侧柏和油松挥发物动态变化规律研究
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摘要
植物有机挥发物(Biogenic Volatile Organic compounds,简称BVOCs)对大气环境、空气质量以及人体健康都存在重要影响。侧柏和油松是北京市建成区主要乔木树种,本试验以侧柏和油松挥发物的释放规律为主要研究内容,同时结合叶片光合、呼吸、蒸腾作用及其环境因子的测定,试图给出两树种挥发物释放受这些因素影响的变化,有助于树种产品的开发,并为首都绿化植物的选择提供科学依据,对北京市城市不同绿地的生态规划和公共绿地生态旅游的开发亦具有非常重要的意义。鉴于此,本论文采用动态顶空吸附采样法分别对侧柏和油松挥发物进行采集,运用热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用仪(TCT-GC/MS)进行样品分析,研究了挥发物成分、季节变化、日变化及其与小气候、生理生态指标的相关性,结果表明:
1、挥发物成分:①侧柏枝叶共检测出202种挥发物,油松共检测出178种挥发物,两针叶树种均检测出烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、醇、醛、酸、酯、酮、芳香烃及醚类十大类型。②侧柏枝叶挥发物释放的种类春季>夏季>秋季>冬季;油松枝叶挥发物释放的种类是春季>夏季=秋季>冬季。③从出现频率和相对含量来看,烯烃中的萜烯是侧柏和油松的主要挥发物。
2、总挥发物浓度的变化规律:①季节变化:侧柏和油松均是:夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。②日变化:侧柏总挥发物浓度在春季和冬季呈“两峰两谷”型,夏季和秋季呈“三峰三谷”型;油松总挥发物浓度在春季和夏季呈“两峰两谷”型,秋季和冬季呈现“三峰三谷”型。两种针叶树种在四个季节日变化的共同点表现为白天从上午9:00～中午13:00和夜间从20:00～3:00总出现高峰,白天早上5:00～9:00和下午17:00～夜间21:00总出现低谷。③两针叶树种总挥发物浓度在春季受外界因素、内在生理变化的影响最大;夏季由于温度较高,湿度较大,蒸腾速率对两树种总挥发物浓度均有显著影响,油松由于所处位置光照强于侧柏,净光合速率影响也较大;秋季温度对侧柏影响较大;冬季两针叶树种总挥发物浓度受温度、光照影响不大,只要光合产物积累到一定程度,气孔开放,总挥发物浓度就升高。
3、各挥发物浓度的变化规律:①侧柏和油松在一年四季各挥发物浓度占总挥发物浓度的相对含量中,烯烃含量最高,其次是烷烃,芳香类化合物在春、夏、秋含量仅次于烯烃和烷烃,油松在一年四季中酯类挥发物含量也较高。②两针叶树烯烃浓度和烷烃浓度季节变化相同。烯烃:冬季>秋季>夏季>春季;烷烃:春季>夏季>秋季>冬季。③两针叶树种在相同季节烯烃浓度的日变化有很多相似之处,春季侧柏和油松均是中午13:00～下午17:00最高,清晨最低;夏季均是下午15:00～傍晚19:00最高,夜间21:00到清晨7:00较低,早上9:00到中午13:00最低;秋季两针叶树烯烃浓度的日变化存在差异,但总体趋势是上午7:00～11:00浓度较高,夜间浓度较低,中午13:00～15:00浓度最低;冬季共同规律凌晨2:00～5:00浓度较低。④侧柏和油松烷烃浓度在不同季节日变化不尽相同:春季侧柏烷烃浓度凌晨1:00～3:00高,上午9:00～中午13:00低,而油松烷烃浓度傍晚17:00高,中午13:00～15:00低;夏季侧柏烷烃浓度夜间21:00～1:00高,白天低,而油松烷烃浓度凌晨1:00～3:00高,下午15:00～夜间23:00低,清晨5:00～7:00最低;秋季两者均是夜间21:00凌晨1:00浓度较低,清晨5:00到下午17:00浓度较高;冬季两针叶树在白天8:00均出现高峰。⑤侧柏和油松烯烃浓度与影响因子的相关性结论较一致。烯烃浓度在春季受光照、净光和速率和气孔导度影响较大,在夏季受光照和气孔导度影响较大,而在秋季和冬季与这些影响因素相关性均不显著。⑥光照、温度等六个影响因子对烷烃的影响没有对的烯烃影响强烈,各类挥发物释放浓度变化的主导因素在不同季节也各不相同。
4、通过查阅文献对侧柏和油松释放的所有对人体保健和调节作用挥发物变化规律进行总结得到:①侧柏和油松对人体有利的挥发物主要是萜烯类物质,对人体不利的挥发物主要是含氯烷烃和苯系物。②侧柏产生的对人体健康影响明显的挥发物浓度总量为春季>秋季>夏季>冬季,而油松为秋季>春季>夏季>冬季。③侧柏和油松四个季节对人体有利挥发物的浓度在各个时段均明显高于对人体不利挥发物的浓度,对人体有益的成分在一年四季每个时段都有出现,但不同季节出现的高峰时段不同,对人体产生不利影响的挥发物主要出现在夜间。
5、文中提出了植物挥发物研究的一些建议和发展方向。①增加研究对象,扩大研究尺度;②加强植物挥发物产生释放机理的研究;③加强植物挥发物对人体身心健康效益的研究;④加强不同树种不同配置下挥发物的综合研究。
The Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) has certain influence on atmospheric environment, air quality and and human physical and mental health. Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis are the main tree speices in Beijing. The variation of BVOCs is the mainly content in our experiment, meanwhile, measuring the eco-physiological index , try to present the release mechanism of two species, it’s good for product developmentment, it can also supply scientific basis for plant selection of the ecological planning and ecotourism development. Based on this, this paper studies the composition、seasonal variation、diurnal variation and the correlation between VOCs concentration and impact factors of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, by collecting volatiles gas sample with headspace sampling method, analyzing gas sample by TCT-GC/MS, the result suggests that:
1、Compsition of BVOCs:①There are ten types of VOCs which are Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Acid, Ester, Ketone, Aromatic hydrocarbon and Ether released by Platycladus orientalis, this result is same to the type of Pinus tabulaeformis VOCs. Platycladus orientalis has totally 224 kinds and Pinus tabulaeformis has totally 178 kinds.②The seasonal variation of sepecies released by Platycladus orientalis is Spring>Summer>Autumn>Winter,but the Pinus tabulaeformis is Spring>Summer=Autumn>Winter.③We can see terpene is the mainly VOCs of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis from occurrence frequency and relative concentration.
2、The variation of TVOCs concentration:①Seasonal variation: both the Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis are Summer>Spring>Autumn>Winter.②Diurnal variation:Platycladus orientalis concentraion presents“two peaks two vales”in Spring and in Winter , presents“three peaks three vales”in Summer and in Autumn;Pinus tabulaeformis concentration presents“two peaks two vales”in Spring and in Summer , presents“three peaks three vales”in Autumn and in Winter. The commen gound of the two species TVOCs concentration are: it always presents a peak in 9:00～13:00 and in 20:00～3:00; it always presents a vales in 5:00～9:00 and in 17:00～21:00.③Mcroclimate and Physiological Change has the most influence on TVOCs of two species in Spring;because the temperature and humidiy are high in Summer, the correlation between transpiration rate and TVOCs of both two species is significant, net photosynthetic rate has significant influence on TVOCs of Pinus tabulaeformis because of the higher illumination; in autumn, the temperature has significant influence on TVOCs of Platycladus orientalis; in winter, temprature and light have little influence on both of the species TVOCs concentration, if the photosynthate is enough, the stomata wil open, the TVOCs concentration would rise.
