野漆树轻型基质播种育苗技术研究
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摘要
野漆树(Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) O.Kuntze)属漆树科漆树属,是独特的木本油料树种,并广泛应用于生物质能源产业和园林绿化建设事业。本研究针对野漆树苗木的需求量大、繁殖困难等问题,以培育出大量的优质苗木为目标,尝试对野漆树轻型基质播种育苗技术进行系统的研究,从播种到苗期管理、再到造林的整体研究,以期为野漆树的工厂化苗木生产提供有效的育苗技术和理论,为今后进一步的研究奠定基础,为野漆树的扩大栽培、繁殖推广提供科学依据。
本文以江西宁都采集的野漆树种子为材料,进行了播种试验、水分控制试验、施肥试验和造林试验。播种试验以锯屑、树皮、谷壳和泥炭作为野漆树种子播种育苗的轻型基质原料,通过正交设计,研究4种基质不同配比对野漆树轻型基质苗的出苗率、苗高、地径、总根数及平均根长的影响,大田育苗作对照。水分控制试验设置1天、3天和5天共3个不同的浇水间隔处理,分别在第15天、第30天两次测量生长指标,研究浇水间隔对野漆树轻型基质苗的苗高、地径和复叶长度的影响。施肥试验按照施肥种类、施肥量和施肥间隔的不同组合设置9个处理,研究施肥因素对野漆树轻型基质苗的苗高的影响。造林试验研究移栽造林后轻型基质苗与大田苗生长指标的差异,及一年生野漆树幼林的生长规律。
试验主要结论如下：
(1)在播种试验的结果中发现,播种30天后,大田苗的出苗率为58.57%、苗高为0.39 mm、地径为3.75cm、总根数为3.96条、平均根长结果是2.54 cm,而混合轻型基质中表现最好的试验处理组,其相应指标的结果分别是89.27%、0.77cm、7.40 cm、5.47条、3.80 cm,都显著优于大田苗。由此初步证实,野漆树的轻型基质播种育苗比大田育苗发芽快,生长旺盛,进行野漆树的轻型基质育苗试验是可行的。
(2)在播种试验的结果中发现,用工农业废料配制成混合基质,进行野漆树的播种育苗,效果良好。采用锯屑：树皮：谷壳：泥炭=1：5：5：2的配方,可以使出苗率达到89.27%,地径达到0.77 mm,苗高达到7.40 cm,总根数5.47条,平均根长是3.80 cm。根据正交试验结果的方差分析和极差分析,基质配方的正交试验结果还筛选出一个生产实用配方——锯屑：树皮：谷壳：泥炭=1：5：2：1,可在生产中加以实践。
(3)在水分控制试验的结果中发现,浇水间隔分别为1天、3天和5天的不同试验处理对幼苗的生长影响显著,苗高、地径和叶片的生长需要适当水分的调控和制约。3天一次的浇水间隔最适合幼苗的生长。了解幼苗对水分的需求时间和需求量,就可以通过控制基质水分含量控制苗木的长势,延长苗木的蹲苗期,并可以促进植物体内营养的合成。
(4)在施肥试验的结果中发现,在栽培基质中添加磷肥和氮肥能显著促进幼苗的生长。磷肥月施肥量在0.2-0.4 g/L之间是利于植株生长的；在磷肥月施用量为O.1 g/L的前提下,氮肥施用量在0.04 g/L与0.08 g/L之间明显促进苗木的生长发育；在月施用总量相同的前提下,磷肥分次施入的效果好于一次性施入的效果。苗期施肥对野漆树轻型基质苗的生长有极其显著的影响,可以有效地促进植株的生长。施肥应本着适量原则和多次、少量原则。
(5)在造林试验的结果中发现,不同类型的苗木,其造林成活率存在差异,轻型基质苗的成活率为98%,而大田苗的成活率为97.5%；不同类型的苗木,其株高差异较大,轻型基质苗约为100.44 cm,而大田苗均值是94.86 cm；地径指标差异显著,大田苗的地径均值是4.64 mm,而轻基质苗是5.77 mm。与大田苗相比,轻型基质苗的生长量有明显的优势。
(6)在造林试验的结果中发现,野漆树一年生幼林的生长曲线呈现出“慢——快——慢”的生长规律。6月份和8月份是野漆树一年内的两个快速生长期,其中8月份的净生长量占全年的一半以上。
综上,各项生长指标结果的分析表明,轻型基质苗的长势优于大田苗,能满足加工利用和造林绿化的需求。本研究结果可为进一步试验研究提供依据。
Wild sumac (Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) O.Kuntze), belongs to Toxicodendron of Anacardiaceae, is a unique kind of woody oil tree, which is widely used in biomass energy industry&landscape construction. Attributed to the soaring demand of wild sumac seedings and its difficulties in breeding, for cultivating a large number of high-quality seedlings, the light-substrate breeding technique on wild sumac was systematically explored in this paper; the overall search which including seeding, seedling management and forestation, not only provide some effective technology and theory for mass product of wild sumac's nursery, and lay the foundation for further research, but also establish some scientific basis for expansion of cultivation and promotion of reproduction on sild sumac.
