南海西北部陆架泥质沉积特征及其形成机制
摘要
陆架泥质沉积具有较好的连续性和较高的地层分辨率,是进行气候演变和环境演化研究的理想记录之一,因而备受地质学、沉积学和生物地球化学等领域学者的重视。在中国,黄河、长江各形成了一个近端河口三角洲体系和一个远端陆架泥沉积体系,并且对其已有较深入的研究。珠江在南海西北部陆架亦形成了一个远端泥质沉积体,但对其了解较少。本文利用在2009年从南海西北部陆架(少量采自2005年)、2010年珠江及华南沿海河流采集到的样品和2009年在南海西北部陆架上进行的潮周期水文观测资料,从表层沉积物的空间分布和粒径趋势分析、柱状样的环境敏感组分(ESGC)和现代沉积速率、浅地层地震剖面、潮周期流速和悬沙数据分析和潮周期悬移质与推移质输运量等多个方面对珠江远端泥的沉积特征和可能的形成机制进行了详细的研究。这不仅可以加深对有着不同类型河口、不同充填历史和不同入海通量的大河远端泥的认识,而且还有助于增强全新世陆架泥形成过程的定量模拟能力。
在沉积分布特征方面,本研究显示了以下特征。(1)南海西北部陆架表面被现代泥质和砂质沉积物覆盖。其中,泥质沉积物分布广泛,泥区面积约占研究区总面积的30%。沉积物组分与珠江和漠阳江的来沙组分(泥和粉砂为主)相似,整体分选较差且呈近对称状偏态分布。沉积区与物源间的这种组分相似性亦得到环境敏感组分的支持,如柱样(C01除外)中粉砂和细砂的标准偏差峰区粒径分别为4.6～15.6μm和74.3～210.2μm。(2)研究区沉积地层可初步划分为U1、U2、U3和U44个地震相单元,其中上部U1单元的地层平均倾角小于0.01°,向海有尖灭趋向,厚度变化于2.9-11.6m,但多数层厚3-5m。顶部柱样分析显示,该单元沉积地层具有向上细化的正旋回沉积韵律特征(Z01除外)和泥质沉积层与砂质沉积层共存的交互层理结构。
水动力和沉积物输运的特征有以下几点。(1)南海西北部陆架区潮波具有典型的驻波特征和日不等现象,潮流椭圆率为0.35-0.51。潮流流速向陆减弱,向海流速分量间差异性减小,近岸站位(如C01,水深20m左右)流速的东西向分量≤0.4m/s,并且总体上大于其南北向分量。(2)一个潮周期内近岸站位和离岸站位(C02)的净悬沙输运率分别为767.45kg/m、方位角91°和704.43kg/m、方位角1°,对应的推移质输运率分别为2.83kg/m、方位角90°(NEE)和2.64kg/m,方位角239°(SWW)。研究区不同水层的悬沙浓度大多处于5-12mg/1,流速是控制悬沙输运的主导因子。此外,观测站位的温、盐度层化现象和悬沙浓度剖面特征表明沉积物的输运主要发生在近底部水体或传统的底部边界层范围内。(3)沉积物粒径趋势分析显示,珠江口附近海底表层沉积物有向南和沿岸向西南运移的趋势,海岸一侧的海底表层沉积物一致性地向海输运,向海一侧的表层沉积物则主要为NW向向岸输运,后两者中间的沉积物输运特征相对复杂化,但分别在东部珠江口附近水深30-50m间的海域、上川岛和下川岛附近海域及其西南侧呈NE-SW向的条带状海域和水东港南部、广州湾内水深20-30m的海域呈汇聚状特征。
基于潮周期沉积物输运率和210Pb测年结果,本文计算得到潮周期尺度和百年尺度上的沉积速率分别为0.12---0.21mm/a和1.27～5.66mm/a。若千年尺度与百年尺度上的沉积速率值大致相当,则沉积体上部的U1单元初步推断应主要形成于5.0～3.0ka BP以来的全新世间歇性海进时期,其中最顶部的泥层甚至仅形成于近200a左右。前人研究佐证了两者间量级相当的假设。本文采用三种时间尺度沉积速率相结合的方式初步判定U1地震相单元的地层最大分辨率为100～101a,这表明珠江远端泥具有较好的纵向(或时间)连续性并为今后深入研究全新世陆架沉积体的形成过程提供了基础。
此外,根据采集样品的210Pb现代表观沉积速率和沉积物容重信息,本文估算了珠江对其南海西北部远端泥的物质贡献量。现代珠江向研究区的输沙率为0.62-4.50×107t/a,该输沙率占珠江多年平均入海输沙量(以8.87×107t/a计)的7%-50%,很可能介于11%-28%。由于珠江流域人类建坝等活动的影响,未来珠江的贡献率可能会有所降低。珠江悬浮体向南海西北部陆架的输运机制主要是风驱沿岸流作用下的羽状流的平流扩散作用和风驱季节性陆架环流(冬季为典型的下沉流,夏季为典型的上升流)作用下的羽状流离岸扩散作用,而重力流输运可能只是全新世早中期古河谷充填的一种可能的机制。
Continental shelf mud deposits are characterized by high tremporal continuity and, therefore, represent appropriate sedimentary records to reveal climate and environmental changes. Thus, they provide important materials for the research of geologists, sedimentologists and biogeochemists. In China, the Huanghe and Changjiang rivers both have a delta at the river mouth and a distal shelf clinoform. Detailed studies have been carried out for these two sedimentary systems. The Pearl River also has distal mud deposit, located on the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea (SCS), but its depositional characteristics are still poorly understood. During the present study, seabed sediment samples were collected in2005～2010and tidal cycle measurements were carried at two stations; on such a basis, the distribution pattern of surficial sediments, grain size trends in relation to residual sediment transport, the environmentally sensitive grain-size component and the deposition rates are obtained, and the suspended load and bedload transport rates are calculated using the data sets of tidal currents and suspended sediment concentrations.
