干旱区典型绿洲盐渍地地物光谱特征研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展,人口的增长,不合理的利用土地资源导致了土地质量退化等生态问题的出现,而土壤盐渍化问题正是干旱、半干旱地区土地质量退化的主要问题,因此及时、精准、动态地获取盐渍土理化特征信息,对治理盐渍土、防止其进一步退化和进行农业可持续发展至关重要。地物的光谱特征研究是现代遥感技术的重要组成部分,地物的光谱特征也是识别地物的主要标志之一。光学遥感的最重要特征是图谱合一,光谱信息是多光谱技术的重要优势,其应用过程需要地面实测光谱和图像光谱相结合。因此,地物光谱的采集获取与处理至关重要,光谱数据质量直接影响到应用结果。
研究盐渍化土壤的光谱特性是利用遥感技术实现在区域尺度上进行土壤盐渍化监测和评价的工作基础,是建立地面数据和遥感数据关系的桥梁。本文以新疆塔里木盆地北缘地区——渭干河–库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区域,采用光谱学技术以及遥感技术相结合的方法,在对遥感机理和地物光谱理论深入理解的基础上,研究干旱区典型绿洲盐渍地地物的光谱特征,并建立光谱模型与定量反演方法,开展多源光谱数据在土壤盐渍化监测方面的应用示范研究。本研究主要得出以下结论:
(1)详细阐述了COST模型的理论及其算法,模型参数的确定及其获取途径。COST模型在完成TM卫星遥感数据大气辐射纠正的同时实现了地表反射率反演,为TM卫星遥感数据的应用研究奠定了基础。结果表明:用野外实测的准同步光谱数据与之进行比较分析,得到影像光谱值与实测光谱的相关系数R=0.9249,相关性较好。因此,可以将经过大气校正后的影像光谱值代替实测地物的光谱值进行分析。
(2)使用ASD光谱仪进行地物光谱数据测量,并对光谱数据的进行预处理,以消除仪器本身噪声及外界条件的影响。然后,论述了光谱数据转换的几种方法,并对现有的光谱匹配处理技术如二值编码匹配、光谱角度匹配、光谱吸收指数、光谱特征匹配、光谱匹配滤波等进行阐述,重点分析了光谱吸收特征参数。又将实测高光谱数据重采样到TM数据的波段范围,建立两者关系。然后将重采样后的数据映射到该空间中,得到二维散点图。实现光谱数据从光谱曲线空间到光谱特征空间的映射变换。并从光谱曲线的本身出发,利用提取光谱维特征模型,给出了控制干旱区盐渍地,盐生植物光谱特征的特征位置。进一步分析了在不同干燥和不同粒径条件下的盐渍地光谱曲线特征。
(3)对遥感数据的光谱特征和地物光谱理论作了深入的阐述,并结合几种典型的地物对遥感信息光谱数据和测量光谱数据进行比较分析。采用光谱线性算法建立端元光谱与遥感图像像元光谱的转换模型,实现了从实测端元光谱尺度向遥感多光谱像元尺度的定量光谱转换,同时对TM图像的光谱波段进行细划分,利用波谱知识库的数据支持来模拟获取具有更高光谱分辨率的细分光谱光学遥感图像的方法。依据波谱数据库等先验知识的支持,通过遥感成像时辐射传输的模拟运算,在宽光谱光学遥感数据提供的图像纹理信息和地类信息的基础上,获取细分光谱波段的模拟光学遥感图像,同时避免了难以接受的计算量。细分光谱模拟图像的实验结果表明:本方法能够较为可靠的模拟出真实高光谱分辨率图像的信息,模拟方法可信。而且,围绕高光谱土壤信息的特征提取,着重研究了土壤的光谱特性与土壤理化特征参数(八大离子,电导率,含盐量,pH,TDS以及紧实度数据等)的关系,建立盐渍土理化特征与野外实测光谱数据之间的定量回归模型。
(4)将.NET和SuperMap平台相结合,用SQL Server数据库存储数据,采用B/S模式,使用C#语言设计并开发了地物光谱信息系统,并针对干旱区绿洲的特点建立了典型地物光谱数据库。该系统实现了对研究区典型地物光谱信息及其相关属性数据的分类存储和管理;地图与属性数据的可视化双向查询;地物光谱响应曲线的绘制;导数光谱数据处理,包络线,归一化及曲线绘制,初步具备了简单的光谱数据挖掘和分析能力,为该地区后续土壤盐渍化研究提供了一个高效、可靠、便捷的数据管理和应用平台。
总之,本研究的工作成果对于干旱区典型绿洲盐渍土,盐生植物的光谱特征研究有着重要指示意义。为发展和完善我国盐渍土理化特征的可见光-近红外反射光谱分析理论奠定科学积累,并进一步为干旱区土壤盐渍化、沙漠化灾害等环境恶化问题的解决提供新的科学技术手段。
With the economic development and the population increase, unreasonable land development caused ecological problems such as land degradation, while soil salinization becomes a major problem in arid and semi-arid area. So acquiring accurate soil characteriscs information timely is important for evaluation soil salinization to protect soil from degrading and realizing agriculture sustainable development.The study on spectral characteristics in surface features is an important component of modern remote sensing technology. It is also one of the main signs for discriminating the surface features. The most imponant characteristic of remote sensing is the unities of map and spectmm information, and the spectrum information is an important advantage in hyperspectral technology, whose application process requires ground spectra data and picture spectrum combined together.Therefore, the collection and processing of spectral data is essential, and the quality of spectral directly affects the results of the application.
