中国现代城市综合性公园功能变迁研究
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摘要
中国现代城市公园的群体结构是以建国以来营建的大量新型公园为主，也包括历史上遗留下来的经过整理改造的近代园林或古典园林。其中作为城市公园较早出现的类型，综合性公园以其规模大，内容多，建设周期长，已经成为中国现代城市公园中最具代表性的类型。
由于半个多世纪以来综合性公园赖以存在的社会背景发生了翻天覆地的变化，社会政治、经济方针政策的不断变革都不可避免的影响到了它的各个方面，导致公园建设几起几落，尤其是内容和功能复杂多变，时兴时废。因此，本文以综合性公园功能变迁为切入点，来揭示中国现代城市公园发展的内在规律和秩序。
依据不同时期综合性公园的内容、功能所表现出的不同特征，笔者将现代城市综合性公园的发展分为四个阶段，对于不同阶段的综合性公园，从政治、经济背景及公园建设的情况、功能定位及其特征、功能支持要素的特征、历史意义等四个方面进行详细认真的分析和研究。
第一阶段主要是模仿苏联的文化休息公园模式，强调功能分区和活动的组织性、群体性，重视文化教育功能，打破了我国古典园林封闭的、只供少数人休息使用的传统观念，对新型公园的建设与发展，起到了积极的作用。
第二阶段强调园林结合生产的方针，注重农业生产功能、强化政治性活动，出现了把公园经营农场化和林场化的倾向，导致了公园建设质量普遍下降，正常的休息、娱乐功能被压抑。
第三阶段产生于商品经济的初期，由于长期受到“以园养园、以园建园”、“一手抓园容、一手抓收入”以及“先生产后生活”的经济建设思想的影响，致使公园大力开发新的游乐项目，盲目追求经济利益，造成公园绿地面积萎缩和景点设施超负荷运转。
第四阶段突出休闲与游憩功能，重视生态和景观，开发节日旅游功能，使综合性公园成为人们社会生活的重要组成部分，并且深深的融入了城市当中，真正展现了综合性公园原本应有的面孔。
通过对以上四个阶段的归纳和梳理，总结出综合性公园变迁的特征，主要表现在以下两个方面，一方面在实现了由繁琐向简洁的转变，即从初期包罗万象的综合性功能开始慢慢分化，淘汰和搬迁出不合时宜的部分功能，引进和充实更符
中国现代城市综合性公园功能变迁研究
摘要
合人们需求的、更为纯粹和多样的休闲和造景功能;另一方面随着公园的全方位
开放，其功能由封闭走向开放，不断向外辐射与外衍，“公园经济”、“辐射效益”
已经逐步受到人们的关注。
当然，综合性公园的功能之所以随着时间的推移而实现自我完善的过程，主
要是历史上的政治、经济、文化等条件的变化与消长，为其提供了转折和兴衰的
契机。这些要素之间相互影响的错综复杂性决定了综合性公园的功能在各个阶段
上的差异和不尽相同之处。
总之，作为历史的产物，现代城市综合性公园始终都带着时代的印记，并与
当时的社会各方面状况紧密的结合在一起，可以说它的发展最为集中的反映了中
国现代城市公园演进的历程。
The colony structure of the modern city park of China relies mainly on a large number of new-type parks of ones that have built since the foundation of the country; in addition they included the modern garden or classical garden that transformed leaving over in history. As the type that appeared earlier, there are large scales, much content, long construction period in the comprehensive park, they have already become the most representative type in the modern city park of China.
Since the social background of existence has occurred earth-shaking change in half much century, the unceasing transform of social politics and economic policy unavoidable influence comprehensive park 's every aspect, causing park construction some of few fall, especially content and function are complex changeful. Therefore, this paper is point of penetration with the function feature changes of comprehensive park to reveal Chinese modern city park development inner law and order.
According to the different feature of Comprehensive Park's content and function of different time, we divide the development of modern city Comprehensive Park into four stages. For the different stages of comprehensive park, we analysis and research on several aspects such as political and economic background, park condition, function location, the feature of function, function support essential factors, historical meaning etc.