The characteristics of sediment distribution are as follows.(1) The SCS northwestern continental shelf is covered with modern muddy and sandy sediments. Muddy sediments are extensively distributed, occupying around30%of the study area. The grain size composition of the sediment is similar to that from the Pearl and Moyang rivers. Such a similarity is also presented in the environmentally sensitive grain-size component between the depositional and the source areas; mean grain sizes associated with the relatively high standard deviations fall in a range of4.6～15.6μm (silt) and74.3～210.2μm (fine sand).(2) The strata of the study area consist of four seismic facies, i.e., U1, U2, U3and U4. The U1unit has an average inclination of less than0.01°, with the thickness variing from2.9to11.6m (mostly3～5m). The topmost core samples show that U1generally possess a fining-upward trend. The sedimentary structures of the cores are characterized by by interbeded mud and sand layers.
In terms of the hydrodynamics and sediment transport, the findings of the present study are as follows.(1) The tide is characterized by standing waves, with rotary currents. The tidal current speed shows a trend of decrease towards the land. In addition, the difference between the east-west and north-south components of the current velocity decreases seaward. For example, the east-west component at C01is not more than0.4m/s, which is larger than the north-south component, whilst these two components at C02have the same order of magnitude.(2) The suspended sediment transport rate, averaged over the tidal cycle, is767.45kg/m, towards91°at CO1and704.43kg/m with towards1°at C02. Under normal conditions, the bedload transport rate at C01and C02are2.83kg/m towards the east and2.64kg/m towards the SWW, respectively. Further, the stratification of sea water temperature and salinity at both stations and the profiles of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) suggest that under normal conditions and over the area with lower SSCs, e.g., the northwestern SCS shelf, sediment transport occurs mainly in the nearbottom water column or bottom boundary layer.(3) Results of surficial sediment grain-size trend analysis show that the surficial sediments in the vicinity of the Pearl river mouth move towards the south or the southwest, those near the shoreline are uniformly transported seawards and those in offshore waters move mainly landward (i.e., towards the northwester). However, sediment transport trends between the above mentioned two areas are relatively complex. Generally, surficial sediments over the northwestern SCS continental shelf seem to converge to such areas as those adjacent to the Pearl river mouth with a bathymetry of30-50m, in the vicinity of Shangchuan and Xiachuan Islands as well as its southwestern stripe extending NE-SW, in the coastal waters to the south of Shuidong Port, and in Guangzhou Gulf with a bathymetry of20-30m.
The deposition rate was0.12～0.21mm/a at a tidal cycle scale (based on sediment transport rate measurements) and1.27-5.66mm/a on a102a scale (based on210Pb dating). Assuming that the deposition rate remains the same over102to103a temporal scales, U1should be formed mainly in the later Holocene since5～3ka B.P., meanwhile the uppermost mud strata should be formed within the last200years or so. This estimate is consistent with previous studies. The strata U1has a maximum resolution of10°～101a, i.e., the Pearl river-derived distal mud deposits represent an appropriate sedimentary record for the study of the history of the Holocene environmental changes.
