腹泻断奶仔猪的肠道菌群及肠粘膜形态学变化的研究
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摘要
本研究对来自新泰、莱芜市的22头腹泻断奶仔猪的粪便、肠及肠内容物、外周血进行分批采样分析。通过对腹泻粪便、正常粪便及肠内容物中的菌群分离计数，分析肠道内菌群变化；对分离出的细菌进行纯化鉴定做体外抑菌实验；对外周血进行E-花环实验、淋巴转化实验，研究T-细胞免疫水平状况；对肠（回肠和盲肠）做病理组织切片，观察腹泻仔猪肠粘膜形态变化。用SPSS统计软件（10.0版）对数据进行统计分析。结果如下：
1．粪便性状与pH的关系 腹泻仔猪粪便性状与pH值存在特定关系。腹泻初期、腹泻不是十分严重的粪便，颜色较正常猪粪浅，pH值呈酸性；腹泻严重的，多带有绿色，pH值呈碱性。
2．肠道菌群变化 试验中，腹泻猪肠内容物在EMb、S.S、SP等培养基上生长的致病性菌有所增加，但个别的有所减少；有益菌如肠球菌、双歧杆菌、酵母菌、肠杆菌、乳酸菌等也有所减少，但差异不显著（P>0.05）；其中拟杆菌降低与正常猪只相比差异显著（P<0.05）。这一结果说明在发生腹泻病时，消化道内正常菌群间的比例失调，至于比例的变化关系，因猪只病情不同，有所差异，总的趋势为致病性菌与有益菌的比值显著上升。粪便中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌与乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的比值显著升高。肠道中大肠杆菌与乳酸杆菌、沙门氏菌与乳酸杆菌的比值在不同肠段中存在极显著差异，比值大约在0.915~1.376、0.605~1.060之间。其中大肠杆菌与乳酸杆菌的比值在回肠内的值最高。
3．细菌间的相互作用 乳酸杆菌（L）、大肠杆菌（Ec，E）、沙门氏菌（S）、芽胞杆菌（G）间有不同程度的抑菌作用。SEc、SG、EcG、LS之间的体外抑菌作用差异显著（P<0.05），EG、LE之间的体外抑菌作用与对照组接近差异显著（P=0.05%）。SE、EcE、GE，EEc之间无敏感现象，SEc、SG24、SL4、ES、EG、EL24、EcG、EcL24、GS、GEc4、GL、LS4、LE24、LEc24、LG24相互作用低度敏感，SG1、SL12、EL1、GEc2、LS12、LE1之间作用表现为中度敏感，EcL1、GEc1、LEc1、LG1之间作用表现为高度敏感。100、10-2、10-4三种浓度的同一种
细菌对另外一种菌的抑制作用差异显著。
4．T-细胞免疫水平 腹泻仔猪的E-花环形成率与正常猪的有显著性差异（P<0.01）。Et阳性率由51%降低为23%；Ea阳性率由26%降低为17.5%。腹泻仔猪α-ANAE的阳性率与正常猪之间差异极显著（P<0.01），由正常猪的40.5%下降为32.7%。证实了腹泻时的某个阶段，仔猪的T-细胞免疫水平显著下降。
5．腹泻仔猪肠粘膜形态变化 在18、28、50日龄发病的断奶仔猪回肠绒毛显著变短，较对照组分别下降15 %、18 %、13%，其中28日龄变化最为明显。隐窝深度在18、28日龄明显加深，变化幅度分别为9%、46%，而50日龄例外，出现了变浅现象。从绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值上来看，在18、28、50日龄都比对照组减少，28日龄变化最为明显。在28、50日龄盲肠隐窝深度较对照组变化幅度较大，分别为66%、44%，与相同日龄断奶仔猪的回肠相比影响较显著。
22 crossed weaning piglets were used in this study，in order to sample and analyze for their diarrhea faecal ，intestines tissue and intestinal inclusion and surrounding blood . By isolating and calculating bectrium from collecting sample，it was conducted to research changes of intestinal normal microflora. After puritifying and identificating ，vitro restraining experiment by several kinds bacteria was done through the cross-over orthogonal and anti-orthogonal experiment. Surrounding blood was conducted to carry out the erythrocyte E-rosette assay and α-ANAE experiment ，so as to justify the level of T-cell immunity function . By pathogenic technology the intestinal membrane shape with weaning diarrhoea piglets were observed by optic microscope. The data was dealt with by SPSS（10.0 version）software. Results were as follow：
1. Correlation between faecal condition and pH value Special correlation existed between faecal condition and pH value. At the diarrhea onset or little diarrhea ，pH value was acid ；faecal color was lighter than normal piglet. And pH value of the heavy diarrhea faecal， was over 7 with green. Faecal color was connected not only with this factor ，but also with feed qualification，therefore final color was not decided only by pH value high and low.
