后殖民语境下的文学翻译
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摘要
从后殖民语境下研究文学翻译是翻译研究的新尝试。传统的翻译模式偏重研究语言转换过程中意义的精确传达，而后殖民翻译理论所关注的是影响翻译活动的外部因素。后殖民理论和翻译研究之间的交汇点是强势文化和弱势文化之间的权力关系，这种权力关系所造成的差异会对翻译的过程造成影响。本文试从后殖民语境下来研究文学翻译，着重探讨了强势文化与弱势文化在文本选择以及具体的翻译策略上表现的差异。
引言部分简要介绍了后殖民翻译理论，让人们认识到翻译不是在真空中进行的，而受到历史政治文化等多方面因素的影响。用后殖民理论来研究翻译拓宽了翻译研究的范围，开辟了翻译研究的新领域。
第一章主要论述如何从后殖民的角度来研究翻译。首先回顾了传统的翻译模式并指出其弊端，然后介绍了三位重要的后殖民理论家并陈述了他们在后殖民研究方面的理论成就。最后讨论了后殖民理论给翻译研究提供的新途径，即从影响翻译活动的各种外部因素来研究翻译。
第二章和第三章分析了后殖民语境下文学翻译中文本的选择和翻译策略的采用。强势文化与弱势文化之间权力和地位的差异对文本的选择和具体的翻译策略会产生很重要的影响。强势文化主要输出本土的文学作品而极少翻译弱势文化的文学作品，但是弱势文化却倾向于选取强势文化的文学作品来翻译。在后殖民语境下，弱势文化应该努力加强对本土文学的翻译，将本国的文学介绍到西方。第三章分析了异化和归化这两种翻译策略在强势文化和弱势文化中的具体运用，并进一步指出翻译文本是两种语言和文化的杂合，不论是采用异化还是归化的翻译策略，杂合总是不能避免的。在文化交流中我们应该坦然地面对这种杂合。
第四章分析了文学翻译在建立文化身份的过程中所发挥的作用，指出文学翻译是消解殖民的一种积极力量和有效途径。通过对文学作品的英译逐渐消除对前殖民地文化和弱势文化的偏见，文学翻译为弱势文化提供了发出自己声音的渠道。
最后一部分总结了全文的观点，肯定了从后殖民语境下研究文学
翻译所具有的意义。
The study of literary translation in the postcolonial context is a new attempt in the translation studies. Postcolonial studies of translation explains the exterior factors affecting the translation activity, which is different from the traditional translation studies focusing on the precise transfer of meaning between different languages. Postcolonial approaches to literary translation examine the power relations between the powerful cultures and the less powerful cultures which have influence on the process of translation. This thesis attempts to discuss literary translation in the postcolonial context focusing on the choice of literary texts to translate, the adoption of different translation strategies and the establishment of cultural identity through literary translation.
The introduction gives a broad overview of the postcolonial studies of translation. It helps us to realize that translation cannot be conducted in a vacuum, which is affected by the historical, political and cultural factors. The postcolonial approach to translation studies produces a new dimension and the horizon of traditional research is widened.
Chapter One discusses how to study translation from the postcolonial perspective. It presents the traditional models for translation studies, pointing out the deficiencies of them. Then, it introduces three
main important postcolonial theoreticians and gives a brief presentation
of their theories. Postcolonial theory has provided new approaches to the
translation studies, which inspects exterior factors influencing the act of translation. Both postcolonial theory and translation studies are closely related with power relations.
Chapter Two and Chapter Three analyze the choice of literary texts and the selection of translation strategies in the postcolonial context. The difference in power and position between the powerful cultures and the less powerful cultures exerts significant influence on the choice of literary texts to be translated and the specific translation strategies. ,The powerful
cultures always translate their literature to the less powerful cultures but seldom import from others. And the less powerful cultures tend to import the literature from their powerful counterparts. In the postcolonial context, the less powerful cultures should make effort to output their literature to the western world through translation so as to change the one-way trade in translation. Chapter Three analyzes domestication and foreignization strategies adopted by the powerful cultures and the less powerful ones in the postcolonial context. It also argues that the translated texts are inevitably hybrids which are the result of adoption of either domestication or foreigaization. A culture should frankly face the hybridity in exchange with others.
In Chapter Four, by analyzing the function of literary translation in establishing cultural identity, the author affirms that literary translation can be a positive force of decolonization. Literary translation into English now fiinctions to change the biased attitude to the ex-colonized or less powerful cultures and provide a channel for them to articulate their voice.
In the last part, the conclusion of the whole thesis is presented. The conclusion affirms the significance of studying literary translation in the postcolonial context.