Based on the deposition rates from210Pb dating and sediment bulk density, the contribution of the Pearl river to its distal mud deposit was estimated. The sediment discharge of the Pearl river to its newly-formed (ca.102a) distal mud deposits is0.62～4.5×107t/a, which accounts for7%-50%of the average annual sediment flux (i.e.,around8.87×107t/a), most likely11%～28%. Notably, due to the dam construction within the Pearl catchment, the future contribution of the Pearl river sediment supply will be reduced. The mechanism of suspended sediment transport is the advection via hypopycnal plume driven by the wind-forced coastal currents and the offshore diffusion of the hypopycnal plume driven by vertical shelf circulation (i.e., downwelling in winter and upwelling in summer); sediment gravity flow might play an important role in the early-stage infilling of the paleovalley in the middle-early Holocene periods.
在沉积分布特征方面,本研究显示了以下特征。(1)南海西北部陆架表面被现代泥质和砂质沉积物覆盖。其中,泥质沉积物分布广泛,泥区面积约占研究区总面积的30%。沉积物组分与珠江和漠阳江的来沙组分(泥和粉砂为主)相似,整体分选较差且呈近对称状偏态分布。沉积区与物源间的这种组分相似性亦得到环境敏感组分的支持,如柱样(C01除外)中粉砂和细砂的标准偏差峰区粒径分别为4.6～15.6μm和74.3～210.2μm。(2)研究区沉积地层可初步划分为U1、U2、U3和U44个地震相单元,其中上部U1单元的地层平均倾角小于0.01°,向海有尖灭趋向,厚度变化于2.9-11.6m,但多数层厚3-5m。顶部柱样分析显示,该单元沉积地层具有向上细化的正旋回沉积韵律特征(Z01除外)和泥质沉积层与砂质沉积层共存的交互层理结构。
水动力和沉积物输运的特征有以下几点。(1)南海西北部陆架区潮波具有典型的驻波特征和日不等现象,潮流椭圆率为0.35-0.51。潮流流速向陆减弱,向海流速分量间差异性减小,近岸站位(如C01,水深20m左右)流速的东西向分量≤0.4m/s,并且总体上大于其南北向分量。(2)一个潮周期内近岸站位和离岸站位(C02)的净悬沙输运率分别为767.45kg/m、方位角91°和704.43kg/m、方位角1°,对应的推移质输运率分别为2.83kg/m、方位角90°(NEE)和2.64kg/m,方位角239°(SWW)。研究区不同水层的悬沙浓度大多处于5-12mg/1,流速是控制悬沙输运的主导因子。此外,观测站位的温、盐度层化现象和悬沙浓度剖面特征表明沉积物的输运主要发生在近底部水体或传统的底部边界层范围内。(3)沉积物粒径趋势分析显示,珠江口附近海底表层沉积物有向南和沿岸向西南运移的趋势,海岸一侧的海底表层沉积物一致性地向海输运,向海一侧的表层沉积物则主要为NW向向岸输运,后两者中间的沉积物输运特征相对复杂化,但分别在东部珠江口附近水深30-50m间的海域、上川岛和下川岛附近海域及其西南侧呈NE-SW向的条带状海域和水东港南部、广州湾内水深20-30m的海域呈汇聚状特征。
基于潮周期沉积物输运率和210Pb测年结果,本文计算得到潮周期尺度和百年尺度上的沉积速率分别为0.12---0.21mm/a和1.27～5.66mm/a。若千年尺度与百年尺度上的沉积速率值大致相当,则沉积体上部的U1单元初步推断应主要形成于5.0～3.0ka BP以来的全新世间歇性海进时期,其中最顶部的泥层甚至仅形成于近200a左右。前人研究佐证了两者间量级相当的假设。本文采用三种时间尺度沉积速率相结合的方式初步判定U1地震相单元的地层最大分辨率为100～101a,这表明珠江远端泥具有较好的纵向(或时间)连续性并为今后深入研究全新世陆架沉积体的形成过程提供了基础。
此外,根据采集样品的210Pb现代表观沉积速率和沉积物容重信息,本文估算了珠江对其南海西北部远端泥的物质贡献量。现代珠江向研究区的输沙率为0.62-4.50×107t/a,该输沙率占珠江多年平均入海输沙量(以8.87×107t/a计)的7%-50%,很可能介于11%-28%。由于珠江流域人类建坝等活动的影响,未来珠江的贡献率可能会有所降低。珠江悬浮体向南海西北部陆架的输运机制主要是风驱沿岸流作用下的羽状流的平流扩散作用和风驱季节性陆架环流(冬季为典型的下沉流,夏季为典型的上升流)作用下的羽状流离岸扩散作用,而重力流输运可能只是全新世早中期古河谷充填的一种可能的机制。
Continental shelf mud deposits are characterized by high tremporal continuity and, therefore, represent appropriate sedimentary records to reveal climate and environmental changes. Thus, they provide important materials for the research of geologists, sedimentologists and biogeochemists. In China, the Huanghe and Changjiang rivers both have a delta at the river mouth and a distal shelf clinoform. Detailed studies have been carried out for these two sedimentary systems. The Pearl River also has distal mud deposit, located on the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea (SCS), but its depositional characteristics are still poorly understood. During the present study, seabed sediment samples were collected in2005～2010and tidal cycle measurements were carried at two stations; on such a basis, the distribution pattern of surficial sediments, grain size trends in relation to residual sediment transport, the environmentally sensitive grain-size component and the deposition rates are obtained, and the suspended load and bedload transport rates are calculated using the data sets of tidal currents and suspended sediment concentrations.