2. Intestinal microflora changes：Most pathogenic bacteria in this research achieved growth more than usually on the medium culture ， EMb，S.S，SP and so on ，but other minority lessened . The number of normal microflora, such as Intestinal Coccus, Bifidobacterium, Yeast, Intestinal bacterium, Lactobacillus et. declined, but there was no significant difference (p>0.05). The number of bacteroides declining was more significant difference than normal piglets (p<0.05). The results indicated that when piglets were diarrheaing proportion disorder of normal microflora had happened. So for changes ,different piglet had different result, but total trend with ratio between pathologenic and normal microflora significantly increased, even in individual piglet ratio got to 25 times. The ratios of E/L, E/B, S/L, S/B also did. And then in different
intestine ratios differed significantly (p<0.01). The minimul number had difference in twice isolated process.
3. The external restraining experiment : Between bacteria respectively, there was different degree restraining role, including high sensitive , middle sensitive , low sensitive, no reaction. Different bacterium density displayed difference restraining activies.
4. T-cell immunity function： E-rosette assay of surrounding blood from piglets with diarrhea differed significantly from normal piglets (p<0.01). Et positive decreased from 51% to 23%,Ea positive from 26% to 17.5%.α-ANAE positive of same piglets were also significant difference (p<0.01) from the health one ,decreasing from normally 40.5% to 32.7%. These justified that T-cell immunity function of piglet with diarrhea obviously decreased.
5. Intestinal membrane shape change of piglet with weaning diarrhea The research also demonstrated that Iieum villus height from piglet with weaning diarrhea significantly lessen short at 18d, 28d, 50d, comparising with control individually and declining to 15%,18%,13%. The depth of intestinal gland at 18d,28d obviously deepened , change-increasing frequence individually 9 %,41%. But at 50d exception happened ,there was no depth change . So for the ratio of villus height /depth of intestinal gland, all results decreased with control at 18d, 28d, 50d. At 28d there was most obviously changed. Cecum gland also deepened 66%,44% than control at 28d,50d and more influence on effect than Iieum's.
1．粪便性状与pH的关系 腹泻仔猪粪便性状与pH值存在特定关系。腹泻初期、腹泻不是十分严重的粪便，颜色较正常猪粪浅，pH值呈酸性；腹泻严重的，多带有绿色，pH值呈碱性。
2．肠道菌群变化 试验中，腹泻猪肠内容物在EMb、S.S、SP等培养基上生长的致病性菌有所增加，但个别的有所减少；有益菌如肠球菌、双歧杆菌、酵母菌、肠杆菌、乳酸菌等也有所减少，但差异不显著（P>0.05）；其中拟杆菌降低与正常猪只相比差异显著（P<0.05）。这一结果说明在发生腹泻病时，消化道内正常菌群间的比例失调，至于比例的变化关系，因猪只病情不同，有所差异，总的趋势为致病性菌与有益菌的比值显著上升。粪便中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌与乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的比值显著升高。肠道中大肠杆菌与乳酸杆菌、沙门氏菌与乳酸杆菌的比值在不同肠段中存在极显著差异，比值大约在0.915~1.376、0.605~1.060之间。其中大肠杆菌与乳酸杆菌的比值在回肠内的值最高。
3．细菌间的相互作用 乳酸杆菌（L）、大肠杆菌（Ec，E）、沙门氏菌（S）、芽胞杆菌（G）间有不同程度的抑菌作用。SEc、SG、EcG、LS之间的体外抑菌作用差异显著（P<0.05），EG、LE之间的体外抑菌作用与对照组接近差异显著（P=0.05%）。SE、EcE、GE，EEc之间无敏感现象，SEc、SG24、SL4、ES、EG、EL24、EcG、EcL24、GS、GEc4、GL、LS4、LE24、LEc24、LG24相互作用低度敏感，SG1、SL12、EL1、GEc2、LS12、LE1之间作用表现为中度敏感，EcL1、GEc1、LEc1、LG1之间作用表现为高度敏感。100、10-2、10-4三种浓度的同一种
细菌对另外一种菌的抑制作用差异显著。
4．T-细胞免疫水平 腹泻仔猪的E-花环形成率与正常猪的有显著性差异（P<0.01）。Et阳性率由51%降低为23%；Ea阳性率由26%降低为17.5%。腹泻仔猪α-ANAE的阳性率与正常猪之间差异极显著（P<0.01），由正常猪的40.5%下降为32.7%。证实了腹泻时的某个阶段，仔猪的T-细胞免疫水平显著下降。
5．腹泻仔猪肠粘膜形态变化 在18、28、50日龄发病的断奶仔猪回肠绒毛显著变短，较对照组分别下降15 %、18 %、13%，其中28日龄变化最为明显。隐窝深度在18、28日龄明显加深，变化幅度分别为9%、46%，而50日龄例外，出现了变浅现象。从绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值上来看，在18、28、50日龄都比对照组减少，28日龄变化最为明显。在28、50日龄盲肠隐窝深度较对照组变化幅度较大，分别为66%、44%，与相同日龄断奶仔猪的回肠相比影响较显著。
