巨大型项目中群塔施工的安全风险研究
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摘要
巨大型工程项目具有规模大、投资高、工期长、技术复杂、不确定性因素多等特点,保证项目按期竣工,控制投资,确保工程质量,迅速形成生产能力,从而提高工程项目的经济效益是工程建设的主要目标。塔吊在我国工业与民用建筑施工中,是一种常用的建筑施工机械,在巨大型工程项目中,群塔施工非常普遍,由于其内在的危险性,施工现场中由于塔吊引起的事故时有发生。无论在理论上还是实际工作中,我国对于塔吊安全风险管理都缺乏全面总结和深入分析,因此塔吊的安全管理控制在整个工程项目建设过程中十分重要。深入研究建筑工程中塔吊事故的风险及其机理和频率,最大限度地减少和避免塔吊事故的发生,是降低建筑业伤亡事故、加快工程进度、提高工程质量的关键。
本文依托“虹桥综合交通枢纽西航站楼工程质量安全管理研究”课题,在深入虹桥综合交通枢纽工程现场调查的基础上,借鉴国内外塔吊施工理论和经验,根据风险管理的理论识别工程案例中的风险因素,运用事故致因理论中的因果链模型,从风险源辨识出发,通过对多项工程案例进行统计分析,找出了塔吊事故的原因,抽象出共性,找出塔吊施工中可能发生的重大风险,建立塔吊施工的风险分类表,并对各种风险进行特征描述和危险性分析,得出了各类因素导致施工伤害事故的频率,并对各种风险因素进行因果分析。然后根据不同的风险类别,研究相应的风险控制对策。
论文为施工风险管理者在“事故因果链”概念下进行安全风险控制和采取应对措施提供思路,对虹桥综合交通枢纽案例研究的部分,既是对巨大型工程塔吊施工风险管理的总结,也能为我国后续的巨大型工程建设提供案例参考。
Giant project has a large scale, high investment, long construction period, technologicalcomplexity, uncertainties, and other characteristics. The main objective of the construction isto ensure the completion of the project on schedule, control investment and ensureconstruction quality to the rapid formation of productive capacity, thereby enhancing theeconomic benefits of the project. Tower cranes are widely used for construction in China.Group of tower crane construction is very common in the giant project. Its work furtherincrease the safety risk on sites that are inherently hazardous workplace. In China, there is alack of a comprehensive summary and in-depth analysis on the tower crane risk managementare both in theory and practical work. More efforts should be input to identify and managerisk factors related to tower cranes. An in-depth study on the risks plays a key role inminimizing and avoiding crane accidents, reducing construction fatalities, and speeding up theprogress of works.
The study in this thesis is part of the work in "the Quality and Safety Management ofWest Terminal Project in Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub" research topic, basing on along-term investigation and comprehensive questioning of experts in leading construction andsupervision companies in the construction site. This thesis presents the results of a study whichidentifies the major factors affecting safety in tower crane environment through a review ofrelative risk management literature, incident causation theories and a thorough analysis of realworld construction cases. With the application of the loss causation model of incidentcausation theories, the thesis starts from the risk identification through a statistical analysis ofthe cases of a number of projects. A list of risk factors have been identified and classified withan analysis of their features and consequence. Those factors identified as highly affectingsafety are necessary in the ongoing risk evaluation and control process. The probability ofeach risk factor is calculated. Then the appropriate risk control measures are put forward todeal with the risks according to different risk categories.
This thesis has important implication in risk identification, analysis, controlling andmaking risk management decision. The case study on giant project is not only a summary oftower crane group risk management experience, but also provide support for the follow-up ofgiant projects.
本文依托“虹桥综合交通枢纽西航站楼工程质量安全管理研究”课题,在深入虹桥综合交通枢纽工程现场调查的基础上,借鉴国内外塔吊施工理论和经验,根据风险管理的理论识别工程案例中的风险因素,运用事故致因理论中的因果链模型,从风险源辨识出发,通过对多项工程案例进行统计分析,找出了塔吊事故的原因,抽象出共性,找出塔吊施工中可能发生的重大风险,建立塔吊施工的风险分类表,并对各种风险进行特征描述和危险性分析,得出了各类因素导致施工伤害事故的频率,并对各种风险因素进行因果分析。然后根据不同的风险类别,研究相应的风险控制对策。
论文为施工风险管理者在“事故因果链”概念下进行安全风险控制和采取应对措施提供思路,对虹桥综合交通枢纽案例研究的部分,既是对巨大型工程塔吊施工风险管理的总结,也能为我国后续的巨大型工程建设提供案例参考。
Giant project has a large scale, high investment, long construction period, technologicalcomplexity, uncertainties, and other characteristics. The main objective of the construction isto ensure the completion of the project on schedule, control investment and ensureconstruction quality to the rapid formation of productive capacity, thereby enhancing theeconomic benefits of the project. Tower cranes are widely used for construction in China.Group of tower crane construction is very common in the giant project. Its work furtherincrease the safety risk on sites that are inherently hazardous workplace. In China, there is alack of a comprehensive summary and in-depth analysis on the tower crane risk managementare both in theory and practical work. More efforts should be input to identify and managerisk factors related to tower cranes. An in-depth study on the risks plays a key role inminimizing and avoiding crane accidents, reducing construction fatalities, and speeding up theprogress of works.
