循环流化床锅炉流动、传热和燃烧模型
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摘要
高效、低污染地利用能源是可持续性发展的必然要求。循环流化床燃烧技术正是由于其高效、低污染和煤种适应性广等优点受到世界各国的高度重视,已成为清洁煤燃烧技术的主导发展方向之一,在我国,特别是现阶段,煤仍然是主要的一次能源,所以发展循环流化床燃烧技术对于节能和环保都有重要的现实意义。
为了保证循环流化床锅炉的合理设计和优化运行,研究设计和操作参数对锅炉的燃烧效率、稳定性等方面的影响是十分重要的。试验的方法虽然必要,但是影响锅炉运行的变量参数之多,使得不可能对每一种工况都进行试验,而满足一定精度要求的数学模型则是一种有效的替代手段,它可节省人力、物力,甚至可以弥补试验手段的不足之处,因此数学模拟又被形象地称为“数值试验”。
本论文的主要目的是在理论研究和试验结果的基础上,发展循环流化床锅炉整体数学模型,为循环流化床锅炉的设计、优化运行提供可靠参数和信息指导。
首先,论文采用半经验方法,建立了一个流动模型,以此来估算循环流化床锅炉局部的固体颗粒体积份额分布。该模型假设颗粒在循环流化床锅炉内部呈现环核流动结构,炉膛沿高度方向分为下部浓度较高的密相区、上部颗粒浓度较低的稀相区以及连接这两个区的过渡区,论文中称之为飞溅区。相对于催化裂化流化床而言,循环流化床锅炉往往采用宽筛分颗粒,论文将整个宽筛分颗粒离散为若干组,模型考虑各组颗粒在燃烧过程中的破碎、磨损和缩合等化学、物理过程。模拟结果显示靠近炉膛壁面附近的颗粒的平均直径大于炉膛中心位置的颗粒的平均直径;而沿着炉膛高度方向,颗粒的平均直径逐渐减小,特别是在由密相区向稀相区过渡的飞溅区,颗粒的平均直径迅速减小,这些预测结果与参考文献中的试验数据吻合良好。
其次,在流动模型的基础上,论文发展了一个用来预测循环流化床锅炉稀相区床层与壁面辐射传热系数的三维模型。模型采用离散坐标法求解辐射传热方程。由于炉膛内存在着煤、焦碳、飞灰、沙子和石灰石等多种颗粒,论文采用Mie散射理论计算不同颗粒的吸收、散射系数等。论文引用文献中的试验数据对模型进行了验证,在此基础上,模型考虑了温度场、表观气体速度等对辐射传热系数的影响,同时也考虑了颗粒特性(包括颗粒直径、宽筛分、颗粒分层、颗粒的光学系数和颗粒的混合等)对辐射传热系数的影响。模拟结果显示:温度场和表观气体速度对于稀相区床层与壁面之间的辐射传热系数有着重大的影响,而颗粒特性也对该系数有着不同程度的影响。论文还讨论了当采用宽筛分燃料时,用Sauter平均直径来计算辐射传热系数比较合适。
在流动模型的基础上,本论文建立了以“颗粒团更新理论”为基础的对流传热模型,并讨论了模型所涉及的参数的确定方法。这样,通过对流传热系数与辐射传热系数的叠加,整个循环流化床锅炉床内与壁面的传热过程即可进行整体模拟。
再次,在循环流化床锅炉流动、传热模型的基础上,本论文建立了一个简单的煤燃烧模型。模型考虑了挥发份的析出、燃烧和焦碳燃烧等模型。模型预测了挥发份中各气体组分沿炉膛高度方向的浓度分布,还预测了燃烧后一些主要气体沿炉膛高度方向的浓度分布。结果显示,大部分挥发份在循环流化床锅炉的下部区域析出并燃烧,但仍然有小部分挥发份气体在上部区域燃烧;对于整个燃烧份额而言,而下部区域只占燃烧量的50%左右,远小于鼓泡流化床锅炉的80%;模型还分析了宽筛分燃料的挥发份在炉膛内燃烧的规律。
最后,对全文的研究内容和结果进行了总结,指出用离散坐标法来求解辐射传热方程,同时用Mie理论来考虑循环流化床锅炉中各种辐射传热介质的吸收和散射系数,这样计算的辐射传热系数的精度将大大提高。而当循环流化床锅炉采用宽筛分燃料时,将导致明显的轴向和径向的颗粒分层,从而影响到传热系数、挥发份的析出和燃烧以及燃料燃烧份额在炉膛高度方向的分布变化等。
Sustainable development needs efficient energy production and low environmental impact. At short and medium terms, low emission of coal combustion may have an important role in this content, particularly in China. Circulating fluidized bed combustors (CFBC) with some particular advantages in this respect provide the availability of reliable design method and control tools.
