再读《茶馆》：从语篇翻译理论看地理方言的翻译
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摘要
本文在韩礼德等提出的语言变体理论的框架内，从语篇理论的角度，采用系统分析的方法，对地理方言的翻译进行了探讨。
文章对话剧《茶馆》的两个英译本进行了对比分析，详细说明了用英语中的地理方言翻译该剧本的不可行性和不可能性，并就两位译者在语音、词汇、句法和风格各层次上采用的翻译策略及其效果和作用进行了对比分析，指出了两位译者翻译策略的共性和差异性。文章并未针对语言的差异做过多的对比论述，而是通过研究地理方言和时代、社会方言的重叠关系，把大家的注意力吸引到地理方言中社会和文化内涵对文章风格的作用和影响，以及译者们采用的翻译策略。本文通过引用例子分析，向大家证明地理方言翻译不仅是语言的翻译，也是风格翻译，背景和文化的翻译。
在上述分析论证的基础上，本文试图提出一个新的评估地理方言翻译的标准，这一标准强调从方言的功能来衡量方言翻译。从语篇翻译理论的角度，本文提出方言文本的语域以及背景的语用层面是评估方言翻译作品的必要尺度。
Within the framework of language variation by Halliday, Mclntosh and Strevens and adopting an analytical and systemic approach to the study of translation, this thesis aims at raising reflections on the translation of geographical dialect by examining correlations between geographical dialect and other types of language varieties.
Case studies will be done on two English translations of Teahouse, a brilliant drama script, from the perspective of theories of language variation and discourse. I will specify the inefficiencies and impossibilities of English dialectal equivalent and make an in-depth analysis of the rendition of varieties overlapping with geographical dialect in Teahouse. By identifying those strategies actually adopted by the translators, I attempt to make a contrastive study of these strategies in specific translations and figure out what is preserved and what is lost by these strategies. Instead of laboring on the linguistic properties of geographical dialect and thus making judgment as one version is better than the other, the major concern of this study is to draw attention to what has been neglected in geographical dialect translation, namely, the social and cultural connotations of geographical dialects which affect the stylistic effect of the text. Based on the evidence found, I will then argue that geographical dialect translation is far more than a linguistic activity but a cultural and contextual one too.
Based on the above analysis, the thesis then attempts to put forward a new criterion for the evaluation of dialect translations, underlining dialect in use. From the discourse theory, this thesis would propose that the analysis of the register of a dialectal text and the pragmatic dimension of context are necessary measures for evaluating a dialect translation.
文章对话剧《茶馆》的两个英译本进行了对比分析，详细说明了用英语中的地理方言翻译该剧本的不可行性和不可能性，并就两位译者在语音、词汇、句法和风格各层次上采用的翻译策略及其效果和作用进行了对比分析，指出了两位译者翻译策略的共性和差异性。文章并未针对语言的差异做过多的对比论述，而是通过研究地理方言和时代、社会方言的重叠关系，把大家的注意力吸引到地理方言中社会和文化内涵对文章风格的作用和影响，以及译者们采用的翻译策略。本文通过引用例子分析，向大家证明地理方言翻译不仅是语言的翻译，也是风格翻译，背景和文化的翻译。
在上述分析论证的基础上，本文试图提出一个新的评估地理方言翻译的标准，这一标准强调从方言的功能来衡量方言翻译。从语篇翻译理论的角度，本文提出方言文本的语域以及背景的语用层面是评估方言翻译作品的必要尺度。
Within the framework of language variation by Halliday, Mclntosh and Strevens and adopting an analytical and systemic approach to the study of translation, this thesis aims at raising reflections on the translation of geographical dialect by examining correlations between geographical dialect and other types of language varieties.
Case studies will be done on two English translations of Teahouse, a brilliant drama script, from the perspective of theories of language variation and discourse. I will specify the inefficiencies and impossibilities of English dialectal equivalent and make an in-depth analysis of the rendition of varieties overlapping with geographical dialect in Teahouse. By identifying those strategies actually adopted by the translators, I attempt to make a contrastive study of these strategies in specific translations and figure out what is preserved and what is lost by these strategies. Instead of laboring on the linguistic properties of geographical dialect and thus making judgment as one version is better than the other, the major concern of this study is to draw attention to what has been neglected in geographical dialect translation, namely, the social and cultural connotations of geographical dialects which affect the stylistic effect of the text. Based on the evidence found, I will then argue that geographical dialect translation is far more than a linguistic activity but a cultural and contextual one too.