22 crossed weaning piglets were used in this study，in order to sample and analyze for their diarrhea faecal ，intestines tissue and intestinal inclusion and surrounding blood . By isolating and calculating bectrium from collecting sample，it was conducted to research changes of intestinal normal microflora. After puritifying and identificating ，vitro restraining experiment by several kinds bacteria was done through the cross-over orthogonal and anti-orthogonal experiment. Surrounding blood was conducted to carry out the erythrocyte E-rosette assay and α-ANAE experiment ，so as to justify the level of T-cell immunity function . By pathogenic technology the intestinal membrane shape with weaning diarrhoea piglets were observed by optic microscope. The data was dealt with by SPSS（10.0 version）software. Results were as follow：
1. Correlation between faecal condition and pH value Special correlation existed between faecal condition and pH value. At the diarrhea onset or little diarrhea ，pH value was acid ；faecal color was lighter than normal piglet. And pH value of the heavy diarrhea faecal， was over 7 with green. Faecal color was connected not only with this factor ，but also with feed qualification，therefore final color was not decided only by pH value high and low.
2. Intestinal microflora changes：Most pathogenic bacteria in this research achieved growth more than usually on the medium culture ， EMb，S.S，SP and so on ，but other minority lessened . The number of normal microflora, such as Intestinal Coccus, Bifidobacterium, Yeast, Intestinal bacterium, Lactobacillus et. declined, but there was no significant difference (p>0.05). The number of bacteroides declining was more significant difference than normal piglets (p<0.05). The results indicated that when piglets were diarrheaing proportion disorder of normal microflora had happened. So for changes ,different piglet had different result, but total trend with ratio between pathologenic and normal microflora significantly increased, even in individual piglet ratio got to 25 times. The ratios of E/L, E/B, S/L, S/B also did. And then in different
intestine ratios differed significantly (p<0.01). The minimul number had difference in twice isolated process.
3. The external restraining experiment : Between bacteria respectively, there was different degree restraining role, including high sensitive , middle sensitive , low sensitive, no reaction. Different bacterium density displayed difference restraining activies.
4. T-cell immunity function： E-rosette assay of surrounding blood from piglets with diarrhea differed significantly from normal piglets (p<0.01). Et positive decreased from 51% to 23%,Ea positive from 26% to 17.5%.α-ANAE positive of same piglets were also significant difference (p<0.01) from the health one ,decreasing from normally 40.5% to 32.7%. These justified that T-cell immunity function of piglet with diarrhea obviously decreased.
5. Intestinal membrane shape change of piglet with weaning diarrhea The research also demonstrated that Iieum villus height from piglet with weaning diarrhea significantly lessen short at 18d, 28d, 50d, comparising with control individually and declining to 15%,18%,13%. The depth of intestinal gland at 18d,28d obviously deepened , change-increasing frequence individually 9 %,41%. But at 50d exception happened ,there was no depth change . So for the ratio of villus height /depth of intestinal gland, all results decreased with control at 18d, 28d, 50d. At 28d there was most obviously changed. Cecum gland also deepened 66%,44% than control at 28d,50d and more influence on effect than Iieum's.
