隧道火灾烟气蔓延的热物理特性研究
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摘要
随着交通业的迅速发展，世界上建成了越来越多的隧道。隧道给人们带来便利交通的同时，也给火灾防治带来了许多新问题。同时，近年来发生的几次群死群伤的隧道火灾表明，隧道火灾虽然是一种小概率事件，但其一旦得不到有效控制的话，将给我们带来灾难性的损失。统计结果表明，由于不完全燃烧所产生的有毒有害烟气是隧道火灾中导致人员死亡的最主要因素。因此，研究隧道火灾的烟气流动特性及其合理控制具有重要意义。
火灾烟气流动本身就是一种复杂的浮力驱动流，同时，由于隧道自身狭长结构的限制以及隧道内纵向风的作用，使得隧道内的烟气流动相比于一般建筑火灾烟气流动更为特殊。本论文首先结合隧道火灾烟气流动在不同发展阶段的特性和当前所需要解决的研究问题，开展了针对性的基础研究；之后，对隧道火灾的烟气控制策略进行了针对性的现场试验测试，为隧道火灾防排烟系统的工程设计提供了技术和数据支撑。论文的具体工作包括：
在长度为96m的模拟隧道和长度分别为2700m、3200m和1024m的实际隧道内系统性地开展了一系列的大尺寸和全尺寸现场实验，测量了隧道火灾烟气温度场和不同纵向风速下隧道火灾烟气层蔓延的热物理特性，为隧道火灾研究积累了宝贵的试验数据。
建立了隧道火灾烟气层温度纵向衰减的预测模型。传统的双层区域模型无法考虑隧道火灾烟气温度沿隧道衰减的这一重要特征，本论文通过理论分析和全尺寸实验验证，表明火灾烟气层温度沿隧道呈幂指数的衰减，并建立了衰减系数的预测模型。
采用全尺寸实验结合计算流体动力学数值模拟验证了Kurioka的最高烟气温度预测模型。隧道火灾拱顶处的最高温度对于隧道拱顶在火灾环境下的结构保护具有重要的理论参考价值，Kurioka通过小尺寸的模拟实验(2003年)，建立了经验的预测模型，由于开展相关的全尺寸试验难度大，该模型能否在实际全尺寸的隧道内进行应用有待进一步验证。本文通过全尺寸试验结合计算流体动力学数
Tunnel fire safety is a special topic of fire research. More and more tunnels had been constructed in the recent years with the fast development of economy. Tunnel makes traffic more convenient, but also brings about many new fire safety problems for us. Tunnel fire has attracted more and more research attention due to the fire disasters occurred in tunnels in recent years. Statistics showed that smoke was the most fatal factor in fires, especially in tunnel fires where much toxic gases were released due to incomplete combustion. Smoke control is very important for saving lives in case of a tunnel fire. However, in order to provide appropriate fire safety, the physics of smoke spreading in tunnels should be well understood first.
The interaction of the three factors: the fire induced buoyancy, the confinement of long-narrow configuration of tunnel and the longitudinal ventilation wind, makes the movement of smoke induced by fire in tunnels much more complex than that in normal compartment. In this thesis, full/large scale experiments were conducted, along with theoretical analysis and CFD numerical simulation, to study the dynamics and thermal physics of fire induced smoke movement in tunnels. Some key problems at different development stages of smoke layer in tunnels were studied and resolved. These findings were also applied to the design and management of smoke control systems in case of tunnel fires. Works include:
Large/full scale fire experiments were conducted in a 96m underground long model tunnel and three real road tunnels with length of about 2700m, 3200m and 1024m. Dynamic and thermal physics characteristics, including smoke temperature field, smoke layer traveling velocity, smoke layer height distribution and back-layering distance, were measured. These experiments systematically provided important large/full scale data for tunnel fire research.
A model was built for predicting the smoke layer temperature decay in the longitudinal direction in tunnel fires. The traditional two-layer zone model can not
火灾烟气流动本身就是一种复杂的浮力驱动流，同时，由于隧道自身狭长结构的限制以及隧道内纵向风的作用，使得隧道内的烟气流动相比于一般建筑火灾烟气流动更为特殊。本论文首先结合隧道火灾烟气流动在不同发展阶段的特性和当前所需要解决的研究问题，开展了针对性的基础研究；之后，对隧道火灾的烟气控制策略进行了针对性的现场试验测试，为隧道火灾防排烟系统的工程设计提供了技术和数据支撑。论文的具体工作包括：
在长度为96m的模拟隧道和长度分别为2700m、3200m和1024m的实际隧道内系统性地开展了一系列的大尺寸和全尺寸现场实验，测量了隧道火灾烟气温度场和不同纵向风速下隧道火灾烟气层蔓延的热物理特性，为隧道火灾研究积累了宝贵的试验数据。
建立了隧道火灾烟气层温度纵向衰减的预测模型。传统的双层区域模型无法考虑隧道火灾烟气温度沿隧道衰减的这一重要特征，本论文通过理论分析和全尺寸实验验证，表明火灾烟气层温度沿隧道呈幂指数的衰减，并建立了衰减系数的预测模型。
采用全尺寸实验结合计算流体动力学数值模拟验证了Kurioka的最高烟气温度预测模型。隧道火灾拱顶处的最高温度对于隧道拱顶在火灾环境下的结构保护具有重要的理论参考价值，Kurioka通过小尺寸的模拟实验(2003年)，建立了经验的预测模型，由于开展相关的全尺寸试验难度大，该模型能否在实际全尺寸的隧道内进行应用有待进一步验证。本文通过全尺寸试验结合计算流体动力学数
Tunnel fire safety is a special topic of fire research. More and more tunnels had been constructed in the recent years with the fast development of economy. Tunnel makes traffic more convenient, but also brings about many new fire safety problems for us. Tunnel fire has attracted more and more research attention due to the fire disasters occurred in tunnels in recent years. Statistics showed that smoke was the most fatal factor in fires, especially in tunnel fires where much toxic gases were released due to incomplete combustion. Smoke control is very important for saving lives in case of a tunnel fire. However, in order to provide appropriate fire safety, the physics of smoke spreading in tunnels should be well understood first.
The interaction of the three factors: the fire induced buoyancy, the confinement of long-narrow configuration of tunnel and the longitudinal ventilation wind, makes the movement of smoke induced by fire in tunnels much more complex than that in normal compartment. In this thesis, full/large scale experiments were conducted, along with theoretical analysis and CFD numerical simulation, to study the dynamics and thermal physics of fire induced smoke movement in tunnels. Some key problems at different development stages of smoke layer in tunnels were studied and resolved. These findings were also applied to the design and management of smoke control systems in case of tunnel fires. Works include:
Large/full scale fire experiments were conducted in a 96m underground long model tunnel and three real road tunnels with length of about 2700m, 3200m and 1024m. Dynamic and thermal physics characteristics, including smoke temperature field, smoke layer traveling velocity, smoke layer height distribution and back-layering distance, were measured. These experiments systematically provided important large/full scale data for tunnel fire research.
A model was built for predicting the smoke layer temperature decay in the longitudinal direction in tunnel fires. The traditional two-layer zone model can not
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[1] 胡自林，彭立敏，余晓琳．隧道火灾后衬砌材料物理力学性能变化试验研究．火灾科学[J]，2002年7月，Vol．11(3)，P．186—190．
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