3、The variation of different kinds of VOCs:①the relative concentration of Alkene is highest in the TVOCs concentration, the second is Alkane, Aromatic hydrocarbon concentration is second only to Alkene and Alkane concentration in Spring、Summer and Autumn, Ether concentration of Pinus tabulaeformis is high all the year around.②The seasonal variation of Alkane relative concentration and Alkene relative concentration of both two trees are the same. Alkene relative concentration:Winter>Autumn>Summer>Spring;Alkane relative concentration:Spring>Summer>Autumn>Winter.③There are some points of similarity of Alkene concentration diurnal variation between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. In Spring, the higest Alkene concentration is in 13:00～17:00, the lowest Alkene concentration is in early moring; in Summer, the higest concentration is in 15:00～19:00, the second is in 21:00～7:00; the lowest is in 9:00～13:00; in Autumn, there some difference between two species, but the trend of the Alkene concentration is : the highest concentration is in 7:00～11:00,the second concentration is in night time, the lowest is in 9:00～13:00; in Winter, the commen gound is the lowest concentration is in 2:00～5:00.④Alkane concentration diurnal variation of two species are different in different season. In Spring, the higest Alkane concentration of Platycladus orientalis is in 1:00～3:00, the lowest Alkane concentration is in 9:00～13:00, while, the higest Alkane concentration of Pinus tabulaeformis. is in 17:00, the lowest Alkane concentration of Pinus tabulaeformis is in 13:00～15:00; in Summer, the higest Alkane concentration of Platycladus orientalis is in 21:00～1:00, Alkane concentration in daytime is lower, while, the higest Alkane concentration of Pinus tabulaeformis. is in 1:00～3:00, the concentration in 15:00～23:00 is lower, the lowest Alkane of Pinus tabulaeformis concentration is in 5:00～7:00; in Autumn, the higher concentration of both two trees is in 5:00～17:00, but the lower concentration of both two trees is in 21:00～1:00; in Winter, both of the two trees present a peak in 8:00.⑤The result of correlation between Alkene concentration and influence factors of both of two trees is coincidentally. In Spring, light, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance have significant influence on Alkene concentration; in Summer, light, stomatal conductance have significant influence on Alkene concentration; but in Autumn and Winter, Alkene concentration are not appreciably influenced by the factors.⑥Alkane concentration influenced by the factors is weaker than Alkene concentration, different kinds of VOCs influenced by the factors in different season are different.
4、We can get the results from consulting many papers about the VOCs’health function :①The VOCs good for health mainly are terpinenes, the VOCs bad for health mainly are alkyl chloride and Benzene Series.②The total Concentration seasonal variations of VOCs with obvious health effects of Platycladus orientalis is Spring>Summer>Autumn>Winter, but the Pinus tabulaeformis is Autumn>Spring>Summer>Winter.③Both of two trees VOCs concentration which good for health are higher than the VOCs concentration which bad for health. VOCs good for health arise in every time period in different season, but the peak of the concentration is different in different season, VOCs bad for health always arise in nighttime.