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56.Kyriakis SC, Tsiloyiannis VK, Vlemmas J .et al. The effect of probiotic LSP 122 on the control of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome of piglets. Res Vet Sci 1999 Dec;67(3):223-8
57. Kyriakis SC, Tsiloyiannis VK, Lekkas S.et al. The efficacy of enrofloxacin in-feed medication, by applying different programmes for the control of post weaning diarrhoea syndrome of piglets. : Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1997 Nov;44(9):513-21
58 Chandler DS, Mynott TL. Bromelain protects piglets from diarrhoea caused by oral challenge with K88 positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Gut 1998 Aug;43(2):196-202
59 Alexa P, Salajka E, Salajkova Z.et al. [Combined parenteral and oral immunization against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in weaned piglets]. Vet Med (Praha) 1995 Dec;40(12):365-70
60 Bolcskei A, Bilkei G, Biro O et al. Management of E. coli dependent factorial diseases in weaning piglets. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1996 Mar;109(3):108-11
61 Madec F, Bridoux N, Bounaix S et al. Experimental models of porcine post-weaning colibacillosis and their relationship to post-weaning diarrhoea and digestive disorders as encountered in the field. Vet Microbiol 2000 Mar 15;72(3-4):295-310
62 Beausoleil HE, Labrie V, Dubreuil JD. Is Escherichia coli STb enterotoxin sufficient to cause pig diarrhea? Vet Microbiol 1999 Dec;70(3-4):281-5
63 Nabuurs MJ, van Zijderveld FG, de Leeuw PW. Clinical and microbiological field studies in The Netherlands of diarrhoea in pigs at weaning. Res Vet Sci 1993 Jul;55(1):70-7
64 Nollet H, Deprez P, Van Driessche E et al. Protection of just weaned pigs against infection with F18+ Escherichia coli by non-immune plasma powder. Vet Microbiol 1999 Feb 23;65(1):37-45
65 Barman NN, Sarma DK. Passive immunization of piglets against enterotoxigenic colibacillosis by vaccinating dams with K88ac pili bearing bacterins. Indian J Exp Biol 1999 Nov;37(11):1132-5
66 Driesen SJ, Carland PG, Fahy VA. Studies on preweaning piglet diarrhoea. Aust Vet J 1993 Jul;70(7):259-62.
67 Miller B, Newby TJ, Stokes CR et al . The role of dietary antigen in the aetiology of post weaning diarrhoea. Ann Rech Vet 1983;14(4):487-92
68 Glawischnig E. Antibiotic-free weaning of piglets. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1990 Jan;97(1):48-51
69 Kyriakis SC, Tsiloyiannis VK, Vlemmas J et al. The efficacy of enrofloxacin in-feed medication by applying different programmes for the control of post weaning oedema disease in weaned piglets. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1997 Nov;44(9):523-8
70 Flores-Abuxapqui JJ, Suarez-Hoil GJ, Puc-Franco MA et al. Frequency of adhesive factors and enterotoxins in strains of Escherichia coli isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1997 Jul-Dec;39(3-4):145-51
71. Krsnik B, Yammine R, Pavicic Z et al. Experimental model of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in pigs: potential for an early recognition of colibacillosis by monitoring of behavior. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1999 Oct;22(4):261-73
72 Nagy B, Fekete PZ. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals. Vet Res 1999 Mar-Jun;30(2-3):259-84
73 Cicuta ME, Miranda AO, Roibon WR et al. Colibacillosis in swine: proof of vaccine efficacy. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1999 Oct-Dec;41(4):263-5
74 Nabuurs MJ.Weaning piglets as a model for studying pathophysiology of diarrhea. Vet Q 1998;20 Suppl 3:S42-5
75．Goransson L, Martinsson K, Lange S et al. Feed-induced lectins in piglets. Feed-induced lectins and their effect on post-weaning diarrhoea, daily weight gain and mortality. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1993 Sep;40(7):478-84
