抗动物微小牛蜱药物的筛选及其新复方制剂的研制
|
摘要
本研究主要包括以下三个部分:首先用标准的药物浸渍法在体外对微小牛蜱生活史中四个不同的发育阶段进行试验，其次利用药剂学的最优化设计理论和得出药理学数据研制出新复方制剂后，其物理和化学稳定性进行初步考察，并对其较为稳定的制剂进行药效对比，最后对微小牛蜱药效最好的3种新复方制剂的急性与蓄积毒性进行研究。这些研究为新复方制剂的成功申报与上市打下坚实的基础。具体研究方法、内容及结果简述如下：
在第一部分，鉴于国内缺乏用大量的药物对微小牛蜱的药效进行较为系统评价。故本研究首先对目前抗动物的微小牛蜱药物进行筛选。在药物筛选中，用标准的药物浸渍法在体外对微小牛蜱生活史中四个不同的发育阶段进行试验。结果表明，植物性杀虫剂（楝素、苦皮藤、哒嗪酮）对微小牛蜱的四个不同的发育阶段具有较强的杀灭作用，从而为利用植物性杀虫剂研制新复方制剂提供依据。
在第二部分，研制出抗动物微小牛蜱物理、化学性质较为稳定的新复方制剂并再次进行药效对比。利用药剂学的最优化设计理论和得出药理学数据研制出新复方制剂，用对其物理和化学稳定性进行初步考察。考察物理稳定性项目及方法：乳剂的颜色变化：用肉眼观察，观察新复方制剂与原制剂有无发生明显变化。乳剂的分层变化：用低速离心机和高速离心机，分别以4000rpm，15min；12000rpm，10min，离心后，观察有无沉淀或有无明显分层。乳剂的破裂是用光学显微镜下观察。考察化学稳定性考察的项目及方法为：pH值和乳剂的类型（用水稀释，外观和用Cocl试纸来观察有无明显变化）。并考察新复方制剂在自然情况、离心后、低温下（40C）、高温（600C ）15d后，用上述同样方法观察上述同样项目。用物理和化学性质较为稳定的新复方制剂，在体外对微小牛蜱未吸血幼蜱与其饱血雌蜱进行药效对比。结果表明，利用植物性杀虫剂研制的3种物理和化学性质较为稳定新复方制剂对未吸血幼蜱和饱血雌蜱的药效是楝素（试验测的抗动物微小牛蜱半数致死量最低）的4.24倍，2.68倍，2.88倍；1.39倍，1.01倍，1.06倍；是目前最常用溴氰菊酯（敌杀死：8.50和1890）的12.14倍，7.46倍，8.02倍和9.55倍，7.28倍，7.62倍。
在第三部分，对3种新复方制剂进行急性、蓄积毒性的研究。急性与蓄积毒性试验通过灌胃给药途径对小白鼠给药。急性毒性试验结果，新复方制剂的毒性比楝素（试验测的抗动物微小牛蜱半数致死量最低）降低了2.88倍，1.65倍，1.20倍，是目前最常用的溴氰菊酯（敌杀死：小白鼠的LD50 56.2mg/Kg）的50.16倍、28.66倍、20.97倍。同时，证明这3种新复方制剂属于实际无毒际药物。蓄积毒性试验，是采用用定期增加剂量法。蓄积毒性的结果表明：3种新复方制剂的蓄积毒性系数均大于5.0，它们均属于无明显蓄积作用药物。
这3种新复方制剂安全指数与治疗指数分别为31.22，0.2240，5.229；14.246，6.231，4.753。上述结果证实，利用植物性杀虫剂研制出物理和化学性质较为稳定、的新复方制剂是抗动物微小牛蜱高效、低毒，较为理想的药物。
These studies have three parts. At first part, the medicine screen tests were carried through normal immersion methods out Boophilus microplus life cycle of the four different grows phase in vitro. Second part, the new compound preparations according to the best design theory of pharmaceutics and obtianing the dates of pharmacology were develped. Then, not only physical and chemistry stability of those new preparations were surveied, but also, the medical effect of those relative steadily preparations were compared. Third part, the acute and acculation toxicity of the best three-medicine effective preparations were studied. Above studies will be based massiness on the declation and entering market of new compound preparations. Their contents, methods and results in detail are following:
Owing to be absent to medicine evaluations system with mass medicine. At first part, the medicine screens tests were adopted by normal immersion methods in Boophilus microplus life cycle of the four different grow phase in vitro. The results show that the botanical insecticide (Melia toosenda, Celangulins and Pyridazios) can kill and control Boophilus microplus life cycle of the four different develops periods. It will supply the theoretical authority for developing the new compound preparations.
