turbot was 0.63%/d～0.71%/d.
(3) Water temperature has significant effects on the total ammonia nitrogen,nitrite concentrations. The ammonia peaks appeared in the range of 16～18℃and thiswas consistent with tendency of feeding, growth and digestion. The nitrite peaksappeared in the middle temperature range even though that the maximum value of twowere different. The mechanism relationed between bacteria and biological filter needsto be discussied in future research. Through 24 hours of continuous monitoring,ammonia excretion of turbot cyclical changed during day and night and the peaksappeared 6 to 9 hours after feeding. The TAN of group C was significantly (P <0.05)higher than that of A, D group by 32.34%, 25.57% (the first water qualitymeasurement) and 82.14%, 34.21% (the first water quality measurement).
(4) At 14 ~ 18℃, the pepsin activity, SOD activity, LZM activity and serumcortisol concentration of turbot increased with temperature, but when the temperaturewas 21℃, the four indicators decreased significantly. Serum GOT, GPT showed atrend of first increased and then decreased. The cortisol levels, SOD, LZM, pepsinactivities were higher than the other three groups by 11.46% ~ 13.54% , 6.69% ~15.38%, 9.17% ~ 70.22% and 39.63% ~ 202.64%. Serum GOT, GPT increased firstwith temperature and then decreased. The Intestinal amylase activity increased withincreasing temperature and the group D was higher than the C group by 10.81%,significantly (P<0.05) higher than group B by 59.74% and significantly (P<0.01)higher than the group A by 115.79%. Four groups of intestinal lipase activity and gillNa ~+, K~+- ATPase activity showed no significantly different.
(5) In this experiment, combining different indicators, the study identified thespecific growth rate of turbot (300-400g body weight) was 0.63% / d ~ 0.71% / d,while the average daily feeding rate was 0.52 % ~ 0.55% and the ammonia excretionrate was 0.12～0.13 mg N·kg~(-1)·W·h~(-1) in high-density closed recirculation aquaculturesystem when the suitable temperature range was 16 ~ 18℃.
(6) Combining the feed intake and ammonia excretion, the research identified theproportion of ammonia excretion in feed and feed nitrogen was 2.7% and 33.7%. Itmeanes fish can excrete 0.027kg and 0.337kg TAN when intake 1kg feed and feednitrogen.
3 Ontheanalysisof experimentaldata,weestablishedtheinitialmodeloffeeding,ammonia excretion and specific growth rate of turbot in a closed recirculationaquaculture system.
(1) Feedingmodel:
F_I=W ~(0.769) D ~(-0.087 )e~(-3.211-0.032T+0.125F_r)
F_I represents daily feed intake(g/fish/d),W represents body weight(g),D representsstocking density(kg/m~2), T represents temperature(℃),Fr represents flow rate(tankvolumes/h).
(2) Ammoniaexcretionmodel:
A =W ~(-3 .409 )D ~(2.298) e~(0.037 T-12.370)
Specific growth rate model:
G =W ~(-0 .423 )D ~(-0.024 )e~(1.496+0.257 F_r+0.087(18 -T))
A represents ammonia excretion rate(mg N /kgW/ h), W represents bodyweight(g),D represents stocking density(kg/m~2), T represents temperature(℃), Frrepresents flow rate(tank volumes/h), G represents specific growth rate(%/d).
(3) Purpose and significance of the model:①the model can make the actualfeeding ration achieve the quantitative, clean and dynamic.②Combing the satiationfeeding model, the specific growth rate model and the ammonia excretion model, wecan get ecological feeding of faster growth, lower water pollution, which is beneficialfor the accurate feeding and water environmental regulation.③The associated modelin the production is very convenient and practical, basing on any three variables toestimate the fourth variables. For example: we can predict water ammoniaconcentration according to forecast of ammonia excretion rate by temperature, fishweight and fish stocking density. This offers a lot for the actual farming.④Theestablishment and improvement of the model can initially achieve the aim of optimalgrowth, least feed waste, provide of a stable metabolite of feeding for the bio-filter,and it can also make the feeding and water environmental control achieve the level ofdynamics in closed recirculating aquaculture system.
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