车用镁合金材料NVH性能研究及镁质仪表板声学优化设计
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摘要
镁合金是目前应用的最轻的结构材料,并以其高阻尼性能、高比强度、高比刚度等特点,在汽车工业中得到日益广泛的应用。当镁合金替换原有的车用金属材料后,必将影响整车的NVH性能。因此开展镁合金车身构件的声学性能研究势在必行。本文针对镁合金材料应用于车身仪表板后遇到的声学问题展开了研究工作。
采用脉冲响应衰减法测量了镁合金AZ31的阻尼性能。用板件结构的近场辐射声压代替了表面振动信号,避免了接触式振动传感器引入的附加质量和边界约束阻尼的影响,使测试结果更加准确。利用窄带带通滤波器处理近场声压信号,求取了低频段单个模态下的阻尼损耗因子及高频段单个带宽内的平均阻尼损耗因子。镁合金AZ31的阻尼损耗因子在0-3000Hz范围内为2～25×10-4。同时测量了钢的阻尼损耗因子作为对比。实验结果表明镁合金的阻尼性能比钢好。
在镁合金板件隔声性能的研究上,根据声波在声学介质分界面处的声学边界条件及牛顿定律,推导了平面声波入射场和扩散声波入射场下,单层镁合金板的声阻抗率和隔声量理论计算公式。依靠自行设计、制造的驻波管,测量声波正入射条件下镁合金圆形板件的噪声衰减量,比较了单层板、双层板的测量结果,分析板件厚度、板间空气层厚度及板件放置次序等因素对构件隔声性能的影响。
本文提出一种预测复杂构件的隔声性能的仿真方法——结构-声耦合分析法,经实验验证,该方法准确可靠。利用结构-声耦合分析法,预测了克莱斯勒Viper仪表板及凯迪拉克CTS仪表板在中低频范围内的隔声性能。研究发现,用镁合金替换原钢质材料,当重量减轻30%-40%时,仪表板的隔声性能不会恶化。且由于阻尼的衰减作用,在低频段隔声性能甚至有所改善。改善仪表板上穿通元件的密封情况,提高边界连接刚度可提高仪表板整体的隔声性能。
利用面板声贡献量分析法,成功地对镁合金仪表板隔声性能在“关键频率”下的“关键区域”进行定位。以Biot-Allard模型为基础,得到了声学包装起隔声作用时的声学导纳,以此为边界条件,准确地预测了复合镁质仪表板的隔声性能。研究指出,随着吸声材料厚度的增加,复合仪表板的隔声量不是单调增加的,在设计复合结构仪表板时,要同时考虑成本与低频“隔声恶化”的问题,合理选取吸声材料的厚度。
建立了一整车结构-声耦合有限元模型,计算了复合镁质仪表板五个板件的各层声学包装的厚度对驾驶员耳旁一点声压的结构-声学灵敏度。依据灵敏度分析结果,用“可行方向法”优化目标点声学性能,使目标点声压在整个频率范围内最低。优化后的复合镁质仪表板质量减轻了3.6kg,目标点总声压级由78.1dB降至76.1dB,实现了轻量化、低噪声镁合金仪表板优化设计。
Magnesium alloy is the lightest application structural material at present, and has large specific stiffness, great damping and excellent shock absorption. It had been made into automotive dash successfully. If original automotive metal materials are replaced by magnesium alloy, the vehicle NVH performance must be affected. Hence, researching on acoustic performance of automotive components is imperative. Applying magnesium alloy to automotive dash might meet acoustic problems. In this dissertation, these acoustic problems were investigated.
Damping performance of magnesium alloy AZ31was researched with the impulse response decay method (IRDM). The sound pressure near the magnesium alloy sheet substituted for vibration signals of sheet surface. It could avoid additional mass and boundary constrained damping caused by contact vibration sensors, and got more accurate test results. The near-field sound pressure signals were filtered by band-pass filter. Based on these filtered signals, damping loss factor(DLF) of one modal in low frequency range and average damping loss factor of one frequency band in high frequency range were calculated. DLF of magnesium alloy AZ31is2-25×10-4in0-3000Hz. DLF of steel was measured meanwhile. The results showed that damping performance of magnesium alloy is better than steel.