5、Some suggestion and development directions about BVOCs research were put forward in this paper:①Increase the research object,enlarge the research scale;②Strengthen the release mechanism research of BVOCs;③Strengthen the health effects of BVOCs on human body and mind;④Strengthen the comprehensive research of BVOCs in different configuration mode.
1、挥发物成分:①侧柏枝叶共检测出202种挥发物,油松共检测出178种挥发物,两针叶树种均检测出烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、醇、醛、酸、酯、酮、芳香烃及醚类十大类型。②侧柏枝叶挥发物释放的种类春季>夏季>秋季>冬季;油松枝叶挥发物释放的种类是春季>夏季=秋季>冬季。③从出现频率和相对含量来看,烯烃中的萜烯是侧柏和油松的主要挥发物。
2、总挥发物浓度的变化规律:①季节变化:侧柏和油松均是:夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。②日变化:侧柏总挥发物浓度在春季和冬季呈“两峰两谷”型,夏季和秋季呈“三峰三谷”型;油松总挥发物浓度在春季和夏季呈“两峰两谷”型,秋季和冬季呈现“三峰三谷”型。两种针叶树种在四个季节日变化的共同点表现为白天从上午9:00～中午13:00和夜间从20:00～3:00总出现高峰,白天早上5:00～9:00和下午17:00～夜间21:00总出现低谷。③两针叶树种总挥发物浓度在春季受外界因素、内在生理变化的影响最大;夏季由于温度较高,湿度较大,蒸腾速率对两树种总挥发物浓度均有显著影响,油松由于所处位置光照强于侧柏,净光合速率影响也较大;秋季温度对侧柏影响较大;冬季两针叶树种总挥发物浓度受温度、光照影响不大,只要光合产物积累到一定程度,气孔开放,总挥发物浓度就升高。
3、各挥发物浓度的变化规律:①侧柏和油松在一年四季各挥发物浓度占总挥发物浓度的相对含量中,烯烃含量最高,其次是烷烃,芳香类化合物在春、夏、秋含量仅次于烯烃和烷烃,油松在一年四季中酯类挥发物含量也较高。②两针叶树烯烃浓度和烷烃浓度季节变化相同。烯烃:冬季>秋季>夏季>春季;烷烃:春季>夏季>秋季>冬季。③两针叶树种在相同季节烯烃浓度的日变化有很多相似之处,春季侧柏和油松均是中午13:00～下午17:00最高,清晨最低;夏季均是下午15:00～傍晚19:00最高,夜间21:00到清晨7:00较低,早上9:00到中午13:00最低;秋季两针叶树烯烃浓度的日变化存在差异,但总体趋势是上午7:00～11:00浓度较高,夜间浓度较低,中午13:00～15:00浓度最低;冬季共同规律凌晨2:00～5:00浓度较低。④侧柏和油松烷烃浓度在不同季节日变化不尽相同:春季侧柏烷烃浓度凌晨1:00～3:00高,上午9:00～中午13:00低,而油松烷烃浓度傍晚17:00高,中午13:00～15:00低;夏季侧柏烷烃浓度夜间21:00～1:00高,白天低,而油松烷烃浓度凌晨1:00～3:00高,下午15:00～夜间23:00低,清晨5:00～7:00最低;秋季两者均是夜间21:00凌晨1:00浓度较低,清晨5:00到下午17:00浓度较高;冬季两针叶树在白天8:00均出现高峰。⑤侧柏和油松烯烃浓度与影响因子的相关性结论较一致。烯烃浓度在春季受光照、净光和速率和气孔导度影响较大,在夏季受光照和气孔导度影响较大,而在秋季和冬季与这些影响因素相关性均不显著。⑥光照、温度等六个影响因子对烷烃的影响没有对的烯烃影响强烈,各类挥发物释放浓度变化的主导因素在不同季节也各不相同。
4、通过查阅文献对侧柏和油松释放的所有对人体保健和调节作用挥发物变化规律进行总结得到:①侧柏和油松对人体有利的挥发物主要是萜烯类物质,对人体不利的挥发物主要是含氯烷烃和苯系物。②侧柏产生的对人体健康影响明显的挥发物浓度总量为春季>秋季>夏季>冬季,而油松为秋季>春季>夏季>冬季。③侧柏和油松四个季节对人体有利挥发物的浓度在各个时段均明显高于对人体不利挥发物的浓度,对人体有益的成分在一年四季每个时段都有出现,但不同季节出现的高峰时段不同,对人体产生不利影响的挥发物主要出现在夜间。
5、文中提出了植物挥发物研究的一些建议和发展方向。①增加研究对象,扩大研究尺度;②加强植物挥发物产生释放机理的研究;③加强植物挥发物对人体身心健康效益的研究;④加强不同树种不同配置下挥发物的综合研究。
The Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) has certain influence on atmospheric environment, air quality and and human physical and mental health. Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis are the main tree speices in Beijing. The variation of BVOCs is the mainly content in our experiment, meanwhile, measuring the eco-physiological index , try to present the release mechanism of two species, it’s good for product developmentment, it can also supply scientific basis for plant selection of the ecological planning and ecotourism development. Based on this, this paper studies the composition、seasonal variation、diurnal variation and the correlation between VOCs concentration and impact factors of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, by collecting volatiles gas sample with headspace sampling method, analyzing gas sample by TCT-GC/MS, the result suggests that:
1、Compsition of BVOCs:①There are ten types of VOCs which are Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Acid, Ester, Ketone, Aromatic hydrocarbon and Ether released by Platycladus orientalis, this result is same to the type of Pinus tabulaeformis VOCs. Platycladus orientalis has totally 224 kinds and Pinus tabulaeformis has totally 178 kinds.②The seasonal variation of sepecies released by Platycladus orientalis is Spring>Summer>Autumn>Winter,but the Pinus tabulaeformis is Spring>Summer=Autumn>Winter.③We can see terpene is the mainly VOCs of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis from occurrence frequency and relative concentration.