It is a work foundation that study soil salinization, the spectrum characteristics by using remote sensing technology to achieve on regional scale for monitoring and evaluation of soil salinization, and also is to establish the ground data and remote sensing data relationship of the bridge. In this paper, the author takes the delta of Weigan and Kuqa rivers located in the North of Tarim Basin as study area, adopting spectroscopy technology and remote sensing technology method. This thesis indicates some major conclusions as the following:
(1) The paper expatiated the COST model method and arithmetic,and how to confirm the parameters.With COST model finishing atmospheric and radiometric correction of TM,retrieve of earth reflection had been carried out. It is show that we can get reflecting rate image after the pretreatment of remote sensing data, TM image by adopting the COST model, and comparatively analyzes the anisochronous spectrum data and it and receives their coefficient correlation value, 0.9249.so we can use reflecting rate image to analyze spectrum data replacing the corresponding surface feature spectrum in the field of Open-air measurement. By construing the difference of the several kinds of typical surface features in this area in terms of the mechanism of the spectrum and spectrum curve, this is theory base and practice foreshadowing further of drawing saline-alkali soil information make kind.
(2) Using ASD spectrograph spectral properties of vegetation to measure spectral data in surface features. the spectral data must be removed the equipment itself and the outside world noise conditions.Aimed at this experimental application study, choose appropriate way from existing spectral matching processing technologies such as Binary Encoding, Spectral Angle Mapping, Spectral Absorption Index, Spectral Feature Fitting, Matched Filter and mixed-pixel analysis of the issue. Resembling the hperspectral data to the TM data’s wave band scope, establishes both relation.And then re-sampled data is mapped to the space, we could get the two-dimensional scatter plot and achieve the space to spectral space mapping transformation. The author extracted the spectrum dimension character model from the spectrum curve. And did some analysis to the model, and gave the general application of the model and other application on growth evaluation of vegetation.But also analyzes spectrum curve characteristics under the condition of the different drying and different particle sizes.
(3) The article reviews the theory development of spectrum of remote sensing and information drawn and makes deep exposition to spectrum characteristic and surface feature spectrum theory of the remote sensing data. It comparatively analyses the information spectrum data of remote sensing and the measure spectrum for several kinds of typical surface features. We set up the linear model to accomplish the quantitative transformation from edmember scale to pixel scale. This paper also proposes a method which uses TM images with lower spectrum resolutiom to simulate images with higher speemun resolutions.Based on previously obtained data (i.e.spectrum library) and simulations of the radiation transmission process. Our method uses the texture and sorting information of objects which is derived from a TM image with a wider spectral band, and to finally simulate an image with a subsection of spectral band. During the simulation process, unacceptable calculations were avoided. Our results show that our technique is effective.More over, the thesis focused on retrieving soil physical and chemical characteristic parameters (ions, electric conductivity, salinity, moisture content, pH, TDS and compactness data, etc.) from the hyperspectral data.The hyperspectral reflectance data were transformed to several mathematics mathematic transformations, such as reciprocal, logarithm, differential and so on. Using single-correlation analysis, the quantifying regression models between soil reflectance and soil ions, electric conductivity, salinity, pH, TDS and compactness were established.
(4) Unified .NET and the SuperMap platform with SQL Server database stored data, used the B/S pattern and the C# language to design and develope the typical surface object spectral information system, and established the typical surface object spectral database according to the characteristics of arid areas oasis. The system implemented the classified storage and the management of typical surface object spectral information and the related attribute data of the study areas; this system also implemented visualized two-way query between the maps and attribute data, the drawings of the surface object spectral response curves and the processing of the derivative spectral data,continuum cure and normalizaed data by the continuum removal and its drawings. In addition, the system initially possessed a simple spectral data mining and analysis capabilities, and this advantage provided an efficient, reliable and convenient data management and application platform for the Ugan-Kuqa River Delta Oasis’s follow-up study in soil salinization. Finally, it’s easy to maintain and convinient to secondary development and practically operate in good condition.
