欠发达地区森林旅游开发的理论和实证研究
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摘要
欠发达地区大多数位于边远山区、少数民族地区和边境地区。这些地方区位偏远、交通落后、观念陈旧,经济极其落后,但自然景观和人文习俗受到人类经济活动影响较小,是生态旅游资源蕴藏很丰富的地区。本文以欠发达地区森林旅游为研究对象,对该区森林旅游进行经济、文化、环境和社会影响分析,揭示该区独有的发展规律,合理开发具有其特色的旅游产品,这不仅能使该区脱贫致富,保护其自然生态环境和人文生态环境,而且对丰富生态旅游的理论体系、丰富森林旅游的研究内容具有重要意义。
本文紧紧围绕生态旅游核心标准所涉及的几个方面,以生态学、地理学、森林文化学、人类学理论等相关的基础理论为依据,以地处国家级贫困县的湘西借母溪森林旅游作为理论的映证,共同搭建了欠发达地区森林旅游的理论框架。
生态学的发展促进了旅游的发展,森林生态学和景观生态学是生态学的重要分支。生态学理论对正确认识和处理森林与环境的相互关系有重要指导作用。地理学中的地域分异规律、劳动地域分工理论、区位论和空间结构理论是地理学的基础理论,可为欠发达地区森林旅游规划设计和管理提供基础；森林文化学对欠发达地区森林文化的研究和展示有重要作用,可揭示人类在认识和利用森林的过程中的现象和规律,从而促进森林的可持续发展；人类学理论讲求当地居民与旅游互动,从而调动欠发达地区旅游地社区居民发展旅游的积极性。
湘西借母溪位于欠发达地区,森林旅游价值高,但本区存在一系列环境和文化生态保护以及旅游开发和管理混乱等问题。在对其资源条件和开发条件评价基础之上,提出以下开发措施：进行借母溪自然保护区旅游区空间规划；开发具有森林文化意味的产品,加强环境影响评价和监测,建立健全的游客容量调控系统；建立借母溪自然保护区机构,实现社区共管；制定有效的法律法规来进行规范；发展森林旅游产业等。
文章从系统论的观点出发,采用实地调查法、文献分析法、数据统计法、模型构造法、历史比较法等方法,选用文字叙述、表格、图形等表现形式,研究了经济欠发达地区森林旅游开发的环境、经济和文化等基本问题,试图探讨欠发达地区森林旅游特有的文脉以及森林旅游地经济系统规划和管理的一般方法。文章以森林可持续发展理论为指导思想,以深刻挖掘欠发达地区森林旅游文化内涵为目标,坚持系统论的观点,把欠发达地区森林旅游当作一个整体来研究,得出以下结论：
森林旅游是生态旅游的一大类型,对欠发达地区森林旅游开发进行单纯的经济效益引导和单纯的环境效益引导都是不可取的。对森林旅游产品的研发仅仅停留在观光旅游产品等传统项目上也是有缺陷的。对于欠发达地区森林旅游开发而言,建立立体的森林旅游开发系统十分必要。由于森林旅游学科边缘性和综合性的特点,欠发达地区森林旅游开发研究要吸收其他学科的营养,要引入生态学、地理学、美学、社会学、人类学和文化学等相关学科的理论和方法,使欠发达地区森林旅游开发兼具自然科学和社会科学的品格,这样对森林旅游进行系统科学合理开发才能取得较好效果。
中国欠发达地区森林旅游有深厚的文化性。由于独特的地理位置和落后的经济,欠发达地区森林文化受到人类经济活动影响比较小,这使它既有中国森林文化的共性,又呈现出具有特色的个性,例如原生态的森林民俗文化。欠发达地区森林旅游的开发尤其要彰显这种个性,以增强旅游吸引力。
论文在国外学者所提出的社区参与型旅游理论基础上,结合欠发达地区森林旅游发展的具体现实,探讨了森林旅游开发与社区发展之间的关系以及社区参与森林旅游活动的最佳模式,以充分调动社区居民发展森林旅游的积极性。
旅游地科学的规划是实现生态旅游地资源可持续利用、生态环境保护和经济发展三位一体的重要途径。旅游地生态经济系统的规划包括旅游地景观生态规划、生态旅游产业规划和组织管理系统规划。
欠发达地区森林旅游资源丰富,但由于不同地区的森林旅游资源条件、区域条件和区位条件不一样,森林旅游开发的条件也不同,其开发潜力不一样,选取的开发模式也不同。
借母溪自然保护区森林旅游资源丰富,是开发潜力较大的类型,应当科学合理地发展森林旅游。具体可采取以下措施：进行旅游区空间规划设计；发展生态旅游产业；开发具有深刻文化内涵的森林旅游产品；加强环境影响评价和监测；建立健全游客容量调控系统；实现社区共管等。
本文的主要贡献在于：把欠发达地区森林旅游作为独立的研究对象,国内外很少见此类文献。本文的思想来源于相关学科的理论研究成果和实践素材,是对前人研究成果的系统总结和深化提炼,在此基础上发展成本文的理论体系。论文的研究拓展了森林旅游的研究领域、丰富了森林旅游的研究方法、深化了森林旅游的研究内涵,使欠发达地区森林旅游研究兼具了自然科学和社会科学的品格。论文对经济欠发达地区的森林旅游地旅游开发现状进行了实地调查,选定湖南沅陵借母溪作为研究案例,借鉴国内森林旅游开发的成功经验,提出欠发达地区森林旅游地生态经济系统旅游发展的一般思路,以求系统建构欠发达地区森林旅游开发的理论框架,有效解决欠发达地区森林旅游生态学方向、经济学方向和文化学方向的整合,为这些地区的旅游开发以及管理提供一条可操作性的思路。