引言部分简要介绍了后殖民翻译理论，让人们认识到翻译不是在真空中进行的，而受到历史政治文化等多方面因素的影响。用后殖民理论来研究翻译拓宽了翻译研究的范围，开辟了翻译研究的新领域。
第一章主要论述如何从后殖民的角度来研究翻译。首先回顾了传统的翻译模式并指出其弊端，然后介绍了三位重要的后殖民理论家并陈述了他们在后殖民研究方面的理论成就。最后讨论了后殖民理论给翻译研究提供的新途径，即从影响翻译活动的各种外部因素来研究翻译。
第二章和第三章分析了后殖民语境下文学翻译中文本的选择和翻译策略的采用。强势文化与弱势文化之间权力和地位的差异对文本的选择和具体的翻译策略会产生很重要的影响。强势文化主要输出本土的文学作品而极少翻译弱势文化的文学作品，但是弱势文化却倾向于选取强势文化的文学作品来翻译。在后殖民语境下，弱势文化应该努力加强对本土文学的翻译，将本国的文学介绍到西方。第三章分析了异化和归化这两种翻译策略在强势文化和弱势文化中的具体运用，并进一步指出翻译文本是两种语言和文化的杂合，不论是采用异化还是归化的翻译策略，杂合总是不能避免的。在文化交流中我们应该坦然地面对这种杂合。
第四章分析了文学翻译在建立文化身份的过程中所发挥的作用，指出文学翻译是消解殖民的一种积极力量和有效途径。通过对文学作品的英译逐渐消除对前殖民地文化和弱势文化的偏见，文学翻译为弱势文化提供了发出自己声音的渠道。
最后一部分总结了全文的观点，肯定了从后殖民语境下研究文学
翻译所具有的意义。
The study of literary translation in the postcolonial context is a new attempt in the translation studies. Postcolonial studies of translation explains the exterior factors affecting the translation activity, which is different from the traditional translation studies focusing on the precise transfer of meaning between different languages. Postcolonial approaches to literary translation examine the power relations between the powerful cultures and the less powerful cultures which have influence on the process of translation. This thesis attempts to discuss literary translation in the postcolonial context focusing on the choice of literary texts to translate, the adoption of different translation strategies and the establishment of cultural identity through literary translation.
The introduction gives a broad overview of the postcolonial studies of translation. It helps us to realize that translation cannot be conducted in a vacuum, which is affected by the historical, political and cultural factors. The postcolonial approach to translation studies produces a new dimension and the horizon of traditional research is widened.
Chapter One discusses how to study translation from the postcolonial perspective. It presents the traditional models for translation studies, pointing out the deficiencies of them. Then, it introduces three
main important postcolonial theoreticians and gives a brief presentation
of their theories. Postcolonial theory has provided new approaches to the
translation studies, which inspects exterior factors influencing the act of translation. Both postcolonial theory and translation studies are closely related with power relations.
Chapter Two and Chapter Three analyze the choice of literary texts and the selection of translation strategies in the postcolonial context. The difference in power and position between the powerful cultures and the less powerful cultures exerts significant influence on the choice of literary texts to be translated and the specific translation strategies. ,The powerful
cultures always translate their literature to the less powerful cultures but seldom import from others. And the less powerful cultures tend to import the literature from their powerful counterparts. In the postcolonial context, the less powerful cultures should make effort to output their literature to the western world through translation so as to change the one-way trade in translation. Chapter Three analyzes domestication and foreignization strategies adopted by the powerful cultures and the less powerful ones in the postcolonial context. It also argues that the translated texts are inevitably hybrids which are the result of adoption of either domestication or foreigaization. A culture should frankly face the hybridity in exchange with others.
In Chapter Four, by analyzing the function of literary translation in establishing cultural identity, the author affirms that literary translation can be a positive force of decolonization. Literary translation into English now fiinctions to change the biased attitude to the ex-colonized or less powerful cultures and provide a channel for them to articulate their voice.
In the last part, the conclusion of the whole thesis is presented. The conclusion affirms the significance of studying literary translation in the postcolonial context.
引文
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds. The Empire Writes Back. Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures. London and New York: Routledge, 1989.
——.——.——, eds. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London & New York: Routledge, 1994.
Baker, Mona, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge, 1998
Bassnett-McGuire, Susan. Translation Studies. London and New York: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1980.
Bassnett, Susan and Harish Trivedi, eds. Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, 1999.
Bassnett, Susan and Andre Levefere, eds. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Bressler, Charles E.Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1999.