In this paper, seeding, water-control, fertilization and forestation experiment were carried out on wild sumac seeds collected from Ningdu. In the seed expriment, with sawdust, bark, chaff and turves as light substrates of wild sumac seeds, the effects from 4 kinds of substrates in different proportions on emergence, height, diameter, total root number and average root length were explored through the orthogonal design, at the same time field nursery as a comparison. In the water-control experiment, we set 3 different irrigation interval treatment of 1 day,3 day,5 day, and then took notes on the 15th day and the 30th day, to explore the effects from the interval on height, diameter and length of leaves. In the fertilization experiment, we set 9 treatments of different combinations among fertilizer type, fertilizing amount and intervals, and explored the effects from fertilization factors on height of seedlings. In the forestation expriment, we contrasted the growth between the light-substrate seedlings and the field seedlings to explore the annual growth curve of seedlings.
The main conclusions as follows:
(1) In the seeding expriment, the results showed that in the 30th day after sowing, the emergence, height, diameter, total root number and average root length of field seedlings respectively were 58.57%,0.39 mm,3.75 cm,3.96,2.54 cm. The corresponding results of the best performance among the light-substrate seedings, were 89.77%,0.77 cm,7.40 cm,5.47,3.80 cm, which was significantly better than the field seedlings'performance. It confirms that, the light-substrate seedlings of wild sumac germinate faster than the field seedlings, so cultivating light-substrate seedlings of wild sumac is expedient for further research.
(2) In the seeding expriment, the results showed that, we obtained succeess by using mixed substrates of industrial&agricultural wastes for planting wild sumac. The results of best mixed substrates (which formula is sawdust:bark:chaff:turves=1:5:5:2) can reach 89.27%of emergence,0.77 mm of diameter,7.40 cm of height,5.47 of total roots,3.80 cm of average root length. According to the variance analysis and range analysis of orthogonal design, the orthogonal test's results also obtain a practical formula-sawdust:bark:chaff:turves=1:5:2:1, can be put into practice.
(3) In the water-control expriment, the results showed that, the effects from different treatments (watering intervals respectively are 1 day,3 day and 5 day) were significantly different, the growth of height, diameter and leaves need appropriate water-supply to regulate and constrain.3 day's watering interval was the most suitable interval for seedlings. So after understanding the seedlings'demand of water, we not only can control seedlings'growing velocity by regulating water content of substrates, but also can extend the period of being nurserying and promote the the synthesis of nutrients in plants.
(4) In the fertilization expriment, the results showed that, to add the phosphate and nitrogen could significantly promote the growth of seedlings. To add phosphate fertilizer between 0.2-0.4 g/L every month was beneficial to plants'growth; under the premise of phosphate's application 0.1 g/L/month, to add nitrogen fertilizer between 0.04 g/L and 0.08 g/L can significantly increased seedlings'growth; in the same month under the premise of the total amount, the effect of split application was better than once a time application when adding phosphate fertilizer. Fertilizing can give wild sumac light-substrate seedlings extremely significant effect, and can effectively promote plants'growth. Fertilizing should be based on the following principles: appropriate, many times, and a few every time.
(5) In the forestation expriment, the results showed that, different types of seedlings have different survival rate, and the survival rate of light-substrate seedlings was 98%, while the survival rate of field seedlings was 97.5%; the height in different types of seedlings were different, the height of the light-substrate seedlings was 100.44 cm, and the height of field seedlings was 94.86 cm; the diameter in different types of seedlings were significantly different, the field seedlings'diameter was 4.64 mm, while the light-substrate seedlings'diameter was 5.77 mm. Compared with the field seedlings, the light-substrate seedlings have obvious advantages.
