大气颗粒物个数浓度、粒径分布及颗粒物生成
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摘要
大气颗粒物的个数浓度、粒径分布特征反映了不同环境下大气光化学过程、气团来源性质及地区排放源特征的差异。了解颗粒物的这些性质及其来源有助于深入分析颗粒物对大气辐射平衡、大气化学过程及区域气候的影响,并有助于细颗粒物控制对策的制定。本研究在我国上海、北京、济南等城市地区及华北-华东区域性高山观测点-泰山山顶针对粒径范围在3nm至10μm之间的大气颗粒物个数浓度、粒径分布特征进行了测量及分析,以期考察我国超大城市及华北-华东地区区域大气颗粒物个数浓度、粒径分布特点,并基于个数浓度粒径分布数据针对颗粒物生成及成长过程进行了研究。
研究中根据在上述地区观测得到的颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布数据针对不同粒经范围内颗粒物个数浓度和所占PM_(2.5)的个数浓度、表面积浓度、质量浓度的百分比、颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布的时间变化特征等进行了考察。发现在我国超大城市上海、北京地区存在高浓度的超细颗粒物,且所占PM_(2.5)总个数浓度比例在90%左右,比欧美观测点观测结果高出约30%,说明我国大城市地区存在着较严重的超细颗粒物污染。从颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布来看城市下风方向观测点(上海-太仓、北京-昌平)、城区观测点(济南市区)的颗粒物个数浓度在夏季均以凝结核模态颗粒物为主,说明夏季颗粒物的生成过程比较旺盛。而泰山地区观测结果显示颗粒物个数浓度主要分布于埃根核模态,以此推测泰山观测结果主要反映了边界层-自由对流层之间混合较好且具有一定光化学年龄的气团特征,其中的颗粒物粒径经过一定时间光化学作用后已经成长至较大的粒径范围。
研究中还结合观测点同步观测的气体污染物及颗粒物质量浓度等数据,通过考察不同粒径颗粒物个数浓度的日夜变化廓线讨论了不同大气环境下超细颗粒物的主要来源,发现在城郊观测点及半区域性观测点凝结核模态颗粒物主要来源于颗粒物的生成及成长过程。而在城区观测点如济南市区,夏季新颗粒物生成过程和机动车排放的贡献共同存在但颗粒物生成过程占主导,冬季观测颗粒物生成过程明显减弱,而机动车排放贡献的显著水平有明显增大。在区域性观测点如泰山观测点,凝结核模态颗粒物较少而超细颗粒物主要来源与颗粒物的成长过程和边界层污染气团的传输。
大气颗粒物的生成及成长过程是塑造和改变颗粒物粒径分布特征的重要过程之一,也是导致大气颗粒物和大气云凝结核个数浓度大量增加的重要机制。本文针对在多个观测点观测到的颗粒物生成及成长过程进行了分析,针对上海、北京及泰山地区颗粒物生成及成长过程中相关参数进行了计算,包括颗粒物成长速率、颗粒物数浓度净增长率、凝结汇、大气气态硫酸生成率等。研究发现污染相对较重的上海.太仓观测点颗粒物增长速率为6.0 nm·h~(-1),而相对清洁的北京观测点和泰山观测点分别为4.4 nm·h~(-1)和3.2 nm·h~(-1),其结果与世界其它观测点观测结果基本可比。通过计算几个观测点的颗粒物生成速率和颗粒物个数浓度净增长率考察了边界层观测点发生颗粒物生成过程的强度,发现上海-太仓、北京-昌平、济南市区观测点均发现强度较高的颗粒物生成过程,且发生的频率较高。
通过考察各观测点颗粒物生成和成长过程中源和汇的关系(大气气态硫酸生成率和颗粒物凝结汇的相关性)发现本研究结果与国外观测点相比的特点是前体物浓度高(如SO_2浓度、气态硫酸生成率),同时大气中现存颗粒物(大粒径颗粒物)浓度高,且颗粒物凝结汇较高(高出欧美观测点1个数量级)。北京观测点尤其特别,在前体物中等浓度而颗粒物凝结汇数值非常高的情况下却多次发生高强度的颗粒物生成及成长过程,说明在该观测点参与成核的污染物可能不止是气态硫酸,可能还有植物排放有机物的参与。
考虑到颗粒物的生成和成长过程同时与气团化学性质、气象过程有关,并在水平区域和垂直分布特征上也反映了大气化学特征及污染物传输规律,本研究中基于对边界层内观测点(北京、上海、济南)和边界层.自由对流层区域观测点(泰山)观测的颗粒物生成-成长过程,讨论了过程个例发生的频率及区域代表性。研究发现,我国华北-华东边界层城市地区观测点发生颗粒物生成过程的强度要大于欧美观测点,且区域性颗粒物生成-成长过程的频率与世界其它观测点同月份基本可比。而代表华北-华东地区边界层顶区域特征的高山观测点发生颗粒物成长过程个例的频率高达65%,高于欧美观测点观测结果2-3倍。
本文还根据颗粒物数浓度粒径分布数据和气溶胶多级膜采样数据,利用不同粒径颗粒物膜采样的实测质量浓度与在线观测颗粒物体积浓度的相关性,计算了上海地区和北京地区夏季PM_(2.5)颗粒物密度分别为1.51 g·cm~(-3)和1.71g·cm~(-3),PM_(10)颗粒物密度为1.50 g·cm~(-3)和1.66 g·cm~(-3)。
The number concentration and size distribution of the atmospheric particle varies with different photochemiscal process,air mass characteristics and emission type.To know about the size distribution and the origination of the particles in different size can help us have a deep understanding about the effects of atmospheric aerosol on the atmospheric radiation balance,atmospheric chemical process and even climate change.The particle number concentration and size distribution in the size range of 3 nm to 10μm were measured over north China and East China region. The sites were established in the down wind direction of mega cities,urban downtown area and on the summit of mountain.In this thesis,we discussed the pollution level and size distribution characteristics of ultrafine particles and particle formation and growth process over the sites.
