粘附性颗粒动理学及气固两相流体动力特性的研究
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摘要
粘附性颗粒已经在制药、食品、化妆品、催化、生化、能源等领域取得了重要的应用。在不同工业应用领域中均会遇到粘附性颗粒的混合、表面处理、输送等过程,在此流态化是一种很有潜力的技术。目前科学家们对粘附性颗粒的流态化研究主要集中于实验研究,数值模拟研究做的比较少,特别是对传统的双流体模型,如何进一步改进完善,以适应粘附性颗粒的气固两相流动的研究,成为当务之急。
基于Chapman和Cowling的稠密气体动理学方法,建立了粘附性颗粒动理学理论,提出了颗粒相本构方程。考虑气相和粘附性颗粒聚团间及聚团和聚团间的动量和能量的传递和耗散,推导了粘附性颗粒聚团固相粘度系数、粘附性颗粒聚团压力和热通流量等物性参数计算模型,完善了可应用于粘附性颗粒系统的粘附性颗粒的颗粒动理学模型以及气固两相双流体模型。
假设流化床中聚团的碰撞以两个聚团之间的对碰为主要形式,根据受力平衡原理,考虑聚团碰撞之后是团聚还是分离,取决于聚团所受的曳力、碰撞力、粘性力和表观重力(重力-浮力)的平衡,从而得到聚团尺寸估算模型。
在笛卡尔坐标系下应用粘附性颗粒气固两相双流体模型,并采用力平衡聚团尺寸估算模型,数值模拟循环流化床内流体动力特性,研究时均颗粒速度、聚团大小和浓度的分布特性以及颗粒聚团温度随颗粒聚团浓度的变化规律。研究发现,粘附性颗粒聚团在循环流化床提升管内流动呈现环核流动。聚团尺寸计算结果显示在床层底部和边壁高浓度区易出现大颗粒聚团。由于出口位置的影响,在出口附近出现了聚团堆积。研究还表明,颗粒碰撞弹性恢复系数和界面能的变化将直接影响流化聚团的生成。操作条件的变化将改变颗粒聚团间的碰撞受力及气体对聚团的作用力,进而直接影响粘附性颗粒的聚团形成,也将影响循环床的整体流动特性。瞬时颗粒聚团浓度的快速傅立叶变换显示浓度波动主频为0.03到1.26Hz。瞬时颗粒浓度波动的小波多尺度分析结果显示的浓度波动主频与快速傅立叶变换的结果基本吻合。
建立了喷动床粘附性颗粒气固两相流流动模型,对喷动床内粘附性颗粒气固两相流场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,喷动床内粘附性颗粒气固两相流场与一般的喷动床流场不同,仅有喷射区和环隙区,无喷泉区。倒锥体复杂壁面将影响喷动床内气固两相流动变化。采用傅立叶变换和小波多分辨分析对颗粒聚团瞬时浓度信号分析表明喷动床内气固两相流动具有非线性特性,小波多尺度预测了瞬时颗粒聚团浓度的脉动频率特性。采用Shannon信息熵理论分析了粘性颗粒在喷动床内流化的混沌特性,研究结果表明:Shannon信息熵值在1-3之间,随着气体速度和倒锥体倾角角度增加而下降。床层不同区域的Shannon信息熵具有较大的差异。
应用粘附性气固两相颗粒动理学模型数值模拟了纳米尺寸颗粒在流化床内的流动。模拟结果表明,纳米颗粒在流化床内流化特性呈现散式流化,床层膨胀率较高,床内很难有气泡生成。模拟对比了Zhou & Li和Xu & Zhu两种粘附性颗粒聚团尺寸估算模型,对比发现Zhou & Li更加详细考虑了曳力和重力对颗粒聚团及破碎的影响。其模拟得出聚团尺寸更加吻合实验结果。同时,采用信息熵方法分析纳米颗粒聚团流化的混沌特性。分析得出,在床层上部聚团时间序列的信息熵值较大,在床层上部聚团与气体间,聚团与聚团间的脉动变化比较剧烈,这与颗粒脉动温度分析结果一致。表观气体速度的增加,其信息熵值变小,纳米颗粒在床内流化更加稳定。
Cohesive particles have been widely applied in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, catalysis, biochemistry, energy and other areas. The fluidization of cohesive particles is a promising technology used in the particle mixing, surface treatment, transportation and so on. However, most studies focused on experimental aspects; only a few studies have been done on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is urgent to improve the simulation method on the flow with the cohesive particles.