(6) In the forestation expriment, wild sumac saplings'annual growth curve showed a "slow-fast-slow" rule. June and August were the two rapid growth phase in a year, and the growth in August accounted for more than half of the year.
In summary, all the results showed that, the light-substrate seedlings grow better than the field seedlings, and they can meet the essential demands of processing and forestation. This paper may lay the foundation for further exprimental research.
本文以江西宁都采集的野漆树种子为材料,进行了播种试验、水分控制试验、施肥试验和造林试验。播种试验以锯屑、树皮、谷壳和泥炭作为野漆树种子播种育苗的轻型基质原料,通过正交设计,研究4种基质不同配比对野漆树轻型基质苗的出苗率、苗高、地径、总根数及平均根长的影响,大田育苗作对照。水分控制试验设置1天、3天和5天共3个不同的浇水间隔处理,分别在第15天、第30天两次测量生长指标,研究浇水间隔对野漆树轻型基质苗的苗高、地径和复叶长度的影响。施肥试验按照施肥种类、施肥量和施肥间隔的不同组合设置9个处理,研究施肥因素对野漆树轻型基质苗的苗高的影响。造林试验研究移栽造林后轻型基质苗与大田苗生长指标的差异,及一年生野漆树幼林的生长规律。
试验主要结论如下：
(1)在播种试验的结果中发现,播种30天后,大田苗的出苗率为58.57%、苗高为0.39 mm、地径为3.75cm、总根数为3.96条、平均根长结果是2.54 cm,而混合轻型基质中表现最好的试验处理组,其相应指标的结果分别是89.27%、0.77cm、7.40 cm、5.47条、3.80 cm,都显著优于大田苗。由此初步证实,野漆树的轻型基质播种育苗比大田育苗发芽快,生长旺盛,进行野漆树的轻型基质育苗试验是可行的。
(2)在播种试验的结果中发现,用工农业废料配制成混合基质,进行野漆树的播种育苗,效果良好。采用锯屑：树皮：谷壳：泥炭=1：5：5：2的配方,可以使出苗率达到89.27%,地径达到0.77 mm,苗高达到7.40 cm,总根数5.47条,平均根长是3.80 cm。根据正交试验结果的方差分析和极差分析,基质配方的正交试验结果还筛选出一个生产实用配方——锯屑：树皮：谷壳：泥炭=1：5：2：1,可在生产中加以实践。
(3)在水分控制试验的结果中发现,浇水间隔分别为1天、3天和5天的不同试验处理对幼苗的生长影响显著,苗高、地径和叶片的生长需要适当水分的调控和制约。3天一次的浇水间隔最适合幼苗的生长。了解幼苗对水分的需求时间和需求量,就可以通过控制基质水分含量控制苗木的长势,延长苗木的蹲苗期,并可以促进植物体内营养的合成。
(4)在施肥试验的结果中发现,在栽培基质中添加磷肥和氮肥能显著促进幼苗的生长。磷肥月施肥量在0.2-0.4 g/L之间是利于植株生长的；在磷肥月施用量为O.1 g/L的前提下,氮肥施用量在0.04 g/L与0.08 g/L之间明显促进苗木的生长发育；在月施用总量相同的前提下,磷肥分次施入的效果好于一次性施入的效果。苗期施肥对野漆树轻型基质苗的生长有极其显著的影响,可以有效地促进植株的生长。施肥应本着适量原则和多次、少量原则。
(5)在造林试验的结果中发现,不同类型的苗木,其造林成活率存在差异,轻型基质苗的成活率为98%,而大田苗的成活率为97.5%；不同类型的苗木,其株高差异较大,轻型基质苗约为100.44 cm,而大田苗均值是94.86 cm；地径指标差异显著,大田苗的地径均值是4.64 mm,而轻基质苗是5.77 mm。与大田苗相比,轻型基质苗的生长量有明显的优势。
(6)在造林试验的结果中发现,野漆树一年生幼林的生长曲线呈现出“慢——快——慢”的生长规律。6月份和8月份是野漆树一年内的两个快速生长期,其中8月份的净生长量占全年的一半以上。
综上,各项生长指标结果的分析表明,轻型基质苗的长势优于大田苗,能满足加工利用和造林绿化的需求。本研究结果可为进一步试验研究提供依据。
Wild sumac (Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) O.Kuntze), belongs to Toxicodendron of Anacardiaceae, is a unique kind of woody oil tree, which is widely used in biomass energy industry&landscape construction. Attributed to the soaring demand of wild sumac seedings and its difficulties in breeding, for cultivating a large number of high-quality seedlings, the light-substrate breeding technique on wild sumac was systematically explored in this paper; the overall search which including seeding, seedling management and forestation, not only provide some effective technology and theory for mass product of wild sumac's nursery, and lay the foundation for further research, but also establish some scientific basis for expansion of cultivation and promotion of reproduction on sild sumac.