To sum up, the result of this research will produce the significant meaning for the research on the saline-alkali soil in the arid area. And in the expansion XinJiang that a large part of it belongs to the arid area, taking the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers as study area has realistic meaning to the environment research in arid area.
研究盐渍化土壤的光谱特性是利用遥感技术实现在区域尺度上进行土壤盐渍化监测和评价的工作基础,是建立地面数据和遥感数据关系的桥梁。本文以新疆塔里木盆地北缘地区——渭干河–库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区域,采用光谱学技术以及遥感技术相结合的方法,在对遥感机理和地物光谱理论深入理解的基础上,研究干旱区典型绿洲盐渍地地物的光谱特征,并建立光谱模型与定量反演方法,开展多源光谱数据在土壤盐渍化监测方面的应用示范研究。本研究主要得出以下结论:
(1)详细阐述了COST模型的理论及其算法,模型参数的确定及其获取途径。COST模型在完成TM卫星遥感数据大气辐射纠正的同时实现了地表反射率反演,为TM卫星遥感数据的应用研究奠定了基础。结果表明:用野外实测的准同步光谱数据与之进行比较分析,得到影像光谱值与实测光谱的相关系数R=0.9249,相关性较好。因此,可以将经过大气校正后的影像光谱值代替实测地物的光谱值进行分析。
(2)使用ASD光谱仪进行地物光谱数据测量,并对光谱数据的进行预处理,以消除仪器本身噪声及外界条件的影响。然后,论述了光谱数据转换的几种方法,并对现有的光谱匹配处理技术如二值编码匹配、光谱角度匹配、光谱吸收指数、光谱特征匹配、光谱匹配滤波等进行阐述,重点分析了光谱吸收特征参数。又将实测高光谱数据重采样到TM数据的波段范围,建立两者关系。然后将重采样后的数据映射到该空间中,得到二维散点图。实现光谱数据从光谱曲线空间到光谱特征空间的映射变换。并从光谱曲线的本身出发,利用提取光谱维特征模型,给出了控制干旱区盐渍地,盐生植物光谱特征的特征位置。进一步分析了在不同干燥和不同粒径条件下的盐渍地光谱曲线特征。
(3)对遥感数据的光谱特征和地物光谱理论作了深入的阐述,并结合几种典型的地物对遥感信息光谱数据和测量光谱数据进行比较分析。采用光谱线性算法建立端元光谱与遥感图像像元光谱的转换模型,实现了从实测端元光谱尺度向遥感多光谱像元尺度的定量光谱转换,同时对TM图像的光谱波段进行细划分,利用波谱知识库的数据支持来模拟获取具有更高光谱分辨率的细分光谱光学遥感图像的方法。依据波谱数据库等先验知识的支持,通过遥感成像时辐射传输的模拟运算,在宽光谱光学遥感数据提供的图像纹理信息和地类信息的基础上,获取细分光谱波段的模拟光学遥感图像,同时避免了难以接受的计算量。细分光谱模拟图像的实验结果表明:本方法能够较为可靠的模拟出真实高光谱分辨率图像的信息,模拟方法可信。而且,围绕高光谱土壤信息的特征提取,着重研究了土壤的光谱特性与土壤理化特征参数(八大离子,电导率,含盐量,pH,TDS以及紧实度数据等)的关系,建立盐渍土理化特征与野外实测光谱数据之间的定量回归模型。
(4)将.NET和SuperMap平台相结合,用SQL Server数据库存储数据,采用B/S模式,使用C#语言设计并开发了地物光谱信息系统,并针对干旱区绿洲的特点建立了典型地物光谱数据库。该系统实现了对研究区典型地物光谱信息及其相关属性数据的分类存储和管理;地图与属性数据的可视化双向查询;地物光谱响应曲线的绘制;导数光谱数据处理,包络线,归一化及曲线绘制,初步具备了简单的光谱数据挖掘和分析能力,为该地区后续土壤盐渍化研究提供了一个高效、可靠、便捷的数据管理和应用平台。
总之,本研究的工作成果对于干旱区典型绿洲盐渍土,盐生植物的光谱特征研究有着重要指示意义。为发展和完善我国盐渍土理化特征的可见光-近红外反射光谱分析理论奠定科学积累,并进一步为干旱区土壤盐渍化、沙漠化灾害等环境恶化问题的解决提供新的科学技术手段。
With the economic development and the population increase, unreasonable land development caused ecological problems such as land degradation, while soil salinization becomes a major problem in arid and semi-arid area. So acquiring accurate soil characteriscs information timely is important for evaluation soil salinization to protect soil from degrading and realizing agriculture sustainable development.The study on spectral characteristics in surface features is an important component of modern remote sensing technology. It is also one of the main signs for discriminating the surface features. The most imponant characteristic of remote sensing is the unities of map and spectmm information, and the spectrum information is an important advantage in hyperspectral technology, whose application process requires ground spectra data and picture spectrum combined together.Therefore, the collection and processing of spectral data is essential, and the quality of spectral directly affects the results of the application.