Based on the hydrodynamic theory of dense gas-solid flow and the kinetic theory of dense gases proposed by Chapman and Cowling, the kinetic theory of cohesive particles flow and constitutive equations of cohesive particles are established. The energy transfer and dissipation by the instantaneous collisions between the agglomerates of cohesive particles and gas phase or between agglomerates-agglomerates are considered. The shear viscosity, pressure and collisional granular heat flux of agglomerates are derived. Thus, the kinetic theory of cohesive particles flow is proposed.
Under the principle of force balance, the collision of the agglomerates is considered as the collision interactions between two agglomerates. It is decided by the balance of the drag force, collision force, cohesive force, gravity and buoyancy force acting on the agglomerate whether the agglomerates will separate or not after collision. Thus the model of agglomerate size estimation is proposed, and used in the simulations.
Hydrodynamics of gas-solid two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is simulated using the kinetic theory of cohesive particles flow on the Cartesian coordinate system. The distributions of time-averaged velocity of agglomerates, agglomerate size and concentration of agglomerates are studied. The variations of the granular temperature of agglomerates with the concentration of agglomerates are also investigated in this work. Simulated results show that no bubble is formed in the flow of cohesive particles in the riser, and the core-annular flow structure was observed. The calculated result of agglomerate size shows that the large agglomerates are favor to the bed bottom and walls. In the outlet regime, the exit factor leads to the accumulation of agglomerates. Present study also indicates that the restitution coefficient of particles and contacting bond energy can directly affect the form of agglomerates. Different operating conditions will directly influence on the form and breakage of agglomerates because of the change of the collision force and other external forces. This will also affect the overall flow in the CFB. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of instantaneous concentration shows that the dominant frequency of the particle fluctuation is 0.03-1.26Hz. Results of wavelet multi-scale analysis agree with the analysis from FFT.
A gas-solid two-phase flow model of cohesive particles is presented to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics in a spouted bed. The simulation results show that the flow field of cohesive particles in the spouted bed is different from the general flow field in spouted bed. There is no fountain at the surface of the bed. The complex wall of the invert cone will influence on flow behavior in the spouted bed. The analysis of instantaneous signal of concentration using FFT and multi-scale transfer shows that the properties of gas-solid two-phase flow are nonlinear in the spouted bed. The frequency of the fluctuation of agglomerates is predicted by the means of the wavelet multi-scale analysis. The chaotic behavior of solids flow in the spouted bed is analyzed by using the Shannon entropy theory. The results show that the Shannon entropy is in the range of 1 and 3, and the entropy decreases with the increase of gas velocity and the angle of invert cone. The Shannon entropy is quite difference in the different regimes in the spouted beds.
The flow of cohesive nano-size particles is simulated in the fluidized bed by using the kinetic theory of cohesive particles flow. Numerical results show that the fluidization characteristic of cohesive nano-size particles in a fluidized bed is close to particulate fluidization. The bed expansion ratio is relatively high. Bubbles are very difficult to be generated. The agglomerates size was predicted and compared by Xu & Zhu and Zhou & Li equations. The results show that in Zhou & Li’s equation, the impact of drag and gravity forces on the agglomerates and the breakage of particles is considered more carefully. Numerical simulated agglomerate sizes agree with the experimental result. Meanwhile, the Shannon entropy method is used to analyze the chaotic behavior in the fluidized bed with nano-particle agglomerates. The analysis shows that the entropy of the time series of the agglomerates concentration in the upper bed is high since the fluctuation between the agglomerates and gas or between agglomerates and agglomerates is more intense. This is consistent with the result from FFT analysis. With the increase of the superficial gas velocity, there is no apparent variation of entropy. This means that the fluidization of cohesive particles is more stable in the bed.