The majority of underdeveloped regions are usually situated in the part of remote minorities, which is less developed in transportation, economy and even the mode of thinking, but more resourceful and appealing in tourism development for the sake of the well-kept natural relics and humanistic enticements. This paper targets at the forestry tourism in the underdeveloped areas, analyzing what is concerned in the tourism development, such as economy, culture, environment and social influence, in order to discover the specific rule for the proper development of tourism specialties, which brings prosperity to the native people, while well keeping the ecologic environment either in nature or humanistic. Furthermore, the theoretical system is to be greatly enriched in both the ecologic and forestry tourism.
The paper focuses on what is concerned about the kernel of the standard for the ecologic tourism. On the theoretical basis of ecology, geography, forestry culture and anthropology, the theoretical frame about the forestry tourism in the underdeveloped regions is to be composed with the typical example from Jiemuxi, in a national poverty-stricken county, Yuanling, Western Hunan.
In promotion of the tourism development, the ecology, including the types of forestry and landscaping, is of great importance in guiding the relationship between forestry and environment. Geography is applied in the research from the perspective of specific district and the overall area with the aid of spatial approach, which is practicable and efficient with the help of such fundamental theory in geography as variety regions and labor difference, hence accounting for the program and the management of the forestry tourism in the underdeveloped regions. While the forestry culture is highly priced for the cultural research and display in the underdeveloped areas and for the sustainable development on condition of the phenomenon and rules discovered during the forestry-accessing. What's more, anthropology places more importance on the interaction between the inhabitants and tourism, so as to promote the participation of the native people in the area.
Located in the underdeveloped areas, Jiemuxi is highly cherished for the forestry tourism. But some knotty problems have been brought about in environment, cultural ecology, tourism exploration and management system. Therefore, on the basis of the evaluation of the condition for both resources and exploration, such measures are to be taken to reinforce the pattern: spatial program, forestry cultural products-making, evaluation and supervision of the environmental effect, perfection of regulator system for the tourists capacity, the agent of administration, reinforcement of rules and regulations, tourism industry, etc.