Not only the higher number concentration,but also the higher percentages in PM_(2.5)counts of ultrafine particles have been observed in Shanghai and Beijing area, than in Europe and North America sites.It has been found that the number concentrations were dominated by nuclei mode particles in most of the site (Shanghai,Beijing,summer in Ji'nan).It suggested that the sites may have experienced strong particle formation process during the summer season.But for Mt. Tai,it was dominated by particles in the size range of 20-90 nm,e.g.Aitken mode particles,which inferred that the site was frequently influenced by aged air came from the boundary layer and the free troposphere.And the newly formatted particles have been grown to larger size before their getting to the mountain top site.
The origination of ultrafine particles in different environment was studied based on the analysis of temporal variation of particle number concentrations in different size range.It is obviously that the ultrafine particles were brought by new particle formation and growth process in most of the site,e.g.downwind site of Shanghai and Beijing.For Ji'nan,we believe the new particle formation contributed most of the ultrafine particles in summer while the contribution from vehicle will be a little more in winter.Few nuclei mode particles were observed in Mt.Tai and the high concentration of uitrafine particles were thought to be caused by particle growth and transport form the boundary layer.
Particle formation and growth can shape the particle size distribution and also can increase the number concentration of dry particles and CCN.The particle formation and growth process were also analyzed based on the observation in Shanghai,Beijing,Ji'nan and Mt.Tai.A series of parameters have been calculated to evaluate the characteristic of these events,including the particle formation rate, growth rate,the net increase of nuclei mode particles,the condensational sink and gas phase H_2SO_4 in ambient air.The grow rate of particles in Mt.Tai is 3.2 nm h~(-1), and 6.0 nm h~(-1)in shanghai and 4.4 nmh~(-1)in Beijing,which is comparable with other sites world wide.The particle formation rate and number concentration net increase rate were calculated to evaluate the strength of the particle formation events in Shanghai,Beijing and Ji'nan.And they were found to be much higher than that in comparable sites of Europe or North America.This may suggest the strong particle formation events happened in the urban area of north and east of China region.Here we also studied the relationship between the source(gas phase H_2SO_4 in ambient air and SO_2 mixing ratio)and the sink(particle condensational sink)and found nearly all the sites can be characterized by high concentration of precursors with high sink. For Beijing,the new particle formation events were observed under very high condensational sink and moderate precursor,suggesting the possibility of participant of condensation vapors beside of H_2SO_4.It is interesting that the frequency of particle formation and growth events in Mt.Tai(65%)was much(2-4 times)higher than any recently reported results in world scale.Both the strong events happened in boundary layer and high frequency of the events in the upper boundary layer may present the characteristic of particles over the large north and east China region. Knowing that the strong emission of precursors of particles over the region,north and east China maybe taken as a great source of ultrafine particles and may be contribute a lot to the world climate change.