Based on the above analysis, the thesis then attempts to put forward a new criterion for the evaluation of dialect translations, underlining dialect in use. From the discourse theory, this thesis would propose that the analysis of the register of a dialectal text and the pragmatic dimension of context are necessary measures for evaluating a dialect translation.
引文
Bassnett, Susan. 1983. Translation Studies. Methuen
Bassnett, Susan & Lefevere, Andre. 2001. Constructing Cultures- Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Bloor, Thomas. & Bloor, Meriel. 2001. The Funtional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Ceremony honors Lao She Translators, 2004-02-11, available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-02//11/content 305027.htm
Catford, J.C. 1976. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Corder. S.P. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin
Davis, M. Lawrence. 1983. English Dialectology: An Introduction, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press
Dollerup, Cay. et.al. 1997. An Introduction to Translation Studies. Center for Translation University of Copenhagen
Eric, Partridge. 1954. Slang-Today and Yesterday. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Fasold, Ralph. 2000. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Ferguson, C.A. 1972. Language Structure and Language Use. Stanford: Standford University Press.
Ferrara, A. 1980. "An extended theory of speech acts: appropriateness conditions for subordinate acts in sequences", Journal of Pragmatics, 4,233-52.
Ragnhild Lund. Context and Culture in the Teaching of English, available at http://www-bib.hive.no/tekster/hveskrift/notat/2001-5/not5-2001-3.htm/#p 212-51694.
Gibbon, John Howard. (trs.) 2003. Teahouse. Foreign language press
Gregory, M. & S. Carroll. 1978. Language and Situation: Language Varieties and Their Social Contexts. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Gregory, M. J. 1980. 'Perpectives on translation from the Firthian tradition', Meta 25(4), 455-66.
Halliday, M.A.K., McIntosh, A. and Strevens,P. 1964. The linguistic sciences and Language teaching. London: Longman.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Hatim, Basil. 2000. Communication Across Cultures-Translation Theory and Contrastive Text linguistics, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian. 2001. Discourse and the Translator, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Hermans, Theo. 1999. Translation in Systems, Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing
Hudson, R.A. 2000. Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Lefevere, André.1992. Translations, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London/New York: Routeledge
Newmark, Peter. 1991. About Translation. Multilingual Matters Ltd
Newmark, Peter. 1982. Approaches To Translation. Pergamon Press ltd.
Nida, A.Eugene. 1982. Translating Meaning, San Dimas. California: English Language Institute
Nida, E. A. 1998. Language, Culture and Translating. Inner Mongolia University Press
Nida, Eugene.2001. Language and Culture-Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Nord, Christiane. 2001. Translating as a Purposeful Activity-Functional
Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Toury, Gideon. 1980. In Search of a Theory of Translaion. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute
Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V.
Trudgil, Peter& Chambers, J.K. ed. 1991. Dialects of English-Studies in Grammatical Variation. New York: Longman Group UK Lmited.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2000. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Widdowson, H.G. 1979. Explorations in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Zaky, M. Mandy. 2002. Language and Varieites. Available at: http://accurapid.com/joumal/17theory.htm
白公，金汕1998《京味儿——透视北京人的语言》，中国妇女出版社
包惠南 2001《文化语境与语言翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司
陈徒手，《茶馆》 诞生始末及命运，available at http://www.zhongguoxijuchang.com/wenzhang/qqs-cgds.htm
谷婷婷 语言与变体翻译-由《哈克贝恩．芬历险记》看语言变体的汉译，安徽 大学学报 2003年5月
韩子满 试论方言对译的局限性——以张谷若先生译《德伯家的苔丝》为例， 解放军外国语学院学报 2002年04期
胡壮麟，刘润清，李延福 1988《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社
老舍 1994茶馆．龙须沟，人民文学出版社
李运兴 2000《文化与翻译》，郭建中编，中国对外翻译出版公司
李运兴 2001 《语篇翻译理论》，中国对外翻译出版公司
奇人奇艺英若诚：英若诚先生辉煌地走了，2003-12-28，Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-12-27/content 1250655.htm
秦秀白 2002《英语语体和文体要略》，上海外语教育出版社
夏仁虎 1998《旧京琐记》，辽宁教育出版社
首屈一指的话剧经典，中国大陆戏剧不朽丰碑，http://www.ticket.com.tw
杨玉 1984《老舍作品中的北京话词语例释》，北京大学出版社
张谷若 地道的原文，地道的译文，《翻译研究论文集》外语教学与研究出版社1984
张美芳 从语篇分析的角度看翻译中的对等，现代外语2001年第01期
张美芳 从语境分析看动态对等的局限性，上海科技翻译 1999年04期
赵园 2002《北京：城与人》，北京大学出版社
周一民 2002《现代北京话研究》，北京师范大学出版社
Bassnett, Susan & Lefevere, Andre. 2001. Constructing Cultures- Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Bloor, Thomas. & Bloor, Meriel. 2001. The Funtional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Ceremony honors Lao She Translators, 2004-02-11, available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-02//11/content 305027.htm
Catford, J.C. 1976. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Corder. S.P. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin
Davis, M. Lawrence. 1983. English Dialectology: An Introduction, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press
Dollerup, Cay. et.al. 1997. An Introduction to Translation Studies. Center for Translation University of Copenhagen
Eric, Partridge. 1954. Slang-Today and Yesterday. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Fasold, Ralph. 2000. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Ferguson, C.A. 1972. Language Structure and Language Use. Stanford: Standford University Press.