From the systematic perspective, the research is orientated towards such primary issues as the environment, economy and culture during the forestry tourism exploration in the underdeveloped regions, with the aids of field investigation, document analysis, data statistics, and historical comparison, in the presentation of text, form and illustration. It intends to probe into the unique cultural evaluation and a universal approach about the program and administration in the forestry tourist attractions. The paper is guided by the sustainable principle, aiming to tap the cultural power in a systematic approach. It comes to the following conclusion:
Being of ecological tourism, it is impractical to develop the forestry tourism either out of the pure financial benefit or of the pure environmental effect. It is also imperfect to restrict the tourist products in the obsolete types. Therefore, a systematic theory about forestry tourism is essential in the underdeveloped regions. Such theories and approaches in the neighboring disciplines as ecology, geography, aesthetics, sociology, anthropology and culturology, are to be provided to ensure the natural science and the social science in the development.
The forestry tourism of the underdeveloped areas enjoys a profound culture, which is almost well-kept in the economic development for the sake of the unique location and backward situation. In spite of the commonness, the forestry culture has special characteristics, the proto-type folklore for example. Such characteristics need to be greatly developed to increase the enticement.
The paper attempts to find the relation between the ecologic tourism development and the community progress with the aid of a foreign theoretical foundation combining the basis of community participation and the development reality. It also intends to inquiry into a best pattern of participation as to initiate the communities for the development.
The scientific program for such tourist attractions is a vital means in trinity for a sustainable exploration of tourist resources, ecology protection and economic development. The program covers the landscape ecology, ecology tourism and administration system.
Resourceful as is the forestry tourism, it varies with areas, districts and specific locations in the development condition, potential and mode.
Jiemuxi, abound in resourceful attractions with more explorative potential, should be developed scientifically and reasonably. The following measures are supposed to be taken as a whole:spatial program, ecology tourism, forestry cultural products-making, evaluation and supervision of the environmental effect, perfection of regulator system for tourism capacity, community co-administration, etc.