In the respect of research on sound insulation of magnesium alloy plate, based on acoustic boundary condition on interface of acoustic medium and Newton's laws, sound impedance radio and sound transmission loss theoretical formulas of single-layer plate in the plane-wave and diffuse incident acoustic field were derived respectively. Noise reduction of circular magnesium alloy plate in normal sound incident field was measured with self-designed standing wave tube. Compare the results of single-layer plate and double-layer plate to analyze the influence factors of sound insulation performance, such as thickness of plate, thickness of air layer between two plates and order of two plates.
This dissertation advanced a simulation method to be used for predicting sound insulation performance of complex components——structural-acoustic coupling method. Validated by experiments, the method is accurate and reliable. The sound insulation performance of Chrysler Viper dash and Cadillac CTS dash in low-mid frequency range were predicted with this method. The research results showed that replacing steel by magnesium alloy, dash reduced weight by 30%-40%, while acoustic performance didn't deteriorate. Because of damping, sound insulation performance even improved in low frequency range. Improving seal of flanking paths and enhancing connect stiffness can increase overall sound insulation performance of dash.
Based on panel acoustic contribution analysis,"key regions" in "key frequency" range of magnesium alloy dash for sound insulation were identified successfully. Based on Biot-Allard model, acoustic admittance of sound package (transmission-like condition) was calculated. Applying this admittance to laminated magnesium alloy dash, sound insulation performance of the dash was obtained accurately. Research indicates that sound transmission loss of laminated dash doesn't increase monotonically with the increase of thickness of porous-absorbed material. So when designing laminated dash, cost and "sound insulation performance deterioration" in low frequency range should be taken into account simultaneously and chose appropriate thickness of absorbing material.
Established structural-acoustic coupling finite element model of a vehicle, and divided the laminated dash into five panels, the structural-acoustic sensitivities of sound pressure at driver's ear position with respect to each layer's thickness of each panel of laminated magnesium alloy dash were calculated. According to the sensitivities, the target point's acoustic performance was optimized with "feasible direction method" to minimize its sound pressure in whole frequency range. The weight of optimized laminated magnesium alloy dash is reduced3.6kg, and overall sound pressure level at target point drops from78.1dB to76.1dB. The light-weight, low-noise design for magnesium alloy dash is achieved.
采用脉冲响应衰减法测量了镁合金AZ31的阻尼性能。用板件结构的近场辐射声压代替了表面振动信号,避免了接触式振动传感器引入的附加质量和边界约束阻尼的影响,使测试结果更加准确。利用窄带带通滤波器处理近场声压信号,求取了低频段单个模态下的阻尼损耗因子及高频段单个带宽内的平均阻尼损耗因子。镁合金AZ31的阻尼损耗因子在0-3000Hz范围内为2～25×10-4。同时测量了钢的阻尼损耗因子作为对比。实验结果表明镁合金的阻尼性能比钢好。
在镁合金板件隔声性能的研究上,根据声波在声学介质分界面处的声学边界条件及牛顿定律,推导了平面声波入射场和扩散声波入射场下,单层镁合金板的声阻抗率和隔声量理论计算公式。依靠自行设计、制造的驻波管,测量声波正入射条件下镁合金圆形板件的噪声衰减量,比较了单层板、双层板的测量结果,分析板件厚度、板间空气层厚度及板件放置次序等因素对构件隔声性能的影响。
本文提出一种预测复杂构件的隔声性能的仿真方法——结构-声耦合分析法,经实验验证,该方法准确可靠。利用结构-声耦合分析法,预测了克莱斯勒Viper仪表板及凯迪拉克CTS仪表板在中低频范围内的隔声性能。研究发现,用镁合金替换原钢质材料,当重量减轻30%-40%时,仪表板的隔声性能不会恶化。且由于阻尼的衰减作用,在低频段隔声性能甚至有所改善。改善仪表板上穿通元件的密封情况,提高边界连接刚度可提高仪表板整体的隔声性能。
利用面板声贡献量分析法,成功地对镁合金仪表板隔声性能在“关键频率”下的“关键区域”进行定位。以Biot-Allard模型为基础,得到了声学包装起隔声作用时的声学导纳,以此为边界条件,准确地预测了复合镁质仪表板的隔声性能。研究指出,随着吸声材料厚度的增加,复合仪表板的隔声量不是单调增加的,在设计复合结构仪表板时,要同时考虑成本与低频“隔声恶化”的问题,合理选取吸声材料的厚度。
建立了一整车结构-声耦合有限元模型,计算了复合镁质仪表板五个板件的各层声学包装的厚度对驾驶员耳旁一点声压的结构-声学灵敏度。依据灵敏度分析结果,用“可行方向法”优化目标点声学性能,使目标点声压在整个频率范围内最低。优化后的复合镁质仪表板质量减轻了3.6kg,目标点总声压级由78.1dB降至76.1dB,实现了轻量化、低噪声镁合金仪表板优化设计。
Magnesium alloy is the lightest application structural material at present, and has large specific stiffness, great damping and excellent shock absorption. It had been made into automotive dash successfully. If original automotive metal materials are replaced by magnesium alloy, the vehicle NVH performance must be affected. Hence, researching on acoustic performance of automotive components is imperative. Applying magnesium alloy to automotive dash might meet acoustic problems. In this dissertation, these acoustic problems were investigated.