The particle density of PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)were also calculated base on the result of particle volume concentration measured by particle counter and mass concentration measured by filter,in summer of Shanghai and Beijing respectively. And the values are 1.51g-cm~(-3)for PM_(2.5)and 1.50 g·cm~(-3)for PM_(10)in Beijing,and 1.71 g·cm~(-3)for PM_(2.5)and 1.66 g·cm~(-3)for PM_(10)in Shanghai,respectively.
研究中根据在上述地区观测得到的颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布数据针对不同粒经范围内颗粒物个数浓度和所占PM_(2.5)的个数浓度、表面积浓度、质量浓度的百分比、颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布的时间变化特征等进行了考察。发现在我国超大城市上海、北京地区存在高浓度的超细颗粒物,且所占PM_(2.5)总个数浓度比例在90%左右,比欧美观测点观测结果高出约30%,说明我国大城市地区存在着较严重的超细颗粒物污染。从颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布来看城市下风方向观测点(上海-太仓、北京-昌平)、城区观测点(济南市区)的颗粒物个数浓度在夏季均以凝结核模态颗粒物为主,说明夏季颗粒物的生成过程比较旺盛。而泰山地区观测结果显示颗粒物个数浓度主要分布于埃根核模态,以此推测泰山观测结果主要反映了边界层-自由对流层之间混合较好且具有一定光化学年龄的气团特征,其中的颗粒物粒径经过一定时间光化学作用后已经成长至较大的粒径范围。
研究中还结合观测点同步观测的气体污染物及颗粒物质量浓度等数据,通过考察不同粒径颗粒物个数浓度的日夜变化廓线讨论了不同大气环境下超细颗粒物的主要来源,发现在城郊观测点及半区域性观测点凝结核模态颗粒物主要来源于颗粒物的生成及成长过程。而在城区观测点如济南市区,夏季新颗粒物生成过程和机动车排放的贡献共同存在但颗粒物生成过程占主导,冬季观测颗粒物生成过程明显减弱,而机动车排放贡献的显著水平有明显增大。在区域性观测点如泰山观测点,凝结核模态颗粒物较少而超细颗粒物主要来源与颗粒物的成长过程和边界层污染气团的传输。
大气颗粒物的生成及成长过程是塑造和改变颗粒物粒径分布特征的重要过程之一,也是导致大气颗粒物和大气云凝结核个数浓度大量增加的重要机制。本文针对在多个观测点观测到的颗粒物生成及成长过程进行了分析,针对上海、北京及泰山地区颗粒物生成及成长过程中相关参数进行了计算,包括颗粒物成长速率、颗粒物数浓度净增长率、凝结汇、大气气态硫酸生成率等。研究发现污染相对较重的上海.太仓观测点颗粒物增长速率为6.0 nm·h~(-1),而相对清洁的北京观测点和泰山观测点分别为4.4 nm·h~(-1)和3.2 nm·h~(-1),其结果与世界其它观测点观测结果基本可比。通过计算几个观测点的颗粒物生成速率和颗粒物个数浓度净增长率考察了边界层观测点发生颗粒物生成过程的强度,发现上海-太仓、北京-昌平、济南市区观测点均发现强度较高的颗粒物生成过程,且发生的频率较高。
通过考察各观测点颗粒物生成和成长过程中源和汇的关系(大气气态硫酸生成率和颗粒物凝结汇的相关性)发现本研究结果与国外观测点相比的特点是前体物浓度高(如SO_2浓度、气态硫酸生成率),同时大气中现存颗粒物(大粒径颗粒物)浓度高,且颗粒物凝结汇较高(高出欧美观测点1个数量级)。北京观测点尤其特别,在前体物中等浓度而颗粒物凝结汇数值非常高的情况下却多次发生高强度的颗粒物生成及成长过程,说明在该观测点参与成核的污染物可能不止是气态硫酸,可能还有植物排放有机物的参与。
考虑到颗粒物的生成和成长过程同时与气团化学性质、气象过程有关,并在水平区域和垂直分布特征上也反映了大气化学特征及污染物传输规律,本研究中基于对边界层内观测点(北京、上海、济南)和边界层.自由对流层区域观测点(泰山)观测的颗粒物生成-成长过程,讨论了过程个例发生的频率及区域代表性。研究发现,我国华北-华东边界层城市地区观测点发生颗粒物生成过程的强度要大于欧美观测点,且区域性颗粒物生成-成长过程的频率与世界其它观测点同月份基本可比。而代表华北-华东地区边界层顶区域特征的高山观测点发生颗粒物成长过程个例的频率高达65%,高于欧美观测点观测结果2-3倍。
本文还根据颗粒物数浓度粒径分布数据和气溶胶多级膜采样数据,利用不同粒径颗粒物膜采样的实测质量浓度与在线观测颗粒物体积浓度的相关性,计算了上海地区和北京地区夏季PM_(2.5)颗粒物密度分别为1.51 g·cm~(-3)和1.71g·cm~(-3),PM_(10)颗粒物密度为1.50 g·cm~(-3)和1.66 g·cm~(-3)。
The number concentration and size distribution of the atmospheric particle varies with different photochemiscal process,air mass characteristics and emission type.To know about the size distribution and the origination of the particles in different size can help us have a deep understanding about the effects of atmospheric aerosol on the atmospheric radiation balance,atmospheric chemical process and even climate change.The particle number concentration and size distribution in the size range of 3 nm to 10μm were measured over north China and East China region. The sites were established in the down wind direction of mega cities,urban downtown area and on the summit of mountain.In this thesis,we discussed the pollution level and size distribution characteristics of ultrafine particles and particle formation and growth process over the sites.