2、The variation of TVOCs concentration:①Seasonal variation: both the Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis are Summer>Spring>Autumn>Winter.②Diurnal variation:Platycladus orientalis concentraion presents“two peaks two vales”in Spring and in Winter , presents“three peaks three vales”in Summer and in Autumn;Pinus tabulaeformis concentration presents“two peaks two vales”in Spring and in Summer , presents“three peaks three vales”in Autumn and in Winter. The commen gound of the two species TVOCs concentration are: it always presents a peak in 9:00～13:00 and in 20:00～3:00; it always presents a vales in 5:00～9:00 and in 17:00～21:00.③Mcroclimate and Physiological Change has the most influence on TVOCs of two species in Spring;because the temperature and humidiy are high in Summer, the correlation between transpiration rate and TVOCs of both two species is significant, net photosynthetic rate has significant influence on TVOCs of Pinus tabulaeformis because of the higher illumination; in autumn, the temperature has significant influence on TVOCs of Platycladus orientalis; in winter, temprature and light have little influence on both of the species TVOCs concentration, if the photosynthate is enough, the stomata wil open, the TVOCs concentration would rise.
3、The variation of different kinds of VOCs:①the relative concentration of Alkene is highest in the TVOCs concentration, the second is Alkane, Aromatic hydrocarbon concentration is second only to Alkene and Alkane concentration in Spring、Summer and Autumn, Ether concentration of Pinus tabulaeformis is high all the year around.②The seasonal variation of Alkane relative concentration and Alkene relative concentration of both two trees are the same. Alkene relative concentration:Winter>Autumn>Summer>Spring;Alkane relative concentration:Spring>Summer>Autumn>Winter.③There are some points of similarity of Alkene concentration diurnal variation between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. In Spring, the higest Alkene concentration is in 13:00～17:00, the lowest Alkene concentration is in early moring; in Summer, the higest concentration is in 15:00～19:00, the second is in 21:00～7:00; the lowest is in 9:00～13:00; in Autumn, there some difference between two species, but the trend of the Alkene concentration is : the highest concentration is in 7:00～11:00,the second concentration is in night time, the lowest is in 9:00～13:00; in Winter, the commen gound is the lowest concentration is in 2:00～5:00.④Alkane concentration diurnal variation of two species are different in different season. In Spring, the higest Alkane concentration of Platycladus orientalis is in 1:00～3:00, the lowest Alkane concentration is in 9:00～13:00, while, the higest Alkane concentration of Pinus tabulaeformis. is in 17:00, the lowest Alkane concentration of Pinus tabulaeformis is in 13:00～15:00; in Summer, the higest Alkane concentration of Platycladus orientalis is in 21:00～1:00, Alkane concentration in daytime is lower, while, the higest Alkane concentration of Pinus tabulaeformis. is in 1:00～3:00, the concentration in 15:00～23:00 is lower, the lowest Alkane of Pinus tabulaeformis concentration is in 5:00～7:00; in Autumn, the higher concentration of both two trees is in 5:00～17:00, but the lower concentration of both two trees is in 21:00～1:00; in Winter, both of the two trees present a peak in 8:00.⑤The result of correlation between Alkene concentration and influence factors of both of two trees is coincidentally. In Spring, light, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance have significant influence on Alkene concentration; in Summer, light, stomatal conductance have significant influence on Alkene concentration; but in Autumn and Winter, Alkene concentration are not appreciably influenced by the factors.⑥Alkane concentration influenced by the factors is weaker than Alkene concentration, different kinds of VOCs influenced by the factors in different season are different.
4、We can get the results from consulting many papers about the VOCs’health function :①The VOCs good for health mainly are terpinenes, the VOCs bad for health mainly are alkyl chloride and Benzene Series.②The total Concentration seasonal variations of VOCs with obvious health effects of Platycladus orientalis is Spring>Summer>Autumn>Winter, but the Pinus tabulaeformis is Autumn>Spring>Summer>Winter.③Both of two trees VOCs concentration which good for health are higher than the VOCs concentration which bad for health. VOCs good for health arise in every time period in different season, but the peak of the concentration is different in different season, VOCs bad for health always arise in nighttime.
5、Some suggestion and development directions about BVOCs research were put forward in this paper:①Increase the research object,enlarge the research scale;②Strengthen the release mechanism research of BVOCs;③Strengthen the health effects of BVOCs on human body and mind;④Strengthen the comprehensive research of BVOCs in different configuration mode.
引文
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