基于语义交互和动态重构的兵棋推演系统概念框架及其关键技术研究
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摘要
兵棋(Wargame)是现代战争模拟的重要起源,是一种利用模拟手段进行战争分析的方法。兵棋推演(Wargaming)强调“以推演人员为中心”,通过对战争进程的推演,研究战争的动态演化过程以及不确定性和偶然性对战争结果的影响,因此具有其他战争模拟方法所不能替代的作用。由于历史原因,我国一直忽略对兵棋这一战争分析工具的研究。近年来,计算机兵棋推演正逐渐成为国内研究的热点。适于作战分析的兵棋推演方式,如何与新的信息化系统相结合是目前计算机作战模拟所要研究和解决的问题。论文以此为背景,对如何构建计算机兵棋推演系统涉及到的几个关键技术问题进行了研究,其目的是将兵棋推演的思想与建模与仿真(Modeling and Simulation,M&S)、计算机网络、并行计算等现代信息技术相结合,建立能够适用于现代战争模拟的计算机兵棋推演系统。本文的主要研究内容如下:
一.研究了兵棋推演系统的概念框架。
论文从兵棋的发展历史、概念描述和博弈论的角度,剖析了兵棋推演的本质。在此基础上,分析了兵棋推演系统的功能需求,建立了具有四层结构的系统概念框架,并详细分析了每层结构的功能特点和涉及到的关键技术。在具体应用过程中,该框架将对建立基于语义交互和动态重构的兵棋推演系统起到重要的指导作用。
二.论文将本体技术应用于解决兵棋推演中的人机语义交互问题,提出了基于本体的人机语义交互方法。
在计算机兵棋推演系统中,如何让推演人员与仿真系统“自然地”交互,从而发挥各自的优势进行功能与过程的分工是一个关键问题。论文将兵棋推演中的人机交互问题,抽象为推演人员所在的军事领域和仿真开发人员所在的仿真领域之间的信息交互问题。首先建立领域本体描述领域概念,在系统构建和运行过程中,采用本体映射解决领域间信息交互的语义异构问题,同时利用本体的逻辑推理机制,对交互模型进行领域有效性验证,以解决交互过程中的概念冲突、知识冗余和数据不一致等问题。
三.针对在线推演的需求,论文提出了面向模型的组件式兵棋推演系统动态重构机制。
实现在线推演的关键,是能够根据决策需求快速的构建/重构仿真系统,即仿真系统的动态重构技术。论文根据进化模式动态重构的思想,结合BOM(Base Object Model)组件式仿真系统的特点,提出了基于BOM组件的可重构兵棋推演系统的动态重构机制,以满足在线推演过程中系统动态重构的需求。四.对模型组件进行快速有效地装配是仿真系统重构的关键技术之一,针对这一需求,论文提出了一种基于BOM的仿真模型组件装配方法。
论文通过对仿真模型组件结构的分析,将组件装配过程分成两个阶段:一是仿真模型组件描述信息的装配,采用白盒组装方法,该方法要求仿真模型组件提供描述组件自身信息的模型规范文件,把这些模型描述文件装配成整个仿真系统的成员配置文件,该文件描述了仿真系统的组成成分及仿真系统的仿真功能;二是仿真模型组件执行体的装配,采用黑盒组装方法,该方法通过仿真引擎自动加载仿真模型组件的执行体,在运行过程中动态构建仿真系统。
五.针对仿真系统重构过程中模型组件的优化配置问题,论文提出了一种基于BOM的组件式仿真系统的重构规划方法。
论文依据并行分布计算中的多任务调度理论,结合BOM组件式仿真系统的特点,将系统重构规划分为运行前的预分配和运行时的动态调度两个方面。预分配是一种静态调度,是在满足一定的性能指标和优先约束关系的前提下,将可并行执行的BOM组件按适当的分配策略确定一种组合、分派和执行顺序,合理分配到各计算节点上有序地执行;动态调度方法考虑了系统运行时的负载波动问题,可适时获取各节点的负载信息,通过计算将过载节点上的BOM组件和仿真任务转移到轻载节点上,以实现系统的负载均衡。在实际问题中,只有将两种方法结合起来才能完成对仿真系统的最终优化。
六.结合上述理论研究成果,设计并实现了兵棋推演管理系统。
该系统集成了上述研究中的相关方法,为建立基于语义交互和动态重构的兵棋推演系统提供工具支撑,基于此系统可以完成对兵棋推演系统的构建、资源调度和运行管理;最后通过一个海上作战计划推演原型系统演示了如何将兵棋推演技术应用于海军作战计划的辅助制定和作战战法的论证优化,验证了本文提出的相关方法。
Wargame, as an important origin of warfare simulation, is one method of war analysis using simulation. Wargaming focuses on wargame players, by which, we can make an investigation on the dynamic process of the war and the effect of unsureness and random in the war. So wargaming can’t be replaced by other simulation methods. For some historical reasons, Chinese military have never studied on wargames. However, computer wargames have been noticed recently in China. One of the problems in the computer warfare simulation is how to integrate the analysis method of wargaming with new information systems. In this context, the paper studied on the key technologies in computer wargames, which aims for combining the nature of wargaming with modern information technologies, such as Modeling and Simulation, computer network, parallel computation and so on, and constructing computer wargames which can be used in modern warfare simulaions. The main contents of this paper are outlined as follows:
1. The conceptual framework of wargames is studied.
The nature of wargaming is analysized from the point of its history, concept and Game Theory. On this base, we make an investigation on the system requirement and establish the conceptual framework of wargames, which is a four-layered architecture. Then we illuminate functions provided by each layer, and identify key technologies needed to be solved in the framework. In the practice, the framework will instruct to develop wargames based on semantic interactions and dynamic reconfiguration technologies.