The main contribution lies in the oneness of such target research in the underdeveloped areas which is scarcely found home and abroad. The inspiration in the paper originates from the theoretical studies and experimental documents in those disciplines concerned. Then the idea is developed into the theoretical system after a systematic conclusion and profound refinement. Therefore, the research fields are greatly expanded with the study methods enriched and the significance deepened, hence the natural science and social science in the research of forestry tourism in the underdeveloped regions. According to the field investigation about the target research, Jiemuxi, and the successful experiences home and abroad, this paper proposes a universal approach and composes a systematic theory about forestry tourism in the underdeveloped regions. Therefore, a practical approach could be found by the effective combination of such three dimensions as forestry tourism ecology, economy and culturology.
本文紧紧围绕生态旅游核心标准所涉及的几个方面,以生态学、地理学、森林文化学、人类学理论等相关的基础理论为依据,以地处国家级贫困县的湘西借母溪森林旅游作为理论的映证,共同搭建了欠发达地区森林旅游的理论框架。
生态学的发展促进了旅游的发展,森林生态学和景观生态学是生态学的重要分支。生态学理论对正确认识和处理森林与环境的相互关系有重要指导作用。地理学中的地域分异规律、劳动地域分工理论、区位论和空间结构理论是地理学的基础理论,可为欠发达地区森林旅游规划设计和管理提供基础；森林文化学对欠发达地区森林文化的研究和展示有重要作用,可揭示人类在认识和利用森林的过程中的现象和规律,从而促进森林的可持续发展；人类学理论讲求当地居民与旅游互动,从而调动欠发达地区旅游地社区居民发展旅游的积极性。
湘西借母溪位于欠发达地区,森林旅游价值高,但本区存在一系列环境和文化生态保护以及旅游开发和管理混乱等问题。在对其资源条件和开发条件评价基础之上,提出以下开发措施：进行借母溪自然保护区旅游区空间规划；开发具有森林文化意味的产品,加强环境影响评价和监测,建立健全的游客容量调控系统；建立借母溪自然保护区机构,实现社区共管；制定有效的法律法规来进行规范；发展森林旅游产业等。
文章从系统论的观点出发,采用实地调查法、文献分析法、数据统计法、模型构造法、历史比较法等方法,选用文字叙述、表格、图形等表现形式,研究了经济欠发达地区森林旅游开发的环境、经济和文化等基本问题,试图探讨欠发达地区森林旅游特有的文脉以及森林旅游地经济系统规划和管理的一般方法。文章以森林可持续发展理论为指导思想,以深刻挖掘欠发达地区森林旅游文化内涵为目标,坚持系统论的观点,把欠发达地区森林旅游当作一个整体来研究,得出以下结论：
森林旅游是生态旅游的一大类型,对欠发达地区森林旅游开发进行单纯的经济效益引导和单纯的环境效益引导都是不可取的。对森林旅游产品的研发仅仅停留在观光旅游产品等传统项目上也是有缺陷的。对于欠发达地区森林旅游开发而言,建立立体的森林旅游开发系统十分必要。由于森林旅游学科边缘性和综合性的特点,欠发达地区森林旅游开发研究要吸收其他学科的营养,要引入生态学、地理学、美学、社会学、人类学和文化学等相关学科的理论和方法,使欠发达地区森林旅游开发兼具自然科学和社会科学的品格,这样对森林旅游进行系统科学合理开发才能取得较好效果。
中国欠发达地区森林旅游有深厚的文化性。由于独特的地理位置和落后的经济,欠发达地区森林文化受到人类经济活动影响比较小,这使它既有中国森林文化的共性,又呈现出具有特色的个性,例如原生态的森林民俗文化。欠发达地区森林旅游的开发尤其要彰显这种个性,以增强旅游吸引力。
论文在国外学者所提出的社区参与型旅游理论基础上,结合欠发达地区森林旅游发展的具体现实,探讨了森林旅游开发与社区发展之间的关系以及社区参与森林旅游活动的最佳模式,以充分调动社区居民发展森林旅游的积极性。
旅游地科学的规划是实现生态旅游地资源可持续利用、生态环境保护和经济发展三位一体的重要途径。旅游地生态经济系统的规划包括旅游地景观生态规划、生态旅游产业规划和组织管理系统规划。
欠发达地区森林旅游资源丰富,但由于不同地区的森林旅游资源条件、区域条件和区位条件不一样,森林旅游开发的条件也不同,其开发潜力不一样,选取的开发模式也不同。
借母溪自然保护区森林旅游资源丰富,是开发潜力较大的类型,应当科学合理地发展森林旅游。具体可采取以下措施：进行旅游区空间规划设计；发展生态旅游产业；开发具有深刻文化内涵的森林旅游产品；加强环境影响评价和监测；建立健全游客容量调控系统；实现社区共管等。
本文的主要贡献在于：把欠发达地区森林旅游作为独立的研究对象,国内外很少见此类文献。本文的思想来源于相关学科的理论研究成果和实践素材,是对前人研究成果的系统总结和深化提炼,在此基础上发展成本文的理论体系。论文的研究拓展了森林旅游的研究领域、丰富了森林旅游的研究方法、深化了森林旅游的研究内涵,使欠发达地区森林旅游研究兼具了自然科学和社会科学的品格。论文对经济欠发达地区的森林旅游地旅游开发现状进行了实地调查,选定湖南沅陵借母溪作为研究案例,借鉴国内森林旅游开发的成功经验,提出欠发达地区森林旅游地生态经济系统旅游发展的一般思路,以求系统建构欠发达地区森林旅游开发的理论框架,有效解决欠发达地区森林旅游生态学方向、经济学方向和文化学方向的整合,为这些地区的旅游开发以及管理提供一条可操作性的思路。
The majority of underdeveloped regions are usually situated in the part of remote minorities, which is less developed in transportation, economy and even the mode of thinking, but more resourceful and appealing in tourism development for the sake of the well-kept natural relics and humanistic enticements. This paper targets at the forestry tourism in the underdeveloped areas, analyzing what is concerned in the tourism development, such as economy, culture, environment and social influence, in order to discover the specific rule for the proper development of tourism specialties, which brings prosperity to the native people, while well keeping the ecologic environment either in nature or humanistic. Furthermore, the theoretical system is to be greatly enriched in both the ecologic and forestry tourism.