The characteristics of sediment distribution are as follows.(1) The SCS northwestern continental shelf is covered with modern muddy and sandy sediments. Muddy sediments are extensively distributed, occupying around30%of the study area. The grain size composition of the sediment is similar to that from the Pearl and Moyang rivers. Such a similarity is also presented in the environmentally sensitive grain-size component between the depositional and the source areas; mean grain sizes associated with the relatively high standard deviations fall in a range of4.6～15.6μm (silt) and74.3～210.2μm (fine sand).(2) The strata of the study area consist of four seismic facies, i.e., U1, U2, U3and U4. The U1unit has an average inclination of less than0.01°, with the thickness variing from2.9to11.6m (mostly3～5m). The topmost core samples show that U1generally possess a fining-upward trend. The sedimentary structures of the cores are characterized by by interbeded mud and sand layers.
In terms of the hydrodynamics and sediment transport, the findings of the present study are as follows.(1) The tide is characterized by standing waves, with rotary currents. The tidal current speed shows a trend of decrease towards the land. In addition, the difference between the east-west and north-south components of the current velocity decreases seaward. For example, the east-west component at C01is not more than0.4m/s, which is larger than the north-south component, whilst these two components at C02have the same order of magnitude.(2) The suspended sediment transport rate, averaged over the tidal cycle, is767.45kg/m, towards91°at CO1and704.43kg/m with towards1°at C02. Under normal conditions, the bedload transport rate at C01and C02are2.83kg/m towards the east and2.64kg/m towards the SWW, respectively. Further, the stratification of sea water temperature and salinity at both stations and the profiles of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) suggest that under normal conditions and over the area with lower SSCs, e.g., the northwestern SCS shelf, sediment transport occurs mainly in the nearbottom water column or bottom boundary layer.(3) Results of surficial sediment grain-size trend analysis show that the surficial sediments in the vicinity of the Pearl river mouth move towards the south or the southwest, those near the shoreline are uniformly transported seawards and those in offshore waters move mainly landward (i.e., towards the northwester). However, sediment transport trends between the above mentioned two areas are relatively complex. Generally, surficial sediments over the northwestern SCS continental shelf seem to converge to such areas as those adjacent to the Pearl river mouth with a bathymetry of30-50m, in the vicinity of Shangchuan and Xiachuan Islands as well as its southwestern stripe extending NE-SW, in the coastal waters to the south of Shuidong Port, and in Guangzhou Gulf with a bathymetry of20-30m.
The deposition rate was0.12～0.21mm/a at a tidal cycle scale (based on sediment transport rate measurements) and1.27-5.66mm/a on a102a scale (based on210Pb dating). Assuming that the deposition rate remains the same over102to103a temporal scales, U1should be formed mainly in the later Holocene since5～3ka B.P., meanwhile the uppermost mud strata should be formed within the last200years or so. This estimate is consistent with previous studies. The strata U1has a maximum resolution of10°～101a, i.e., the Pearl river-derived distal mud deposits represent an appropriate sedimentary record for the study of the history of the Holocene environmental changes.
Based on the deposition rates from210Pb dating and sediment bulk density, the contribution of the Pearl river to its distal mud deposit was estimated. The sediment discharge of the Pearl river to its newly-formed (ca.102a) distal mud deposits is0.62～4.5×107t/a, which accounts for7%-50%of the average annual sediment flux (i.e.,around8.87×107t/a), most likely11%～28%. Notably, due to the dam construction within the Pearl catchment, the future contribution of the Pearl river sediment supply will be reduced. The mechanism of suspended sediment transport is the advection via hypopycnal plume driven by the wind-forced coastal currents and the offshore diffusion of the hypopycnal plume driven by vertical shelf circulation (i.e., downwelling in winter and upwelling in summer); sediment gravity flow might play an important role in the early-stage infilling of the paleovalley in the middle-early Holocene periods.
引文
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