小型天线与金属腔体及人体头颅的耦合谐振分析及应用研究
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摘要
本文主要讨论小型天线和谐振腔,小型天线广泛应用于民用和军事领域,传统上通过增加介电常数、短路加载、延长电流路径或者采用新型的左手材料来减小天线的尺寸；而谐振腔用于滤波、频率检测、介质测量等等领域。本文力图从理论分析开始,对一些电磁现象给出理论的解释,然后通过仿真方法进行验证,最后进行实验验证,并基于上述理论与验证结果建立测试系统。本文涉及的理论方法包括：传输线腔理论、复相角理论、模式展开理论等等,采用的计算方法包括有限元法(FEM)、时域有限差分法(FDTD)以及电磁计算软件HFSS。
本文的工作主要有以下三个内容：
(1)研究加载天线的传输线腔性能的变化,包括谐振频率和品质因数。根据加载前后腔体参数的变化,可以得到加载天线的等效电路参数。理论分析表明在传输线腔中存在两类谐振模式,分别是传输模式下的谐振和截止模式的谐振。在传输模式下,腔体的谐振频率相对于空腔的谐振频率出现了偏移；而在截止模式下,由于天线受激辐射,腔体产生新的谐振点,本文称之为广义谐振。
利用HFSS进行仿真分析,在其中建立天线模型和腔体模型,从理论计算的角度验证了上述理论。在此基础上,本文设计并加工了一套测试系统,验证了上述理论的正确性。由于加载天线受周围环境的影响,例如贴片高度、耦合探针等影响,谐振频率发生偏移,本文进一步进行了相关性验证的实验,证明腔体的谐振频率与天线自身工作时的频率是线性相关的。
(2)研究天线置入金属腔体后,自身特性的变化。理论分析表明,由于天线与腔体之间的耦合从而导致天线的输入阻抗发生变化。如果腔体较大,在谐振频点,天线的输入阻抗变化非常剧烈,而在非谐振点则变化较小。如果腔体较小,腔体会影响天线的表面分布电流,进一步影响到天线的输入阻抗。
本文首先利用模式展开的方法,得到了置入腔体的天线的输入阻抗的等效电路,并对该电路进行了分析。而天线置入金属腔体多用于天线效率的测量,但是由于天线与金属腔体之间的耦合,限制了惠勒法测量天线效率的使用范围,也就是仅适用于窄带的或者单频点的测量。基于以上分析,论文设计了一套可变谐振频率的谐振腔---滑动短路谐振腔,通过腔体一端发生位移,从而改变腔体的尺寸达到改变谐振频率的目的。本文将该滑动短路谐振腔结合运动控制部件、矢量网络分析仪等,建立了一套天线效率的测量系统。利用该系统对一系列的天线进行了测量,并与目前的标准的测量方法进行了比较,结果证明了本文方法的快速和有效性。
(3)双频PIFA天线与人体头颅的耦合问题的研究。手机的辐射问题备受关注,并制定了相应的测试标准及测量方法,本文利用时域有限差分法(FDTD)进行研究。
本文首先建立双频的PIFA天线模型,对其在自由空间的特性进行了研究,包括驻波特性,方向图,效率等；然后将其置于精度为1mm×1mm×1mm的人体头颅模型一侧,重新对其上述特性进行研究,并与自由空间的特性进行了比较,得出了人头颅对天线特性的影响。本部分的另外一个研究主题是天线对人体头颅的影响,也就是电磁波在人体头颅内的吸收问题,研究了在900MHz和1800MHz频率下,双频PIFA天线在人体头颅中的分布SAR,10g组织平均SAR,1g组织平均SAR,以及整体的平均值和最大值。最后将辐射功率根据实际手机的发射功率归一化得到相应的SAR值,并与相应的标准进行比较,论文最后给出了降低SAR的一些方法和建议。
This dissertation mainly focuses on small antenne and resonant cavities. Small antennas are widely used in civilian and military fields. The antennae can be miniaturized using high dielectric constant materials, shorted load, prolonged current path or new-style left hand materials. Resonant cavities are used in the design of filter, frequency measurement, medium measure and so on. Beginning with the theory analysis, some electromagnetic phenomena were explained. Secondly, simulations and experiments are executed to validate the efficiency of the theory. Finally, the test system was established. Theories and methods used in this dissertation includes transmission line cavity theory, complex phase angle theory, modal expansion theory and so on. In addition, numerical methods such as Finite Element Method(FEM), Finite Difference Time Domain Method(FDTD) and HFSS software are employed.