2. An ontology based human-computer semantic interaction approach is proposed, in which ontology technologies are used to resolve the problem of human-computer interaction in wargames.
In computer wargames, the key problem is that how players can interact with simulation systems“naturally”and how to assign works between them according to their advantages. The paper considers human-computer interactions in wargames as information interactons between different domains, i.e. the military domain (wargaming players) and the simulation domain (simulation developers). The first is to construct domain ontologies to describe domain concepts. In the process of system construction and running, ontology mappings can be used to resolve the heteronymous semantic problems, and ontology logic and consequence mechanisms can be used to validate interaction models between different domains. The validation problems consist of concept contradiction, knowledge redundancy, data inconsistency and so on.
3. According to the online-wargaming requirement, the dynamic reconfiguration mechanism of model-oriented composable wargames is studied.
The key point of online-wargaming is how to construct and reconfigurate simulation systems quickly in terms of the simulation requirement, i.e. the dynamic reconfiguration technologies. According to the evolution dynamic reconfiguration theory and characteristics of BOM(Base Object Model)-based composable systems, we propose the architecture of BOM-based and reconfigurable wargames, which can be reconfigured in the process of online-wargaming.
4. The component assembly technology is one of the key technologies about the construction/reconfiguration of simulation systems, so we make an investigation how to compose BOM-based simulation model components.
By analyzing the structure of the components, we divide the composition process into two steps. One is to compose BOM description files using White Box Composition method. Components need provide their BOM files describing themselves, and then all files should be composed into the federate configure file of the simulation system, which describes the structure and capability of the simulation system. The other is to compose the BOM executors using Black Box Composition method. The simulation engine load component executors automatically and construct the simulation system dynamically in the running process.
5. In order to configurate model componets more effectively, a reconfiguration layout approach in BOM-based composable wargames is proposed.
According to the scheduling theory in the parallel and distributed computation, and characteristics of BOM-based simulation systems, we divide the approach into two steps: pre-assignation and dynamic scheduling. The pre-assignation is static, which aims for choosing the optimized scheduling method (including composition, assignation and execution) and assigning BOM components to computational nodes based on some performance targets and preference constrains. The dynamic scheduling considers the load fluctuation in the running, gets the load information of each computational node, and transfers BOM components and simulation tasks from heavy nodes to light nodes to realize the load balance. In practise, we should combine the two steps to optimize the simulation system.