The paper focuses on what is concerned about the kernel of the standard for the ecologic tourism. On the theoretical basis of ecology, geography, forestry culture and anthropology, the theoretical frame about the forestry tourism in the underdeveloped regions is to be composed with the typical example from Jiemuxi, in a national poverty-stricken county, Yuanling, Western Hunan.
In promotion of the tourism development, the ecology, including the types of forestry and landscaping, is of great importance in guiding the relationship between forestry and environment. Geography is applied in the research from the perspective of specific district and the overall area with the aid of spatial approach, which is practicable and efficient with the help of such fundamental theory in geography as variety regions and labor difference, hence accounting for the program and the management of the forestry tourism in the underdeveloped regions. While the forestry culture is highly priced for the cultural research and display in the underdeveloped areas and for the sustainable development on condition of the phenomenon and rules discovered during the forestry-accessing. What's more, anthropology places more importance on the interaction between the inhabitants and tourism, so as to promote the participation of the native people in the area.
Located in the underdeveloped areas, Jiemuxi is highly cherished for the forestry tourism. But some knotty problems have been brought about in environment, cultural ecology, tourism exploration and management system. Therefore, on the basis of the evaluation of the condition for both resources and exploration, such measures are to be taken to reinforce the pattern: spatial program, forestry cultural products-making, evaluation and supervision of the environmental effect, perfection of regulator system for the tourists capacity, the agent of administration, reinforcement of rules and regulations, tourism industry, etc.
From the systematic perspective, the research is orientated towards such primary issues as the environment, economy and culture during the forestry tourism exploration in the underdeveloped regions, with the aids of field investigation, document analysis, data statistics, and historical comparison, in the presentation of text, form and illustration. It intends to probe into the unique cultural evaluation and a universal approach about the program and administration in the forestry tourist attractions. The paper is guided by the sustainable principle, aiming to tap the cultural power in a systematic approach. It comes to the following conclusion:
Being of ecological tourism, it is impractical to develop the forestry tourism either out of the pure financial benefit or of the pure environmental effect. It is also imperfect to restrict the tourist products in the obsolete types. Therefore, a systematic theory about forestry tourism is essential in the underdeveloped regions. Such theories and approaches in the neighboring disciplines as ecology, geography, aesthetics, sociology, anthropology and culturology, are to be provided to ensure the natural science and the social science in the development.
The forestry tourism of the underdeveloped areas enjoys a profound culture, which is almost well-kept in the economic development for the sake of the unique location and backward situation. In spite of the commonness, the forestry culture has special characteristics, the proto-type folklore for example. Such characteristics need to be greatly developed to increase the enticement.
The paper attempts to find the relation between the ecologic tourism development and the community progress with the aid of a foreign theoretical foundation combining the basis of community participation and the development reality. It also intends to inquiry into a best pattern of participation as to initiate the communities for the development.
The scientific program for such tourist attractions is a vital means in trinity for a sustainable exploration of tourist resources, ecology protection and economic development. The program covers the landscape ecology, ecology tourism and administration system.
Resourceful as is the forestry tourism, it varies with areas, districts and specific locations in the development condition, potential and mode.
Jiemuxi, abound in resourceful attractions with more explorative potential, should be developed scientifically and reasonably. The following measures are supposed to be taken as a whole:spatial program, ecology tourism, forestry cultural products-making, evaluation and supervision of the environmental effect, perfection of regulator system for tourism capacity, community co-administration, etc.
The main contribution lies in the oneness of such target research in the underdeveloped areas which is scarcely found home and abroad. The inspiration in the paper originates from the theoretical studies and experimental documents in those disciplines concerned. Then the idea is developed into the theoretical system after a systematic conclusion and profound refinement. Therefore, the research fields are greatly expanded with the study methods enriched and the significance deepened, hence the natural science and social science in the research of forestry tourism in the underdeveloped regions. According to the field investigation about the target research, Jiemuxi, and the successful experiences home and abroad, this paper proposes a universal approach and composes a systematic theory about forestry tourism in the underdeveloped regions. Therefore, a practical approach could be found by the effective combination of such three dimensions as forestry tourism ecology, economy and culturology.
引文
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