First stage, Comprehensive Park is imitate the cultural rest park pattern of the Soviet Union and emphasized function zone, the organization of campaign and paid attention to cultural educational function. This pattern of Comprehensive Park have broken the orthodox idea that classical and enclosed garden of our country only used for the rest of a small number of people. They played positive role in the development and construction of new park.
In the second stage, Comprehensive Park stressed on the policy of garden combination production and emphasized agriculture's production function and reinforced political campaign. As a result, there appeared farm and forestry trend in Park's management and at the same time park construction quality are dropped generally, normal rest and amusement function had been contained.
The stage of 3rd is produced in the initial stage of merchandise economy. Since affected by the economic construction thought example "raise garden with garden, build garden with garden"," a hand grab garden and a hand grab income "as well as" sir produce, rear life" in a long period, Comprehensive Park developed vigorously new project, in order
to pursuing economic benefit. So the green land area of park withered and scene facility overloaded.
At the 4th stage, recreation function, ecology, landscape, holiday travel function are emphasized. Comprehensive Park has become the important composition part of social life, and deeply has blended in city among. They displayed really formerly deserved face.
Through four above stages, we summarize the feature of comprehensive park changes. They major expressed on below two aspects. On the one hand, the function of Comprehensive Park realized from fussy to succinct change. The comprehensive function initial stage has broken up, some inappropriate partial function eliminated and moved slowly and more recreation and scene function according with people's demand are joined. On the other hand, along with park all-directional open, its function are moved from enclose towards open, radiating outward with besides, and " park economy " and " radiation benefits " have gotten the solicitude of people step by step.
Certainly the function of Comprehensive Park realized self-perfect process along with time because the changes of politics, economy and cultural in history offered turn and opportunity of ups and downs for it. The complexness between these essential has decided the differences of function on every stage.
In a word, as the outcome of history, modern city Comprehensive Park is taken the tracks of times and development together with each aspect of social condition. So Comprehensive
由于半个多世纪以来综合性公园赖以存在的社会背景发生了翻天覆地的变化，社会政治、经济方针政策的不断变革都不可避免的影响到了它的各个方面，导致公园建设几起几落，尤其是内容和功能复杂多变，时兴时废。因此，本文以综合性公园功能变迁为切入点，来揭示中国现代城市公园发展的内在规律和秩序。
依据不同时期综合性公园的内容、功能所表现出的不同特征，笔者将现代城市综合性公园的发展分为四个阶段，对于不同阶段的综合性公园，从政治、经济背景及公园建设的情况、功能定位及其特征、功能支持要素的特征、历史意义等四个方面进行详细认真的分析和研究。
第一阶段主要是模仿苏联的文化休息公园模式，强调功能分区和活动的组织性、群体性，重视文化教育功能，打破了我国古典园林封闭的、只供少数人休息使用的传统观念，对新型公园的建设与发展，起到了积极的作用。
第二阶段强调园林结合生产的方针，注重农业生产功能、强化政治性活动，出现了把公园经营农场化和林场化的倾向，导致了公园建设质量普遍下降，正常的休息、娱乐功能被压抑。
第三阶段产生于商品经济的初期，由于长期受到“以园养园、以园建园”、“一手抓园容、一手抓收入”以及“先生产后生活”的经济建设思想的影响，致使公园大力开发新的游乐项目，盲目追求经济利益，造成公园绿地面积萎缩和景点设施超负荷运转。
第四阶段突出休闲与游憩功能，重视生态和景观，开发节日旅游功能，使综合性公园成为人们社会生活的重要组成部分，并且深深的融入了城市当中，真正展现了综合性公园原本应有的面孔。
通过对以上四个阶段的归纳和梳理，总结出综合性公园变迁的特征，主要表现在以下两个方面，一方面在实现了由繁琐向简洁的转变，即从初期包罗万象的综合性功能开始慢慢分化，淘汰和搬迁出不合时宜的部分功能，引进和充实更符
中国现代城市综合性公园功能变迁研究
摘要
合人们需求的、更为纯粹和多样的休闲和造景功能;另一方面随着公园的全方位
开放，其功能由封闭走向开放，不断向外辐射与外衍，“公园经济”、“辐射效益”
已经逐步受到人们的关注。
当然，综合性公园的功能之所以随着时间的推移而实现自我完善的过程，主
要是历史上的政治、经济、文化等条件的变化与消长，为其提供了转折和兴衰的
契机。这些要素之间相互影响的错综复杂性决定了综合性公园的功能在各个阶段
上的差异和不尽相同之处。
总之，作为历史的产物，现代城市综合性公园始终都带着时代的印记，并与
当时的社会各方面状况紧密的结合在一起，可以说它的发展最为集中的反映了中
国现代城市公园演进的历程。
The colony structure of the modern city park of China relies mainly on a large number of new-type parks of ones that have built since the foundation of the country; in addition they included the modern garden or classical garden that transformed leaving over in history. As the type that appeared earlier, there are large scales, much content, long construction period in the comprehensive park, they have already become the most representative type in the modern city park of China.