基于Chapman和Cowling的稠密气体动理学方法,建立了粘附性颗粒动理学理论,提出了颗粒相本构方程。考虑气相和粘附性颗粒聚团间及聚团和聚团间的动量和能量的传递和耗散,推导了粘附性颗粒聚团固相粘度系数、粘附性颗粒聚团压力和热通流量等物性参数计算模型,完善了可应用于粘附性颗粒系统的粘附性颗粒的颗粒动理学模型以及气固两相双流体模型。
假设流化床中聚团的碰撞以两个聚团之间的对碰为主要形式,根据受力平衡原理,考虑聚团碰撞之后是团聚还是分离,取决于聚团所受的曳力、碰撞力、粘性力和表观重力(重力-浮力)的平衡,从而得到聚团尺寸估算模型。
在笛卡尔坐标系下应用粘附性颗粒气固两相双流体模型,并采用力平衡聚团尺寸估算模型,数值模拟循环流化床内流体动力特性,研究时均颗粒速度、聚团大小和浓度的分布特性以及颗粒聚团温度随颗粒聚团浓度的变化规律。研究发现,粘附性颗粒聚团在循环流化床提升管内流动呈现环核流动。聚团尺寸计算结果显示在床层底部和边壁高浓度区易出现大颗粒聚团。由于出口位置的影响,在出口附近出现了聚团堆积。研究还表明,颗粒碰撞弹性恢复系数和界面能的变化将直接影响流化聚团的生成。操作条件的变化将改变颗粒聚团间的碰撞受力及气体对聚团的作用力,进而直接影响粘附性颗粒的聚团形成,也将影响循环床的整体流动特性。瞬时颗粒聚团浓度的快速傅立叶变换显示浓度波动主频为0.03到1.26Hz。瞬时颗粒浓度波动的小波多尺度分析结果显示的浓度波动主频与快速傅立叶变换的结果基本吻合。
建立了喷动床粘附性颗粒气固两相流流动模型,对喷动床内粘附性颗粒气固两相流场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,喷动床内粘附性颗粒气固两相流场与一般的喷动床流场不同,仅有喷射区和环隙区,无喷泉区。倒锥体复杂壁面将影响喷动床内气固两相流动变化。采用傅立叶变换和小波多分辨分析对颗粒聚团瞬时浓度信号分析表明喷动床内气固两相流动具有非线性特性,小波多尺度预测了瞬时颗粒聚团浓度的脉动频率特性。采用Shannon信息熵理论分析了粘性颗粒在喷动床内流化的混沌特性,研究结果表明:Shannon信息熵值在1-3之间,随着气体速度和倒锥体倾角角度增加而下降。床层不同区域的Shannon信息熵具有较大的差异。
应用粘附性气固两相颗粒动理学模型数值模拟了纳米尺寸颗粒在流化床内的流动。模拟结果表明,纳米颗粒在流化床内流化特性呈现散式流化,床层膨胀率较高,床内很难有气泡生成。模拟对比了Zhou & Li和Xu & Zhu两种粘附性颗粒聚团尺寸估算模型,对比发现Zhou & Li更加详细考虑了曳力和重力对颗粒聚团及破碎的影响。其模拟得出聚团尺寸更加吻合实验结果。同时,采用信息熵方法分析纳米颗粒聚团流化的混沌特性。分析得出,在床层上部聚团时间序列的信息熵值较大,在床层上部聚团与气体间,聚团与聚团间的脉动变化比较剧烈,这与颗粒脉动温度分析结果一致。表观气体速度的增加,其信息熵值变小,纳米颗粒在床内流化更加稳定。
Cohesive particles have been widely applied in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, catalysis, biochemistry, energy and other areas. The fluidization of cohesive particles is a promising technology used in the particle mixing, surface treatment, transportation and so on. However, most studies focused on experimental aspects; only a few studies have been done on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is urgent to improve the simulation method on the flow with the cohesive particles.
