多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉内灰渣形成的研究
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摘要
煤中的矿物呈非均一分布,根据矿物和碳基体的联系程度不同,可以分为内在矿物和外在矿物。外在矿物和内在矿物形成飞灰的过程存在差异,这种差异会影响飞灰在气化炉内的沉积行为,从而影响气化炉壁面熔渣的组成和流动性。基于实验室规模的多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉,对水煤浆进行热态试验,采用SEM、EDS、XRD、XRF和PSD详细表征气化炉内飞灰及熔渣的性质,并进一步分析了飞灰的形成机理及熔渣的流动性。
水煤浆气化时,火焰被约束在气化炉中心,气化炉稳定运行时火焰不会冲刷气化炉壁面耐火砖。不同氧碳比下气化炉出口处CO和H2的总含量不同,氧碳比为1.0时CO和H2的总含量最高。
喷嘴平面处飞灰与气化炉出口处飞灰的粒径分布及化学组成存在显著差异。喷嘴平面处飞灰的粒径比原煤颗粒略小,其组成是石英、方解石和硫化亚铁。气化炉出口处飞灰的粒径比喷嘴平面处飞灰的粒径显著减小,其组成是石英、方解石、硫化亚铁、莫来石、钙长石、钙黄长石和氧化钙。不同气化阶段飞灰的形成机理也不同。气化燃烧阶段飞灰的形成机理为部分固定碳燃烧和外在矿物转化；在焦炭气化反应阶段,飞灰的形成机理为焦炭破碎和内在矿物释放及转化。
在喷嘴平面处,内在矿物未释放,焦炭颗粒粘性很低,壁面捕捉的颗粒主要是外在矿物,导致该处壁面熔渣的成分主要由外在矿物组成,其粘温曲线介于外在矿物和总体灰分的粘温曲线之间。在气化炉拱顶附近,碳转化率升高,内在矿物裸露在焦炭颗粒表面,使焦炭的粘性增加,壁面捕捉焦炭颗粒的量增多。气化炉拱顶附近壁面熔渣的成分所包含的内在矿物的量也增加,但其主要成分仍是外在矿物,其粘度也主要由外在矿物的组成确定。由于喷嘴平面处和气化炉拱顶处形成的熔渣的主要成分是外在矿物,因此其粘度无法由总体灰分进行准确预测。
Mineral is non-uniformly distributed in coal and can be divided into included mineral and excluded mineral. Ash formation of excluded mineral and included mineral is different. This difference may affect char-ash deposition behavior in gasifier, and could influence slag composition and slag flow property in the gasifier. Based on a bench-scale Opposed Multi-burner gasifier, flyash and slag in the gasifier were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, XRF and PSD, and ash formation mechanism and slag flow property were also analyzed.
For coal-water slurry gasification, the flame is restricted within the gasifier center, and the flame dose not collide the gasifier wall. The total content of CO and H2 from the gasifier outlet is different at different oxygen to carbon ratio, and the optimized oxygen to carbon ratio was 1.0.
Particle size distribution and composition of flyash are significantly different between flyash at impinging zone and flyash at gasifier outlet. Particle size distribution of flyash at impinging zone is slightly finer than that of raw coal, and composition of flyash at impinging zone are quartz, calcite and FeS. Particle size distribution of flyash at gasifier outlet dramatically decreased comparing to that of flyash at impinging zone, and composition of flyash at gasifier outlet are quartz, calcite, FeS, mullite, anorthite, gehlenite and calcium oxide. Ash formation mechanisms at different gasification stages are also different. Part of fixed-carbon combustion and excluded mineral transformation are the mechanisms of ash formation at combustion stage. Char fragmentation and included mineral liberation and transformation are the mechanisms of ash formation at char gasification stage.
At the burner-plane zone, included mineral is still not liberated and the gasifier wall mainly captures excluded mineral. Viscosity-temperature curves of slag on this wall locate between the curve of excluded mineral and the curve of bulk ash. At the gasifier dome, carbon conversion increases and the gasifier wall captures more char than gasifier wall at burner-plane. Slag from the gasifier dome contains more included mineral than slag from the burner-plane. Composition of slag from the gasifier dome is still mainly comprised of excluded mineral and slag flow property is determined by the composition of excluded mineral. Due to the gasifier wall above burner-plane mainly captures excluded mineral, slag flow property is determined by the composition of excluded mineral. Consequently, the viscosity necessary for the slag to flow down would therefore always not be estimated by the viscosity of the slag forms from the bulk coal ash.