In spite of the great industrial and academic interest in circulating fluidized bed combustors, an effective method to design boiler with various possible fuel for CFB boiler and to scale-up furnace is strongly needed.
This dissertation aims to develop an overall mathematical model of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustors on up-to-date theories and experimental data of previous research work.
Since solid particles exhibit a wide particle size distribution in CFB boilers, a hydrodynamic model based on the semi-empirical approach is developed to approximate the local particle size distribution in CFB. The core/annulus flow structure is applied in this model and the particles in the bed are discretized into several size groups. The model accounts for the disintegration and shrinking of coal particles during the combustion process of each group of particles. It shows that coarser particles are gathered near the walls and the average particle diameter decreases along the boiler height, and this trend is more significant in the splash region.
A three-dimensional model is developed to predict the bed-to-wall radiative heat transfer coefficient in the upper dilute zone of CFB combustors. The radiative transfer equation is solved by the discrete ordinates method. The Mie scattering theory is applied to calculate the absorption and scattering efficiency factors of particles existing in CFB combustors. The model considers the influences of particle properties (including particle size distribution, particle optical constants and solid composition) on the radiative heat transfer coefficient. Simulation results show that the particle properties have significant influences on the bed-to-wall radiative heat transfer coefficient in CFB combustors.
The cluster renewal model is applied to predict the convective heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, the total heat transfer coefficient is simulated.
A coal combustion model is developed combined to the hydrodynamic model and heat transfer model. It considers the devolatilization, volatile combustion and char combustion. The main gas concentration profiles in the CFB combustor are simulated.
为了保证循环流化床锅炉的合理设计和优化运行,研究设计和操作参数对锅炉的燃烧效率、稳定性等方面的影响是十分重要的。试验的方法虽然必要,但是影响锅炉运行的变量参数之多,使得不可能对每一种工况都进行试验,而满足一定精度要求的数学模型则是一种有效的替代手段,它可节省人力、物力,甚至可以弥补试验手段的不足之处,因此数学模拟又被形象地称为“数值试验”。
本论文的主要目的是在理论研究和试验结果的基础上,发展循环流化床锅炉整体数学模型,为循环流化床锅炉的设计、优化运行提供可靠参数和信息指导。
首先,论文采用半经验方法,建立了一个流动模型,以此来估算循环流化床锅炉局部的固体颗粒体积份额分布。该模型假设颗粒在循环流化床锅炉内部呈现环核流动结构,炉膛沿高度方向分为下部浓度较高的密相区、上部颗粒浓度较低的稀相区以及连接这两个区的过渡区,论文中称之为飞溅区。相对于催化裂化流化床而言,循环流化床锅炉往往采用宽筛分颗粒,论文将整个宽筛分颗粒离散为若干组,模型考虑各组颗粒在燃烧过程中的破碎、磨损和缩合等化学、物理过程。模拟结果显示靠近炉膛壁面附近的颗粒的平均直径大于炉膛中心位置的颗粒的平均直径;而沿着炉膛高度方向,颗粒的平均直径逐渐减小,特别是在由密相区向稀相区过渡的飞溅区,颗粒的平均直径迅速减小,这些预测结果与参考文献中的试验数据吻合良好。
其次,在流动模型的基础上,论文发展了一个用来预测循环流化床锅炉稀相区床层与壁面辐射传热系数的三维模型。模型采用离散坐标法求解辐射传热方程。由于炉膛内存在着煤、焦碳、飞灰、沙子和石灰石等多种颗粒,论文采用Mie散射理论计算不同颗粒的吸收、散射系数等。论文引用文献中的试验数据对模型进行了验证,在此基础上,模型考虑了温度场、表观气体速度等对辐射传热系数的影响,同时也考虑了颗粒特性(包括颗粒直径、宽筛分、颗粒分层、颗粒的光学系数和颗粒的混合等)对辐射传热系数的影响。模拟结果显示:温度场和表观气体速度对于稀相区床层与壁面之间的辐射传热系数有着重大的影响,而颗粒特性也对该系数有着不同程度的影响。论文还讨论了当采用宽筛分燃料时,用Sauter平均直径来计算辐射传热系数比较合适。