The author's major contributions are as follows:
(1) Performances variation of transmission line cavity was studied when which was loaded with antenna, including resonant frequency and quality factor. According to the parameters variation of cavity loaded pre and post, equivalent circuit parameters of loaded antenna can be obtained. Cavity performances were analyzed theoretically under the transmission and cut off mode based on equivalent circuit parameters of loaded antenna. It is proved that there were two resonant modes. The resonant frequency of cavity was changed under the transmission mode. New resonant frequency was generated under cut-off mode because the antenna was stimulated by cavity, which was called generalized resonance in this thesis.
The antenna and cavity models were established in HFSS software, and the theory mentioned above was validated by simulation. A set of test system was designed and constructed, and the correctness of the theory was validated further. Because the loaded antenna was influenced by its loaded circumstance such as patch height, location of coupling probe, there would be an offset between the resonance frequencies in the cavity and frees space. A relativity validation experiment was designed and carried out, which proved that resonant frequency of cavity was linear correlation with the frequency of antenna.
(2) Characteristics of antenna would be changed when it was put into metal cavity. Theory analysis shows that the input impedance varies because the coupling between antenna and cavity. If the cavity is big enough, the input impedance of antenna changes violently at the resonant point, but it changes little at the nonresonant point. If the cavity is small, it can influence the surface distribution current of antenna, which can lead to further effect on the input impedance.
The modal expansion method was applied to get the equivalent circuit of input impedance of antenna which was put into the cavity, and the equivalent circuit was analyzed. This method was used to measure the antenna efficiency, but due to the coupling between antenna and cavity, the application range of wheeler method was restricted, in other words, it was only suitable for narrowband or single frequency point measurement. A set of cavity which had a variable resonance frequency was established based on the analysis mentioned above, which was called sliding shorted cavity. The size of the cavity can be changed by the movement of one end of the cavity, and resonant frequency varied consequently. The sliding shorted cavity combined with movement controller and vector network analyzer is used to construct measure system for antenna efficiency. A series of antennae were measured with the system. The comparison of the results between this method and standard method shows the method presented in this thesis is fast and valid.
(3) The coupling between dual-band PIFA antenna and human head model was studied. The problem of mobile phone radiation has been widely concerned, and corresponding testing standards and testing methods were constituted. In this thesis numerical method (FDTD) was carried out to analyze this problem.
Dual-band PIFA antenna model was established firstly. The characteristics in free space, such as standing wave characteristics, pattern and efficiency, were studied. Then it was placed at one side of human head phantom (Imm×1mm×1mm)and analyzed again. The characteristics measured in the free space and at one side of human phantom model were compared, and the effect of human head on antenna characteristics were obtained. Another study subject was the effect of antenna on human head, which was the problem of electromagnetic wave absorbed by human head. Distribution SAR in human head of dual-band PIFA antenna, including average SAR of lOg tissue, average SAR of 1g tissue, whole average and maximum was studied at the frequency of 900MHz and 1800MHz. Finally, the calculated SAR was compared with corresponding standard, and some methods and advices were given to reduce SAR.
本文的工作主要有以下三个内容：
(1)研究加载天线的传输线腔性能的变化,包括谐振频率和品质因数。根据加载前后腔体参数的变化,可以得到加载天线的等效电路参数。理论分析表明在传输线腔中存在两类谐振模式,分别是传输模式下的谐振和截止模式的谐振。在传输模式下,腔体的谐振频率相对于空腔的谐振频率出现了偏移；而在截止模式下,由于天线受激辐射,腔体产生新的谐振点,本文称之为广义谐振。
利用HFSS进行仿真分析,在其中建立天线模型和腔体模型,从理论计算的角度验证了上述理论。在此基础上,本文设计并加工了一套测试系统,验证了上述理论的正确性。由于加载天线受周围环境的影响,例如贴片高度、耦合探针等影响,谐振频率发生偏移,本文进一步进行了相关性验证的实验,证明腔体的谐振频率与天线自身工作时的频率是线性相关的。
(2)研究天线置入金属腔体后,自身特性的变化。理论分析表明,由于天线与腔体之间的耦合从而导致天线的输入阻抗发生变化。如果腔体较大,在谐振频点,天线的输入阻抗变化非常剧烈,而在非谐振点则变化较小。如果腔体较小,腔体会影响天线的表面分布电流,进一步影响到天线的输入阻抗。
本文首先利用模式展开的方法,得到了置入腔体的天线的输入阻抗的等效电路,并对该电路进行了分析。而天线置入金属腔体多用于天线效率的测量,但是由于天线与金属腔体之间的耦合,限制了惠勒法测量天线效率的使用范围,也就是仅适用于窄带的或者单频点的测量。基于以上分析,论文设计了一套可变谐振频率的谐振腔---滑动短路谐振腔,通过腔体一端发生位移,从而改变腔体的尺寸达到改变谐振频率的目的。本文将该滑动短路谐振腔结合运动控制部件、矢量网络分析仪等,建立了一套天线效率的测量系统。利用该系统对一系列的天线进行了测量,并与目前的标准的测量方法进行了比较,结果证明了本文方法的快速和有效性。
(3)双频PIFA天线与人体头颅的耦合问题的研究。手机的辐射问题备受关注,并制定了相应的测试标准及测量方法,本文利用时域有限差分法(FDTD)进行研究。
本文首先建立双频的PIFA天线模型,对其在自由空间的特性进行了研究,包括驻波特性,方向图,效率等；然后将其置于精度为1mm×1mm×1mm的人体头颅模型一侧,重新对其上述特性进行研究,并与自由空间的特性进行了比较,得出了人头颅对天线特性的影响。本部分的另外一个研究主题是天线对人体头颅的影响,也就是电磁波在人体头颅内的吸收问题,研究了在900MHz和1800MHz频率下,双频PIFA天线在人体头颅中的分布SAR,10g组织平均SAR,1g组织平均SAR,以及整体的平均值和最大值。最后将辐射功率根据实际手机的发射功率归一化得到相应的SAR值,并与相应的标准进行比较,论文最后给出了降低SAR的一些方法和建议。