Catford, J.C.A Linguistic Approach to Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
Jacquemond, Richard. 1992. "Translation and Cultural Hegemony", in Lawrenc Venuti, ed. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity & Ideology. London: Rouledge. 1992.
Lefevere, Andre, ed. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge, 1992.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Nida, Eugene. A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1964.
——. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Education Press, 1993.
Nida, Eugene. A and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1969.
Niranjana, Tejaswini. Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, anal the Colonial Context. Berkeley: University of California Press,1990.
Robinson, Douglas. Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchesler: St. Jerome Publishing, 1997.
Said, Edward. Orietalism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Interdiscipline. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992.
Snell-Hornby, Mary, Zuzana Jettmarova and Klaus Kaindl, eds. Translation as Intercultural Communication, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1995.
Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Education Press, 2001.
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Venuti, Lawrence, ed. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity and Ideology. London and New York: Routlege, 1992.
——. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.
——. The Scandals of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
——, ed. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Education Press, 2001.
陈福康：《中国译学理论史稿》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年。
葛校琴：“当前归化／异化策略讨论的后殖民视阈—对国内归化／异化论者的一个提醒”，《中国翻译》，2002(9)。
郭延礼：《中国近代翻译文学概论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1998年。
韩子满：“文化失衡与文学翻译”，《中国翻译》，2000(2)。
刘宓庆：《翻译教学与实务》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003年。
廖七一：《当代西方翻译理论探索》，南京：译林出版社，2000年。
孙会军：“普遍性与差异性——后殖民批评视域下的翻译研究”，[博士论文]，北京：中国国家图书馆，2003年。
谭载喜：《西方翻译简史》，北京：商务印书馆，1991年。
王东风：“翻译研究的后殖民视角”，《中国翻译》，2003(7)。
王克非：《翻译文化史论》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997年。
王岳川：《后殖民主义与新历史主义文论》，济南：山东教育出版社，1997年。
许宝强，袁伟：《语言与翻译的政治》，北京：中央编译出版社，1996年。
张柏然，许钧：《面向21世纪的译学研究》，北京：商务印书馆，2002年。
张京媛：《后殖民理论与文化批评》，北京：北京大学出版社，1999年。
——.——.——, eds. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London & New York: Routledge, 1994.
Baker, Mona, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge, 1998
Bassnett-McGuire, Susan. Translation Studies. London and New York: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1980.
Bassnett, Susan and Harish Trivedi, eds. Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, 1999.
Bassnett, Susan and Andre Levefere, eds. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Bressler, Charles E.Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1999.
Catford, J.C.A Linguistic Approach to Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
Jacquemond, Richard. 1992. "Translation and Cultural Hegemony", in Lawrenc Venuti, ed. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity & Ideology. London: Rouledge. 1992.
Lefevere, Andre, ed. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge, 1992.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Nida, Eugene. A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1964.
——. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Education Press, 1993.
Nida, Eugene. A and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1969.
Niranjana, Tejaswini. Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, anal the Colonial Context. Berkeley: University of California Press,1990.
Robinson, Douglas. Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchesler: St. Jerome Publishing, 1997.
Said, Edward. Orietalism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Interdiscipline. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992.
Snell-Hornby, Mary, Zuzana Jettmarova and Klaus Kaindl, eds. Translation as Intercultural Communication, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1995.
Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Education Press, 2001.
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Venuti, Lawrence, ed. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity and Ideology. London and New York: Routlege, 1992.
——. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.
——. The Scandals of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
——, ed. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Education Press, 2001.
陈福康：《中国译学理论史稿》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年。
葛校琴：“当前归化／异化策略讨论的后殖民视阈—对国内归化／异化论者的一个提醒”，《中国翻译》，2002(9)。
郭延礼：《中国近代翻译文学概论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1998年。
韩子满：“文化失衡与文学翻译”，《中国翻译》，2000(2)。
刘宓庆：《翻译教学与实务》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003年。
廖七一：《当代西方翻译理论探索》，南京：译林出版社，2000年。
孙会军：“普遍性与差异性——后殖民批评视域下的翻译研究”，[博士论文]，北京：中国国家图书馆，2003年。
谭载喜：《西方翻译简史》，北京：商务印书馆，1991年。
王东风：“翻译研究的后殖民视角”，《中国翻译》，2003(7)。
王克非：《翻译文化史论》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997年。
王岳川：《后殖民主义与新历史主义文论》，济南：山东教育出版社，1997年。
许宝强，袁伟：《语言与翻译的政治》，北京：中央编译出版社，1996年。
张柏然，许钧：《面向21世纪的译学研究》，北京：商务印书馆，2002年。
张京媛：《后殖民理论与文化批评》，北京：北京大学出版社，1999年。