Not only the higher number concentration,but also the higher percentages in PM_(2.5)counts of ultrafine particles have been observed in Shanghai and Beijing area, than in Europe and North America sites.It has been found that the number concentrations were dominated by nuclei mode particles in most of the site (Shanghai,Beijing,summer in Ji'nan).It suggested that the sites may have experienced strong particle formation process during the summer season.But for Mt. Tai,it was dominated by particles in the size range of 20-90 nm,e.g.Aitken mode particles,which inferred that the site was frequently influenced by aged air came from the boundary layer and the free troposphere.And the newly formatted particles have been grown to larger size before their getting to the mountain top site.
The origination of ultrafine particles in different environment was studied based on the analysis of temporal variation of particle number concentrations in different size range.It is obviously that the ultrafine particles were brought by new particle formation and growth process in most of the site,e.g.downwind site of Shanghai and Beijing.For Ji'nan,we believe the new particle formation contributed most of the ultrafine particles in summer while the contribution from vehicle will be a little more in winter.Few nuclei mode particles were observed in Mt.Tai and the high concentration of uitrafine particles were thought to be caused by particle growth and transport form the boundary layer.
Particle formation and growth can shape the particle size distribution and also can increase the number concentration of dry particles and CCN.The particle formation and growth process were also analyzed based on the observation in Shanghai,Beijing,Ji'nan and Mt.Tai.A series of parameters have been calculated to evaluate the characteristic of these events,including the particle formation rate, growth rate,the net increase of nuclei mode particles,the condensational sink and gas phase H_2SO_4 in ambient air.The grow rate of particles in Mt.Tai is 3.2 nm h~(-1), and 6.0 nm h~(-1)in shanghai and 4.4 nmh~(-1)in Beijing,which is comparable with other sites world wide.The particle formation rate and number concentration net increase rate were calculated to evaluate the strength of the particle formation events in Shanghai,Beijing and Ji'nan.And they were found to be much higher than that in comparable sites of Europe or North America.This may suggest the strong particle formation events happened in the urban area of north and east of China region.Here we also studied the relationship between the source(gas phase H_2SO_4 in ambient air and SO_2 mixing ratio)and the sink(particle condensational sink)and found nearly all the sites can be characterized by high concentration of precursors with high sink. For Beijing,the new particle formation events were observed under very high condensational sink and moderate precursor,suggesting the possibility of participant of condensation vapors beside of H_2SO_4.It is interesting that the frequency of particle formation and growth events in Mt.Tai(65%)was much(2-4 times)higher than any recently reported results in world scale.Both the strong events happened in boundary layer and high frequency of the events in the upper boundary layer may present the characteristic of particles over the large north and east China region. Knowing that the strong emission of precursors of particles over the region,north and east China maybe taken as a great source of ultrafine particles and may be contribute a lot to the world climate change.
The particle density of PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)were also calculated base on the result of particle volume concentration measured by particle counter and mass concentration measured by filter,in summer of Shanghai and Beijing respectively. And the values are 1.51g-cm~(-3)for PM_(2.5)and 1.50 g·cm~(-3)for PM_(10)in Beijing,and 1.71 g·cm~(-3)for PM_(2.5)and 1.66 g·cm~(-3)for PM_(10)in Shanghai,respectively.
引文
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