76 Osek J. Clonal analysis of Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs with post-weaning diarrhea by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000 May 15;186(2):327-31
77 Vogeli P, Meijerink E, Fries R et al. A molecular test for the detection of E. coli F18 receptors: a breakthrough in the struggle against edema disease and post-weaning diarrhea in swine. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1997;139(11):479-84
78 Hampson DJ,Kidder D E.1986.Influence of creep feeding and weaning on brush
border enzymue activities in the piglet small intestine .Res.Sci.,40:24-31
79 Cera K R, Mahan D C,Cross R F ,Reinhart G A,Whitmoyer R E .1988.Effect of age ,weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine.J.Anim.Sci.66:574-584
80 Miller.B.G.,P.S.James, D.J.Hanmpson and F. J.Bourne.1986.Effect of weaning on the capacity of pig intestinal villito digest and absorb nutrients.J.Agric.Sci.Camb.107:579-589
81 Kenworthy, R.1976.Observaton on the effect of weaning in the young pig.Clinical and histopathological studies of intestinal function and morphology.Res.Vet.Sci.21:69-75
82 Kelly,D.,R.BegbieandT.P.King.1992. Postnatal intestinal development. In: Varley, M.A., P.E.V.Williams and T.L.J.Lawrence .(eds) Neonatal Survival and Growth .Occasional Publication No.15.Bristish Society of Animal Production Edinburgh .pp.63-79
83 Newby T.J.B.G.Miller,C.R.Stokes,D.Hampson, and F.J. Bourne .1984. Local hypersensitivity response to dietary antigens in early weaned pigs. In: Recent Advance in Animal Nutrition .1984.(Ed .W.Haraesign and D.J.A.Cole ), Butterworths .pp.49
84 顾宪红.断奶仔猪小肠结构和功能的变化及其影响因素.仔猪营养生理与饲料配制技术研究.第1版.北京：中国农业科技出版社，2001.
85张宏福. 断奶日龄对仔猪血液主动免疫功能的影响.仔猪营养生理与饲料配制技术研究.第1版.北京：中国农业科技出版社，2001.
86侯永清，周毓平.仔猪断奶后生理机能紊乱和代谢调控.仔猪营养生理与饲料配制技术研究.第1版.北京：中国农业科技出版社，2001.
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54 Gutzwiller-A,Jost-M.Piglet diarrhea and oedema diasease,prevertion is better.Agrarforschung.1998,5:10,459-462
55杨全明.仔猪消化道酶和组织器官生长发育规律的研究.中国农业大学博士论文集，1999.
56.Kyriakis SC, Tsiloyiannis VK, Vlemmas J .et al. The effect of probiotic LSP 122 on the control of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome of piglets. Res Vet Sci 1999 Dec;67(3):223-8
57. Kyriakis SC, Tsiloyiannis VK, Lekkas S.et al. The efficacy of enrofloxacin in-feed medication, by applying different programmes for the control of post weaning diarrhoea syndrome of piglets. : Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1997 Nov;44(9):513-21
58 Chandler DS, Mynott TL. Bromelain protects piglets from diarrhoea caused by oral challenge with K88 positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Gut 1998 Aug;43(2):196-202
59 Alexa P, Salajka E, Salajkova Z.et al. [Combined parenteral and oral immunization against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in weaned piglets]. Vet Med (Praha) 1995 Dec;40(12):365-70
60 Bolcskei A, Bilkei G, Biro O et al. Management of E. coli dependent factorial diseases in weaning piglets. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1996 Mar;109(3):108-11
61 Madec F, Bridoux N, Bounaix S et al. Experimental models of porcine post-weaning colibacillosis and their relationship to post-weaning diarrhoea and digestive disorders as encountered in the field. Vet Microbiol 2000 Mar 15;72(3-4):295-310
62 Beausoleil HE, Labrie V, Dubreuil JD. Is Escherichia coli STb enterotoxin sufficient to cause pig diarrhea? Vet Microbiol 1999 Dec;70(3-4):281-5
63 Nabuurs MJ, van Zijderveld FG, de Leeuw PW. Clinical and microbiological field studies in The Netherlands of diarrhoea in pigs at weaning. Res Vet Sci 1993 Jul;55(1):70-7
64 Nollet H, Deprez P, Van Driessche E et al. Protection of just weaned pigs against infection with F18+ Escherichia coli by non-immune plasma powder. Vet Microbiol 1999 Feb 23;65(1):37-45
65 Barman NN, Sarma DK. Passive immunization of piglets against enterotoxigenic colibacillosis by vaccinating dams with K88ac pili bearing bacterins. Indian J Exp Biol 1999 Nov;37(11):1132-5