This dissertation mainly focuses on small antenne and resonant cavities. Small antennas are widely used in civilian and military fields. The antennae can be miniaturized using high dielectric constant materials, shorted load, prolonged current path or new-style left hand materials. Resonant cavities are used in the design of filter, frequency measurement, medium measure and so on. Beginning with the theory analysis, some electromagnetic phenomena were explained. Secondly, simulations and experiments are executed to validate the efficiency of the theory. Finally, the test system was established. Theories and methods used in this dissertation includes transmission line cavity theory, complex phase angle theory, modal expansion theory and so on. In addition, numerical methods such as Finite Element Method(FEM), Finite Difference Time Domain Method(FDTD) and HFSS software are employed.
The author's major contributions are as follows:
(1) Performances variation of transmission line cavity was studied when which was loaded with antenna, including resonant frequency and quality factor. According to the parameters variation of cavity loaded pre and post, equivalent circuit parameters of loaded antenna can be obtained. Cavity performances were analyzed theoretically under the transmission and cut off mode based on equivalent circuit parameters of loaded antenna. It is proved that there were two resonant modes. The resonant frequency of cavity was changed under the transmission mode. New resonant frequency was generated under cut-off mode because the antenna was stimulated by cavity, which was called generalized resonance in this thesis.
The antenna and cavity models were established in HFSS software, and the theory mentioned above was validated by simulation. A set of test system was designed and constructed, and the correctness of the theory was validated further. Because the loaded antenna was influenced by its loaded circumstance such as patch height, location of coupling probe, there would be an offset between the resonance frequencies in the cavity and frees space. A relativity validation experiment was designed and carried out, which proved that resonant frequency of cavity was linear correlation with the frequency of antenna.
(2) Characteristics of antenna would be changed when it was put into metal cavity. Theory analysis shows that the input impedance varies because the coupling between antenna and cavity. If the cavity is big enough, the input impedance of antenna changes violently at the resonant point, but it changes little at the nonresonant point. If the cavity is small, it can influence the surface distribution current of antenna, which can lead to further effect on the input impedance.
The modal expansion method was applied to get the equivalent circuit of input impedance of antenna which was put into the cavity, and the equivalent circuit was analyzed. This method was used to measure the antenna efficiency, but due to the coupling between antenna and cavity, the application range of wheeler method was restricted, in other words, it was only suitable for narrowband or single frequency point measurement. A set of cavity which had a variable resonance frequency was established based on the analysis mentioned above, which was called sliding shorted cavity. The size of the cavity can be changed by the movement of one end of the cavity, and resonant frequency varied consequently. The sliding shorted cavity combined with movement controller and vector network analyzer is used to construct measure system for antenna efficiency. A series of antennae were measured with the system. The comparison of the results between this method and standard method shows the method presented in this thesis is fast and valid.
(3) The coupling between dual-band PIFA antenna and human head model was studied. The problem of mobile phone radiation has been widely concerned, and corresponding testing standards and testing methods were constituted. In this thesis numerical method (FDTD) was carried out to analyze this problem.
Dual-band PIFA antenna model was established firstly. The characteristics in free space, such as standing wave characteristics, pattern and efficiency, were studied. Then it was placed at one side of human head phantom (Imm×1mm×1mm)and analyzed again. The characteristics measured in the free space and at one side of human phantom model were compared, and the effect of human head on antenna characteristics were obtained. Another study subject was the effect of antenna on human head, which was the problem of electromagnetic wave absorbed by human head. Distribution SAR in human head of dual-band PIFA antenna, including average SAR of lOg tissue, average SAR of 1g tissue, whole average and maximum was studied at the frequency of 900MHz and 1800MHz. Finally, the calculated SAR was compared with corresponding standard, and some methods and advices were given to reduce SAR.
引文
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