水煤浆气化时,火焰被约束在气化炉中心,气化炉稳定运行时火焰不会冲刷气化炉壁面耐火砖。不同氧碳比下气化炉出口处CO和H2的总含量不同,氧碳比为1.0时CO和H2的总含量最高。
喷嘴平面处飞灰与气化炉出口处飞灰的粒径分布及化学组成存在显著差异。喷嘴平面处飞灰的粒径比原煤颗粒略小,其组成是石英、方解石和硫化亚铁。气化炉出口处飞灰的粒径比喷嘴平面处飞灰的粒径显著减小,其组成是石英、方解石、硫化亚铁、莫来石、钙长石、钙黄长石和氧化钙。不同气化阶段飞灰的形成机理也不同。气化燃烧阶段飞灰的形成机理为部分固定碳燃烧和外在矿物转化；在焦炭气化反应阶段,飞灰的形成机理为焦炭破碎和内在矿物释放及转化。
在喷嘴平面处,内在矿物未释放,焦炭颗粒粘性很低,壁面捕捉的颗粒主要是外在矿物,导致该处壁面熔渣的成分主要由外在矿物组成,其粘温曲线介于外在矿物和总体灰分的粘温曲线之间。在气化炉拱顶附近,碳转化率升高,内在矿物裸露在焦炭颗粒表面,使焦炭的粘性增加,壁面捕捉焦炭颗粒的量增多。气化炉拱顶附近壁面熔渣的成分所包含的内在矿物的量也增加,但其主要成分仍是外在矿物,其粘度也主要由外在矿物的组成确定。由于喷嘴平面处和气化炉拱顶处形成的熔渣的主要成分是外在矿物,因此其粘度无法由总体灰分进行准确预测。
Mineral is non-uniformly distributed in coal and can be divided into included mineral and excluded mineral. Ash formation of excluded mineral and included mineral is different. This difference may affect char-ash deposition behavior in gasifier, and could influence slag composition and slag flow property in the gasifier. Based on a bench-scale Opposed Multi-burner gasifier, flyash and slag in the gasifier were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, XRF and PSD, and ash formation mechanism and slag flow property were also analyzed.
For coal-water slurry gasification, the flame is restricted within the gasifier center, and the flame dose not collide the gasifier wall. The total content of CO and H2 from the gasifier outlet is different at different oxygen to carbon ratio, and the optimized oxygen to carbon ratio was 1.0.
Particle size distribution and composition of flyash are significantly different between flyash at impinging zone and flyash at gasifier outlet. Particle size distribution of flyash at impinging zone is slightly finer than that of raw coal, and composition of flyash at impinging zone are quartz, calcite and FeS. Particle size distribution of flyash at gasifier outlet dramatically decreased comparing to that of flyash at impinging zone, and composition of flyash at gasifier outlet are quartz, calcite, FeS, mullite, anorthite, gehlenite and calcium oxide. Ash formation mechanisms at different gasification stages are also different. Part of fixed-carbon combustion and excluded mineral transformation are the mechanisms of ash formation at combustion stage. Char fragmentation and included mineral liberation and transformation are the mechanisms of ash formation at char gasification stage.
At the burner-plane zone, included mineral is still not liberated and the gasifier wall mainly captures excluded mineral. Viscosity-temperature curves of slag on this wall locate between the curve of excluded mineral and the curve of bulk ash. At the gasifier dome, carbon conversion increases and the gasifier wall captures more char than gasifier wall at burner-plane. Slag from the gasifier dome contains more included mineral than slag from the burner-plane. Composition of slag from the gasifier dome is still mainly comprised of excluded mineral and slag flow property is determined by the composition of excluded mineral. Due to the gasifier wall above burner-plane mainly captures excluded mineral, slag flow property is determined by the composition of excluded mineral. Consequently, the viscosity necessary for the slag to flow down would therefore always not be estimated by the viscosity of the slag forms from the bulk coal ash.
引文
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