Damping performance of magnesium alloy AZ31was researched with the impulse response decay method (IRDM). The sound pressure near the magnesium alloy sheet substituted for vibration signals of sheet surface. It could avoid additional mass and boundary constrained damping caused by contact vibration sensors, and got more accurate test results. The near-field sound pressure signals were filtered by band-pass filter. Based on these filtered signals, damping loss factor(DLF) of one modal in low frequency range and average damping loss factor of one frequency band in high frequency range were calculated. DLF of magnesium alloy AZ31is2-25×10-4in0-3000Hz. DLF of steel was measured meanwhile. The results showed that damping performance of magnesium alloy is better than steel.
In the respect of research on sound insulation of magnesium alloy plate, based on acoustic boundary condition on interface of acoustic medium and Newton's laws, sound impedance radio and sound transmission loss theoretical formulas of single-layer plate in the plane-wave and diffuse incident acoustic field were derived respectively. Noise reduction of circular magnesium alloy plate in normal sound incident field was measured with self-designed standing wave tube. Compare the results of single-layer plate and double-layer plate to analyze the influence factors of sound insulation performance, such as thickness of plate, thickness of air layer between two plates and order of two plates.
This dissertation advanced a simulation method to be used for predicting sound insulation performance of complex components——structural-acoustic coupling method. Validated by experiments, the method is accurate and reliable. The sound insulation performance of Chrysler Viper dash and Cadillac CTS dash in low-mid frequency range were predicted with this method. The research results showed that replacing steel by magnesium alloy, dash reduced weight by 30%-40%, while acoustic performance didn't deteriorate. Because of damping, sound insulation performance even improved in low frequency range. Improving seal of flanking paths and enhancing connect stiffness can increase overall sound insulation performance of dash.
Based on panel acoustic contribution analysis,"key regions" in "key frequency" range of magnesium alloy dash for sound insulation were identified successfully. Based on Biot-Allard model, acoustic admittance of sound package (transmission-like condition) was calculated. Applying this admittance to laminated magnesium alloy dash, sound insulation performance of the dash was obtained accurately. Research indicates that sound transmission loss of laminated dash doesn't increase monotonically with the increase of thickness of porous-absorbed material. So when designing laminated dash, cost and "sound insulation performance deterioration" in low frequency range should be taken into account simultaneously and chose appropriate thickness of absorbing material.
Established structural-acoustic coupling finite element model of a vehicle, and divided the laminated dash into five panels, the structural-acoustic sensitivities of sound pressure at driver's ear position with respect to each layer's thickness of each panel of laminated magnesium alloy dash were calculated. According to the sensitivities, the target point's acoustic performance was optimized with "feasible direction method" to minimize its sound pressure in whole frequency range. The weight of optimized laminated magnesium alloy dash is reduced3.6kg, and overall sound pressure level at target point drops from78.1dB to76.1dB. The light-weight, low-noise design for magnesium alloy dash is achieved.
引文
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