6. Based on the methods above, we design and realize the Wargaming Management System (WMS).
WMS integrates methods above and supports to construct computer wargames based on semantic interaction and dynamic reconfiguration. Using WMS, we can build wargames, assign resources and manage the running process. At last, a sea warfare wargame prototype is developed to validate methods in the paper, which illustrates how to make and optimize naval plans by wargaming.
一.研究了兵棋推演系统的概念框架。
论文从兵棋的发展历史、概念描述和博弈论的角度,剖析了兵棋推演的本质。在此基础上,分析了兵棋推演系统的功能需求,建立了具有四层结构的系统概念框架,并详细分析了每层结构的功能特点和涉及到的关键技术。在具体应用过程中,该框架将对建立基于语义交互和动态重构的兵棋推演系统起到重要的指导作用。
二.论文将本体技术应用于解决兵棋推演中的人机语义交互问题,提出了基于本体的人机语义交互方法。
在计算机兵棋推演系统中,如何让推演人员与仿真系统“自然地”交互,从而发挥各自的优势进行功能与过程的分工是一个关键问题。论文将兵棋推演中的人机交互问题,抽象为推演人员所在的军事领域和仿真开发人员所在的仿真领域之间的信息交互问题。首先建立领域本体描述领域概念,在系统构建和运行过程中,采用本体映射解决领域间信息交互的语义异构问题,同时利用本体的逻辑推理机制,对交互模型进行领域有效性验证,以解决交互过程中的概念冲突、知识冗余和数据不一致等问题。
三.针对在线推演的需求,论文提出了面向模型的组件式兵棋推演系统动态重构机制。
实现在线推演的关键,是能够根据决策需求快速的构建/重构仿真系统,即仿真系统的动态重构技术。论文根据进化模式动态重构的思想,结合BOM(Base Object Model)组件式仿真系统的特点,提出了基于BOM组件的可重构兵棋推演系统的动态重构机制,以满足在线推演过程中系统动态重构的需求。四.对模型组件进行快速有效地装配是仿真系统重构的关键技术之一,针对这一需求,论文提出了一种基于BOM的仿真模型组件装配方法。
论文通过对仿真模型组件结构的分析,将组件装配过程分成两个阶段:一是仿真模型组件描述信息的装配,采用白盒组装方法,该方法要求仿真模型组件提供描述组件自身信息的模型规范文件,把这些模型描述文件装配成整个仿真系统的成员配置文件,该文件描述了仿真系统的组成成分及仿真系统的仿真功能;二是仿真模型组件执行体的装配,采用黑盒组装方法,该方法通过仿真引擎自动加载仿真模型组件的执行体,在运行过程中动态构建仿真系统。
五.针对仿真系统重构过程中模型组件的优化配置问题,论文提出了一种基于BOM的组件式仿真系统的重构规划方法。
论文依据并行分布计算中的多任务调度理论,结合BOM组件式仿真系统的特点,将系统重构规划分为运行前的预分配和运行时的动态调度两个方面。预分配是一种静态调度,是在满足一定的性能指标和优先约束关系的前提下,将可并行执行的BOM组件按适当的分配策略确定一种组合、分派和执行顺序,合理分配到各计算节点上有序地执行;动态调度方法考虑了系统运行时的负载波动问题,可适时获取各节点的负载信息,通过计算将过载节点上的BOM组件和仿真任务转移到轻载节点上,以实现系统的负载均衡。在实际问题中,只有将两种方法结合起来才能完成对仿真系统的最终优化。
六.结合上述理论研究成果,设计并实现了兵棋推演管理系统。
该系统集成了上述研究中的相关方法,为建立基于语义交互和动态重构的兵棋推演系统提供工具支撑,基于此系统可以完成对兵棋推演系统的构建、资源调度和运行管理;最后通过一个海上作战计划推演原型系统演示了如何将兵棋推演技术应用于海军作战计划的辅助制定和作战战法的论证优化,验证了本文提出的相关方法。
Wargame, as an important origin of warfare simulation, is one method of war analysis using simulation. Wargaming focuses on wargame players, by which, we can make an investigation on the dynamic process of the war and the effect of unsureness and random in the war. So wargaming can’t be replaced by other simulation methods. For some historical reasons, Chinese military have never studied on wargames. However, computer wargames have been noticed recently in China. One of the problems in the computer warfare simulation is how to integrate the analysis method of wargaming with new information systems. In this context, the paper studied on the key technologies in computer wargames, which aims for combining the nature of wargaming with modern information technologies, such as Modeling and Simulation, computer network, parallel computation and so on, and constructing computer wargames which can be used in modern warfare simulaions. The main contents of this paper are outlined as follows:
1. The conceptual framework of wargames is studied.
The nature of wargaming is analysized from the point of its history, concept and Game Theory. On this base, we make an investigation on the system requirement and establish the conceptual framework of wargames, which is a four-layered architecture. Then we illuminate functions provided by each layer, and identify key technologies needed to be solved in the framework. In the practice, the framework will instruct to develop wargames based on semantic interactions and dynamic reconfiguration technologies.
2. An ontology based human-computer semantic interaction approach is proposed, in which ontology technologies are used to resolve the problem of human-computer interaction in wargames.
In computer wargames, the key problem is that how players can interact with simulation systems“naturally”and how to assign works between them according to their advantages. The paper considers human-computer interactions in wargames as information interactons between different domains, i.e. the military domain (wargaming players) and the simulation domain (simulation developers). The first is to construct domain ontologies to describe domain concepts. In the process of system construction and running, ontology mappings can be used to resolve the heteronymous semantic problems, and ontology logic and consequence mechanisms can be used to validate interaction models between different domains. The validation problems consist of concept contradiction, knowledge redundancy, data inconsistency and so on.
3. According to the online-wargaming requirement, the dynamic reconfiguration mechanism of model-oriented composable wargames is studied.
The key point of online-wargaming is how to construct and reconfigurate simulation systems quickly in terms of the simulation requirement, i.e. the dynamic reconfiguration technologies. According to the evolution dynamic reconfiguration theory and characteristics of BOM(Base Object Model)-based composable systems, we propose the architecture of BOM-based and reconfigurable wargames, which can be reconfigured in the process of online-wargaming.
4. The component assembly technology is one of the key technologies about the construction/reconfiguration of simulation systems, so we make an investigation how to compose BOM-based simulation model components.
By analyzing the structure of the components, we divide the composition process into two steps. One is to compose BOM description files using White Box Composition method. Components need provide their BOM files describing themselves, and then all files should be composed into the federate configure file of the simulation system, which describes the structure and capability of the simulation system. The other is to compose the BOM executors using Black Box Composition method. The simulation engine load component executors automatically and construct the simulation system dynamically in the running process.
5. In order to configurate model componets more effectively, a reconfiguration layout approach in BOM-based composable wargames is proposed.
According to the scheduling theory in the parallel and distributed computation, and characteristics of BOM-based simulation systems, we divide the approach into two steps: pre-assignation and dynamic scheduling. The pre-assignation is static, which aims for choosing the optimized scheduling method (including composition, assignation and execution) and assigning BOM components to computational nodes based on some performance targets and preference constrains. The dynamic scheduling considers the load fluctuation in the running, gets the load information of each computational node, and transfers BOM components and simulation tasks from heavy nodes to light nodes to realize the load balance. In practise, we should combine the two steps to optimize the simulation system.
6. Based on the methods above, we design and realize the Wargaming Management System (WMS).
WMS integrates methods above and supports to construct computer wargames based on semantic interaction and dynamic reconfiguration. Using WMS, we can build wargames, assign resources and manage the running process. At last, a sea warfare wargame prototype is developed to validate methods in the paper, which illustrates how to make and optimize naval plans by wargaming.
引文
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