Since the social background of existence has occurred earth-shaking change in half much century, the unceasing transform of social politics and economic policy unavoidable influence comprehensive park 's every aspect, causing park construction some of few fall, especially content and function are complex changeful. Therefore, this paper is point of penetration with the function feature changes of comprehensive park to reveal Chinese modern city park development inner law and order.
According to the different feature of Comprehensive Park's content and function of different time, we divide the development of modern city Comprehensive Park into four stages. For the different stages of comprehensive park, we analysis and research on several aspects such as political and economic background, park condition, function location, the feature of function, function support essential factors, historical meaning etc.
First stage, Comprehensive Park is imitate the cultural rest park pattern of the Soviet Union and emphasized function zone, the organization of campaign and paid attention to cultural educational function. This pattern of Comprehensive Park have broken the orthodox idea that classical and enclosed garden of our country only used for the rest of a small number of people. They played positive role in the development and construction of new park.
In the second stage, Comprehensive Park stressed on the policy of garden combination production and emphasized agriculture's production function and reinforced political campaign. As a result, there appeared farm and forestry trend in Park's management and at the same time park construction quality are dropped generally, normal rest and amusement function had been contained.
The stage of 3rd is produced in the initial stage of merchandise economy. Since affected by the economic construction thought example "raise garden with garden, build garden with garden"," a hand grab garden and a hand grab income "as well as" sir produce, rear life" in a long period, Comprehensive Park developed vigorously new project, in order
to pursuing economic benefit. So the green land area of park withered and scene facility overloaded.
At the 4th stage, recreation function, ecology, landscape, holiday travel function are emphasized. Comprehensive Park has become the important composition part of social life, and deeply has blended in city among. They displayed really formerly deserved face.
Through four above stages, we summarize the feature of comprehensive park changes. They major expressed on below two aspects. On the one hand, the function of Comprehensive Park realized from fussy to succinct change. The comprehensive function initial stage has broken up, some inappropriate partial function eliminated and moved slowly and more recreation and scene function according with people's demand are joined. On the other hand, along with park all-directional open, its function are moved from enclose towards open, radiating outward with besides, and " park economy " and " radiation benefits " have gotten the solicitude of people step by step.
Certainly the function of Comprehensive Park realized self-perfect process along with time because the changes of politics, economy and cultural in history offered turn and opportunity of ups and downs for it. The complexness between these essential has decided the differences of function on every stage.
In a word, as the outcome of history, modern city Comprehensive Park is taken the tracks of times and development together with each aspect of social condition. So Comprehensive
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[2] Caroline Dakers; The Holland Park circle: artists and Victorian society; New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press; 1999
[3] John L.Crompton; Financing and acquiring park and recreation resources; Champaign, IL: Human Kinetoics; 1999
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