66 Driesen SJ, Carland PG, Fahy VA. Studies on preweaning piglet diarrhoea. Aust Vet J 1993 Jul;70(7):259-62.
67 Miller B, Newby TJ, Stokes CR et al . The role of dietary antigen in the aetiology of post weaning diarrhoea. Ann Rech Vet 1983;14(4):487-92
68 Glawischnig E. Antibiotic-free weaning of piglets. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1990 Jan;97(1):48-51
69 Kyriakis SC, Tsiloyiannis VK, Vlemmas J et al. The efficacy of enrofloxacin in-feed medication by applying different programmes for the control of post weaning oedema disease in weaned piglets. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1997 Nov;44(9):523-8
70 Flores-Abuxapqui JJ, Suarez-Hoil GJ, Puc-Franco MA et al. Frequency of adhesive factors and enterotoxins in strains of Escherichia coli isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1997 Jul-Dec;39(3-4):145-51
71. Krsnik B, Yammine R, Pavicic Z et al. Experimental model of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in pigs: potential for an early recognition of colibacillosis by monitoring of behavior. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1999 Oct;22(4):261-73
72 Nagy B, Fekete PZ. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals. Vet Res 1999 Mar-Jun;30(2-3):259-84
73 Cicuta ME, Miranda AO, Roibon WR et al. Colibacillosis in swine: proof of vaccine efficacy. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1999 Oct-Dec;41(4):263-5
74 Nabuurs MJ.Weaning piglets as a model for studying pathophysiology of diarrhea. Vet Q 1998;20 Suppl 3:S42-5
75．Goransson L, Martinsson K, Lange S et al. Feed-induced lectins in piglets. Feed-induced lectins and their effect on post-weaning diarrhoea, daily weight gain and mortality. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1993 Sep;40(7):478-84
76 Osek J. Clonal analysis of Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs with post-weaning diarrhea by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000 May 15;186(2):327-31
77 Vogeli P, Meijerink E, Fries R et al. A molecular test for the detection of E. coli F18 receptors: a breakthrough in the struggle against edema disease and post-weaning diarrhea in swine. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1997;139(11):479-84
78 Hampson DJ,Kidder D E.1986.Influence of creep feeding and weaning on brush
border enzymue activities in the piglet small intestine .Res.Sci.,40:24-31
79 Cera K R, Mahan D C,Cross R F ,Reinhart G A,Whitmoyer R E .1988.Effect of age ,weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine.J.Anim.Sci.66:574-584
80 Miller.B.G.,P.S.James, D.J.Hanmpson and F. J.Bourne.1986.Effect of weaning on the capacity of pig intestinal villito digest and absorb nutrients.J.Agric.Sci.Camb.107:579-589
81 Kenworthy, R.1976.Observaton on the effect of weaning in the young pig.Clinical and histopathological studies of intestinal function and morphology.Res.Vet.Sci.21:69-75
82 Kelly,D.,R.BegbieandT.P.King.1992. Postnatal intestinal development. In: Varley, M.A., P.E.V.Williams and T.L.J.Lawrence .(eds) Neonatal Survival and Growth .Occasional Publication No.15.Bristish Society of Animal Production Edinburgh .pp.63-79
83 Newby T.J.B.G.Miller,C.R.Stokes,D.Hampson, and F.J. Bourne .1984. Local hypersensitivity response to dietary antigens in early weaned pigs. In: Recent Advance in Animal Nutrition .1984.(Ed .W.Haraesign and D.J.A.Cole ), Butterworths .pp.49
84 顾宪红.断奶仔猪小肠结构和功能的变化及其影响因素.仔猪营养生理与饲料配制技术研究.第1版.北京：中国农业科技出版社，2001.
85张宏福. 断奶日龄对仔猪血液主动免疫功能的影响.仔猪营养生理与饲料配制技术研究.第1版.北京：中国农业科技出版社，2001.
86侯永清，周毓平.仔猪断奶后生理机能紊乱和代谢调控.仔猪营养生理与饲料配制技术研究.第1版.北京：中国农业科技出版社，2001.
87顾宪红，张宏福.断奶日龄对仔猪肠粘膜形态的影响.仔猪营养生理与饲料配制技术研究.第1版.北京：中国农业科技出版社，2001.
88王振龙,柴家前主编. 实用猪病防治学.中国农业科技出版社.1997
89张文鑫，龚伟.四种活菌制剂对仔猪黄痢病原菌的体外抑菌试验.云南农业大学学报，1997，12（2）：133-136
90房海主编.大肠埃希氏菌石家庄.河北科学技术出版社，1997.12：486