在流动模型的基础上,本论文建立了以“颗粒团更新理论”为基础的对流传热模型,并讨论了模型所涉及的参数的确定方法。这样,通过对流传热系数与辐射传热系数的叠加,整个循环流化床锅炉床内与壁面的传热过程即可进行整体模拟。
再次,在循环流化床锅炉流动、传热模型的基础上,本论文建立了一个简单的煤燃烧模型。模型考虑了挥发份的析出、燃烧和焦碳燃烧等模型。模型预测了挥发份中各气体组分沿炉膛高度方向的浓度分布,还预测了燃烧后一些主要气体沿炉膛高度方向的浓度分布。结果显示,大部分挥发份在循环流化床锅炉的下部区域析出并燃烧,但仍然有小部分挥发份气体在上部区域燃烧;对于整个燃烧份额而言,而下部区域只占燃烧量的50%左右,远小于鼓泡流化床锅炉的80%;模型还分析了宽筛分燃料的挥发份在炉膛内燃烧的规律。
最后,对全文的研究内容和结果进行了总结,指出用离散坐标法来求解辐射传热方程,同时用Mie理论来考虑循环流化床锅炉中各种辐射传热介质的吸收和散射系数,这样计算的辐射传热系数的精度将大大提高。而当循环流化床锅炉采用宽筛分燃料时,将导致明显的轴向和径向的颗粒分层,从而影响到传热系数、挥发份的析出和燃烧以及燃料燃烧份额在炉膛高度方向的分布变化等。
Sustainable development needs efficient energy production and low environmental impact. At short and medium terms, low emission of coal combustion may have an important role in this content, particularly in China. Circulating fluidized bed combustors (CFBC) with some particular advantages in this respect provide the availability of reliable design method and control tools.
In spite of the great industrial and academic interest in circulating fluidized bed combustors, an effective method to design boiler with various possible fuel for CFB boiler and to scale-up furnace is strongly needed.
This dissertation aims to develop an overall mathematical model of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustors on up-to-date theories and experimental data of previous research work.
Since solid particles exhibit a wide particle size distribution in CFB boilers, a hydrodynamic model based on the semi-empirical approach is developed to approximate the local particle size distribution in CFB. The core/annulus flow structure is applied in this model and the particles in the bed are discretized into several size groups. The model accounts for the disintegration and shrinking of coal particles during the combustion process of each group of particles. It shows that coarser particles are gathered near the walls and the average particle diameter decreases along the boiler height, and this trend is more significant in the splash region.
A three-dimensional model is developed to predict the bed-to-wall radiative heat transfer coefficient in the upper dilute zone of CFB combustors. The radiative transfer equation is solved by the discrete ordinates method. The Mie scattering theory is applied to calculate the absorption and scattering efficiency factors of particles existing in CFB combustors. The model considers the influences of particle properties (including particle size distribution, particle optical constants and solid composition) on the radiative heat transfer coefficient. Simulation results show that the particle properties have significant influences on the bed-to-wall radiative heat transfer coefficient in CFB combustors.
The cluster renewal model is applied to predict the convective heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, the total heat transfer coefficient is simulated.
A coal combustion model is developed combined to the hydrodynamic model and heat transfer model. It considers the devolatilization, volatile combustion and char combustion. The main gas concentration profiles in the CFB combustor are simulated.
引文
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