It is a work foundation that study soil salinization, the spectrum characteristics by using remote sensing technology to achieve on regional scale for monitoring and evaluation of soil salinization, and also is to establish the ground data and remote sensing data relationship of the bridge. In this paper, the author takes the delta of Weigan and Kuqa rivers located in the North of Tarim Basin as study area, adopting spectroscopy technology and remote sensing technology method. This thesis indicates some major conclusions as the following:
(1) The paper expatiated the COST model method and arithmetic,and how to confirm the parameters.With COST model finishing atmospheric and radiometric correction of TM,retrieve of earth reflection had been carried out. It is show that we can get reflecting rate image after the pretreatment of remote sensing data, TM image by adopting the COST model, and comparatively analyzes the anisochronous spectrum data and it and receives their coefficient correlation value, 0.9249.so we can use reflecting rate image to analyze spectrum data replacing the corresponding surface feature spectrum in the field of Open-air measurement. By construing the difference of the several kinds of typical surface features in this area in terms of the mechanism of the spectrum and spectrum curve, this is theory base and practice foreshadowing further of drawing saline-alkali soil information make kind.
(2) Using ASD spectrograph spectral properties of vegetation to measure spectral data in surface features. the spectral data must be removed the equipment itself and the outside world noise conditions.Aimed at this experimental application study, choose appropriate way from existing spectral matching processing technologies such as Binary Encoding, Spectral Angle Mapping, Spectral Absorption Index, Spectral Feature Fitting, Matched Filter and mixed-pixel analysis of the issue. Resembling the hperspectral data to the TM data’s wave band scope, establishes both relation.And then re-sampled data is mapped to the space, we could get the two-dimensional scatter plot and achieve the space to spectral space mapping transformation. The author extracted the spectrum dimension character model from the spectrum curve. And did some analysis to the model, and gave the general application of the model and other application on growth evaluation of vegetation.But also analyzes spectrum curve characteristics under the condition of the different drying and different particle sizes.
(3) The article reviews the theory development of spectrum of remote sensing and information drawn and makes deep exposition to spectrum characteristic and surface feature spectrum theory of the remote sensing data. It comparatively analyses the information spectrum data of remote sensing and the measure spectrum for several kinds of typical surface features. We set up the linear model to accomplish the quantitative transformation from edmember scale to pixel scale. This paper also proposes a method which uses TM images with lower spectrum resolutiom to simulate images with higher speemun resolutions.Based on previously obtained data (i.e.spectrum library) and simulations of the radiation transmission process. Our method uses the texture and sorting information of objects which is derived from a TM image with a wider spectral band, and to finally simulate an image with a subsection of spectral band. During the simulation process, unacceptable calculations were avoided. Our results show that our technique is effective.More over, the thesis focused on retrieving soil physical and chemical characteristic parameters (ions, electric conductivity, salinity, moisture content, pH, TDS and compactness data, etc.) from the hyperspectral data.The hyperspectral reflectance data were transformed to several mathematics mathematic transformations, such as reciprocal, logarithm, differential and so on. Using single-correlation analysis, the quantifying regression models between soil reflectance and soil ions, electric conductivity, salinity, pH, TDS and compactness were established.
(4) Unified .NET and the SuperMap platform with SQL Server database stored data, used the B/S pattern and the C# language to design and develope the typical surface object spectral information system, and established the typical surface object spectral database according to the characteristics of arid areas oasis. The system implemented the classified storage and the management of typical surface object spectral information and the related attribute data of the study areas; this system also implemented visualized two-way query between the maps and attribute data, the drawings of the surface object spectral response curves and the processing of the derivative spectral data,continuum cure and normalizaed data by the continuum removal and its drawings. In addition, the system initially possessed a simple spectral data mining and analysis capabilities, and this advantage provided an efficient, reliable and convenient data management and application platform for the Ugan-Kuqa River Delta Oasis’s follow-up study in soil salinization. Finally, it’s easy to maintain and convinient to secondary development and practically operate in good condition.
To sum up, the result of this research will produce the significant meaning for the research on the saline-alkali soil in the arid area. And in the expansion XinJiang that a large part of it belongs to the arid area, taking the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers as study area has realistic meaning to the environment research in arid area.
引文
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