In this paper, seeding, water-control, fertilization and forestation experiment were carried out on wild sumac seeds collected from Ningdu. In the seed expriment, with sawdust, bark, chaff and turves as light substrates of wild sumac seeds, the effects from 4 kinds of substrates in different proportions on emergence, height, diameter, total root number and average root length were explored through the orthogonal design, at the same time field nursery as a comparison. In the water-control experiment, we set 3 different irrigation interval treatment of 1 day,3 day,5 day, and then took notes on the 15th day and the 30th day, to explore the effects from the interval on height, diameter and length of leaves. In the fertilization experiment, we set 9 treatments of different combinations among fertilizer type, fertilizing amount and intervals, and explored the effects from fertilization factors on height of seedlings. In the forestation expriment, we contrasted the growth between the light-substrate seedlings and the field seedlings to explore the annual growth curve of seedlings.
The main conclusions as follows:
(1) In the seeding expriment, the results showed that in the 30th day after sowing, the emergence, height, diameter, total root number and average root length of field seedlings respectively were 58.57%,0.39 mm,3.75 cm,3.96,2.54 cm. The corresponding results of the best performance among the light-substrate seedings, were 89.77%,0.77 cm,7.40 cm,5.47,3.80 cm, which was significantly better than the field seedlings'performance. It confirms that, the light-substrate seedlings of wild sumac germinate faster than the field seedlings, so cultivating light-substrate seedlings of wild sumac is expedient for further research.
(2) In the seeding expriment, the results showed that, we obtained succeess by using mixed substrates of industrial&agricultural wastes for planting wild sumac. The results of best mixed substrates (which formula is sawdust:bark:chaff:turves=1:5:5:2) can reach 89.27%of emergence,0.77 mm of diameter,7.40 cm of height,5.47 of total roots,3.80 cm of average root length. According to the variance analysis and range analysis of orthogonal design, the orthogonal test's results also obtain a practical formula-sawdust:bark:chaff:turves=1:5:2:1, can be put into practice.
(3) In the water-control expriment, the results showed that, the effects from different treatments (watering intervals respectively are 1 day,3 day and 5 day) were significantly different, the growth of height, diameter and leaves need appropriate water-supply to regulate and constrain.3 day's watering interval was the most suitable interval for seedlings. So after understanding the seedlings'demand of water, we not only can control seedlings'growing velocity by regulating water content of substrates, but also can extend the period of being nurserying and promote the the synthesis of nutrients in plants.
(4) In the fertilization expriment, the results showed that, to add the phosphate and nitrogen could significantly promote the growth of seedlings. To add phosphate fertilizer between 0.2-0.4 g/L every month was beneficial to plants'growth; under the premise of phosphate's application 0.1 g/L/month, to add nitrogen fertilizer between 0.04 g/L and 0.08 g/L can significantly increased seedlings'growth; in the same month under the premise of the total amount, the effect of split application was better than once a time application when adding phosphate fertilizer. Fertilizing can give wild sumac light-substrate seedlings extremely significant effect, and can effectively promote plants'growth. Fertilizing should be based on the following principles: appropriate, many times, and a few every time.
(5) In the forestation expriment, the results showed that, different types of seedlings have different survival rate, and the survival rate of light-substrate seedlings was 98%, while the survival rate of field seedlings was 97.5%; the height in different types of seedlings were different, the height of the light-substrate seedlings was 100.44 cm, and the height of field seedlings was 94.86 cm; the diameter in different types of seedlings were significantly different, the field seedlings'diameter was 4.64 mm, while the light-substrate seedlings'diameter was 5.77 mm. Compared with the field seedlings, the light-substrate seedlings have obvious advantages.
(6) In the forestation expriment, wild sumac saplings'annual growth curve showed a "slow-fast-slow" rule. June and August were the two rapid growth phase in a year, and the growth in August accounted for more than half of the year.
In summary, all the results showed that, the light-substrate seedlings grow better than the field seedlings, and they can meet the essential demands of processing and forestation. This paper may lay the foundation for further exprimental research.
引文
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