The study in this thesis is part of the work in "the Quality and Safety Management ofWest Terminal Project in Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub" research topic, basing on along-term investigation and comprehensive questioning of experts in leading construction andsupervision companies in the construction site. This thesis presents the results of a study whichidentifies the major factors affecting safety in tower crane environment through a review ofrelative risk management literature, incident causation theories and a thorough analysis of realworld construction cases. With the application of the loss causation model of incidentcausation theories, the thesis starts from the risk identification through a statistical analysis ofthe cases of a number of projects. A list of risk factors have been identified and classified withan analysis of their features and consequence. Those factors identified as highly affectingsafety are necessary in the ongoing risk evaluation and control process. The probability ofeach risk factor is calculated. Then the appropriate risk control measures are put forward todeal with the risks according to different risk categories.
This thesis has important implication in risk identification, analysis, controlling andmaking risk management decision. The case study on giant project is not only a summary oftower crane group risk management experience, but also provide support for the follow-up ofgiant projects.
引文
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[7]李丽,牛秀艳,赵爽等.塔式起重机事故分析与对策[J].吉林建筑工程学院学报,2007(3): 67~70
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[10]住房和城乡建设部.全国建筑施工安全生产形势分析报告（2007年度）[EB/OL].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/zcfg/jswj/gczl/200803/t20080314_158292.htm
[11]住房和城乡建设部.事故快报. http://219.142.101.158/oawww/accidentdetailx.asp
[12]唐明清,郑奠,杨阳.塔式起重机事故调查综合报告[J].建筑安全, 2000(5)：7~9
[13]李燕鹏.美国工程项目保险与保证担保[J].建筑经济, 1998,(8）: 27~31
[14]毛儒.论工程项目的风险管理.都市快轨交通[J], 2004(2): 3~6
[15]孟宪海.国际工程保险制度研究借鉴[J].建筑经济, 2000(8): 8~9
[16]L Y Shen. Project risk management in Hong Kong [J]. International Journal of ProjectManagement, 1997, 15(2): 101~105
[17]赵恒峰,邱苑华,王新哲.风险因子的模糊综合评价法[J].系统工程理论与实践.1997(7)：93~96
[18]何广平,马国顺.关于风险度量问题的研究[J].宝鸡文理学院学报, 1999,19(2):20~22
[19]芩慧贤,房怀阳,吴群河.可接受风险的界定方法探讨[J].重庆环境科学, 2000,22(3): 18~19
[20]张明轩,朱月娇,翟玉杰等.建筑工程高处坠落事故的故障树分析方法研究[J].煤炭工程, 2008(2): 112~114
[21]李济吾.高空吊架坠落伤亡事故故障树分析[J].工业安全与防尘, 1999(8): 39~41
[22]戴树和.风险控制与管理——现代安全学科的新领域[C].广东省锅炉压力容器技术论坛.广州:广东省特种设备协会. 2005. 1~7
[23]陈龙.城市软土盾构隧道施工期风险分析与评估研究[D].上海:同济大学, 2004
[24]胡昊,张英隆,范益群.隧道工程设计系统的风险管理[A].中国工程管理环顾与展望[C],北京：中国建筑工业出版社, 2007, 211~215
[25]冯宁.大型工程项目风险评价指标体系的构建.基建优化, 2007(12): 48~50
[26]朱瑶宏.杭州湾跨海大桥项目施工期风险分析[D].成都：西南交通大学. 2004
[27]闫德强.南水北调东线山东段工程风险及应对研究[D].南京：河海大学. 2006
[28]孙万林,马贻章.大型工程的风险分析与风险管理[J].国际技术经济研究, 1990(3):45~49
[29]王宏伟,孙建峰,吴海欣,余建星.现代大型工程项目全面风险管理体系研究[J].水利水电技术. 2006(2): 103~105
[30]于军,曹国志,裘江南.大型工程项目的全过程风险管理模式探讨[J].财经界.2007(9): 54~57
[31]刘佩衡.国外建筑用塔吊发展近况[J].建筑技术, 1995(8): 510~512
[32]Shiffler D.A.. Crane city[J]. American Cranes & Transport. 2006, 2(12): 21~25
[33]Dun & Bradstreet（D&B）. Dun’s 100. Construction，development，and infrastructurecompanies［EB/OL］. Ireland，http://duns100.dundb.co.il. 2005
[34]Aviad Shapira, Meir Simcha. Measurement and risk scales of crane-related safety factorson construction sites[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2009(10):979~989
[35]赵代英,吴穹,刘赟宇.大型工程项目风险评价模型建立及分析[J].吉林工程技术师范学院学报. 2007(9): 25~27
[36]陈新标.浅析塔机使用方面的危险因素及防范措施.建筑安全, 1997(10): 6~8
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