Ferrara, A. 1980. "An extended theory of speech acts: appropriateness conditions for subordinate acts in sequences", Journal of Pragmatics, 4,233-52.
Ragnhild Lund. Context and Culture in the Teaching of English, available at http://www-bib.hive.no/tekster/hveskrift/notat/2001-5/not5-2001-3.htm/#p 212-51694.
Gibbon, John Howard. (trs.) 2003. Teahouse. Foreign language press
Gregory, M. & S. Carroll. 1978. Language and Situation: Language Varieties and Their Social Contexts. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Gregory, M. J. 1980. 'Perpectives on translation from the Firthian tradition', Meta 25(4), 455-66.
Halliday, M.A.K., McIntosh, A. and Strevens,P. 1964. The linguistic sciences and Language teaching. London: Longman.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Hatim, Basil. 2000. Communication Across Cultures-Translation Theory and Contrastive Text linguistics, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian. 2001. Discourse and the Translator, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Hermans, Theo. 1999. Translation in Systems, Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing
Hudson, R.A. 2000. Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Lefevere, André.1992. Translations, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London/New York: Routeledge
Newmark, Peter. 1991. About Translation. Multilingual Matters Ltd
Newmark, Peter. 1982. Approaches To Translation. Pergamon Press ltd.
Nida, A.Eugene. 1982. Translating Meaning, San Dimas. California: English Language Institute
Nida, E. A. 1998. Language, Culture and Translating. Inner Mongolia University Press
Nida, Eugene.2001. Language and Culture-Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Nord, Christiane. 2001. Translating as a Purposeful Activity-Functional
Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Toury, Gideon. 1980. In Search of a Theory of Translaion. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute
Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V.
Trudgil, Peter& Chambers, J.K. ed. 1991. Dialects of English-Studies in Grammatical Variation. New York: Longman Group UK Lmited.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2000. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Widdowson, H.G. 1979. Explorations in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Zaky, M. Mandy. 2002. Language and Varieites. Available at: http://accurapid.com/joumal/17theory.htm
白公，金汕1998《京味儿——透视北京人的语言》，中国妇女出版社
包惠南 2001《文化语境与语言翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司
陈徒手，《茶馆》 诞生始末及命运，available at http://www.zhongguoxijuchang.com/wenzhang/qqs-cgds.htm
谷婷婷 语言与变体翻译-由《哈克贝恩．芬历险记》看语言变体的汉译，安徽 大学学报 2003年5月
韩子满 试论方言对译的局限性——以张谷若先生译《德伯家的苔丝》为例， 解放军外国语学院学报 2002年04期
胡壮麟，刘润清，李延福 1988《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社
老舍 1994茶馆．龙须沟，人民文学出版社
李运兴 2000《文化与翻译》，郭建中编，中国对外翻译出版公司
李运兴 2001 《语篇翻译理论》，中国对外翻译出版公司
奇人奇艺英若诚：英若诚先生辉煌地走了，2003-12-28，Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-12-27/content 1250655.htm
秦秀白 2002《英语语体和文体要略》，上海外语教育出版社
夏仁虎 1998《旧京琐记》，辽宁教育出版社
首屈一指的话剧经典，中国大陆戏剧不朽丰碑，http://www.ticket.com.tw
杨玉 1984《老舍作品中的北京话词语例释》，北京大学出版社
张谷若 地道的原文，地道的译文，《翻译研究论文集》外语教学与研究出版社1984
张美芳 从语篇分析的角度看翻译中的对等，现代外语2001年第01期
张美芳 从语境分析看动态对等的局限性，上海科技翻译 1999年04期
赵园 2002《北京：城与人》，北京大学出版社
周一民 2002《现代北京话研究》，北京师范大学出版社