Based on the hydrodynamic theory of dense gas-solid flow and the kinetic theory of dense gases proposed by Chapman and Cowling, the kinetic theory of cohesive particles flow and constitutive equations of cohesive particles are established. The energy transfer and dissipation by the instantaneous collisions between the agglomerates of cohesive particles and gas phase or between agglomerates-agglomerates are considered. The shear viscosity, pressure and collisional granular heat flux of agglomerates are derived. Thus, the kinetic theory of cohesive particles flow is proposed.
Under the principle of force balance, the collision of the agglomerates is considered as the collision interactions between two agglomerates. It is decided by the balance of the drag force, collision force, cohesive force, gravity and buoyancy force acting on the agglomerate whether the agglomerates will separate or not after collision. Thus the model of agglomerate size estimation is proposed, and used in the simulations.
Hydrodynamics of gas-solid two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is simulated using the kinetic theory of cohesive particles flow on the Cartesian coordinate system. The distributions of time-averaged velocity of agglomerates, agglomerate size and concentration of agglomerates are studied. The variations of the granular temperature of agglomerates with the concentration of agglomerates are also investigated in this work. Simulated results show that no bubble is formed in the flow of cohesive particles in the riser, and the core-annular flow structure was observed. The calculated result of agglomerate size shows that the large agglomerates are favor to the bed bottom and walls. In the outlet regime, the exit factor leads to the accumulation of agglomerates. Present study also indicates that the restitution coefficient of particles and contacting bond energy can directly affect the form of agglomerates. Different operating conditions will directly influence on the form and breakage of agglomerates because of the change of the collision force and other external forces. This will also affect the overall flow in the CFB. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of instantaneous concentration shows that the dominant frequency of the particle fluctuation is 0.03-1.26Hz. Results of wavelet multi-scale analysis agree with the analysis from FFT.
A gas-solid two-phase flow model of cohesive particles is presented to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics in a spouted bed. The simulation results show that the flow field of cohesive particles in the spouted bed is different from the general flow field in spouted bed. There is no fountain at the surface of the bed. The complex wall of the invert cone will influence on flow behavior in the spouted bed. The analysis of instantaneous signal of concentration using FFT and multi-scale transfer shows that the properties of gas-solid two-phase flow are nonlinear in the spouted bed. The frequency of the fluctuation of agglomerates is predicted by the means of the wavelet multi-scale analysis. The chaotic behavior of solids flow in the spouted bed is analyzed by using the Shannon entropy theory. The results show that the Shannon entropy is in the range of 1 and 3, and the entropy decreases with the increase of gas velocity and the angle of invert cone. The Shannon entropy is quite difference in the different regimes in the spouted beds.
The flow of cohesive nano-size particles is simulated in the fluidized bed by using the kinetic theory of cohesive particles flow. Numerical results show that the fluidization characteristic of cohesive nano-size particles in a fluidized bed is close to particulate fluidization. The bed expansion ratio is relatively high. Bubbles are very difficult to be generated. The agglomerates size was predicted and compared by Xu & Zhu and Zhou & Li equations. The results show that in Zhou & Li’s equation, the impact of drag and gravity forces on the agglomerates and the breakage of particles is considered more carefully. Numerical simulated agglomerate sizes agree with the experimental result. Meanwhile, the Shannon entropy method is used to analyze the chaotic behavior in the fluidized bed with nano-particle agglomerates. The analysis shows that the entropy of the time series of the agglomerates concentration in the upper bed is high since the fluctuation between the agglomerates and gas or between agglomerates and agglomerates is more intense. This is consistent with the result from FFT analysis. With the increase of the superficial gas velocity, there is no apparent variation of entropy. This means that the fluidization of cohesive particles is more stable in the bed.
引文
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