The second part, The physical stability items and mehods of the new compond preparations are including: the color of emulsions and by nude eye examing, and delaminationt variety were carried out their steroid by the low and high speed centrifugal.Their centrifugal speed and time are 4000rpm，15min；12000 rpm，10min. The outburst of emulsions was observed by photics microscope. The chemistry stability items of the new compond preparations are included: pH and the emulsions kinds. PH meter measured the pH of the emulsions. The emulsions kinds were used the methods of water diluter, semblance and Cocl papers. The same contents of the emulsions were used above same methods in the common,centrifugal ,low temperature （40C）、high temperatures（600C ）and 15day conditions. The medical effect comparing tests of the relativly stability preparations were carried out the nenovla and engorge female ticks of Boophilus microplus in vitro again. The results show that three stablility preparations with botanical insecticides can improve highly the medicine effect in Boophilus microplus. Comparing with the Melia Toosenda, which is most low half death dose medicine in above tests, the half death dose of three new new compand preparations reduced 4.24times ，2.68times ，2.88times ；1.39times ，1.01times，1.06times in the
neolarval and the engorged adult female ticks separately. Comparing with the Deltamethrin, which is most common medicine at present against Boophilus microlpus, the half death dose of three new dosages reduced 12.14times，7.46times，8.02times and 9.55times，7.28times，7.62times, in the neolarval and the engorged adult female ticks,separately.
The third part, the acute and cumulation toxicity of the best three-medicine effect preparations were studied. In acute and cumulation toxicity tests, give rats medicines by irrational stomach. In the results of acute toxicity tests, comparing with the Melia Toosenda,the toxicity of three new compound preparations have reduced 2.88times，1.65times，1.20times; Comparing the Deltamethrin(acute oral for rats 56.2mg/Kg), the toxicity of three new new compound preparations have reduced 50.16times、28.66times、20.79times. The tests results of acute toxicity also show that the three new compound preparations all are belonging to low toxicity medicines. The results of cumulation toxicity tests show that the cumulation toxicity Coefficient of three new dosages are above 5.0. The three new compound preparations all are belong to invisible acculmation medicine.
The Safe margine and IE of the three new compound preparations are 31.22，0.2240，5.229；14.246，6.231，4.753. Above studies have improved that the physical and medical steady the new compound preparations with botanical insecticide were
在第一部分，鉴于国内缺乏用大量的药物对微小牛蜱的药效进行较为系统评价。故本研究首先对目前抗动物的微小牛蜱药物进行筛选。在药物筛选中，用标准的药物浸渍法在体外对微小牛蜱生活史中四个不同的发育阶段进行试验。结果表明，植物性杀虫剂（楝素、苦皮藤、哒嗪酮）对微小牛蜱的四个不同的发育阶段具有较强的杀灭作用，从而为利用植物性杀虫剂研制新复方制剂提供依据。
在第二部分，研制出抗动物微小牛蜱物理、化学性质较为稳定的新复方制剂并再次进行药效对比。利用药剂学的最优化设计理论和得出药理学数据研制出新复方制剂，用对其物理和化学稳定性进行初步考察。考察物理稳定性项目及方法：乳剂的颜色变化：用肉眼观察，观察新复方制剂与原制剂有无发生明显变化。乳剂的分层变化：用低速离心机和高速离心机，分别以4000rpm，15min；12000rpm，10min，离心后，观察有无沉淀或有无明显分层。乳剂的破裂是用光学显微镜下观察。考察化学稳定性考察的项目及方法为：pH值和乳剂的类型（用水稀释，外观和用Cocl试纸来观察有无明显变化）。并考察新复方制剂在自然情况、离心后、低温下（40C）、高温（600C ）15d后，用上述同样方法观察上述同样项目。用物理和化学性质较为稳定的新复方制剂，在体外对微小牛蜱未吸血幼蜱与其饱血雌蜱进行药效对比。结果表明，利用植物性杀虫剂研制的3种物理和化学性质较为稳定新复方制剂对未吸血幼蜱和饱血雌蜱的药效是楝素（试验测的抗动物微小牛蜱半数致死量最低）的4.24倍，2.68倍，2.88倍；1.39倍，1.01倍，1.06倍；是目前最常用溴氰菊酯（敌杀死：8.50和1890）的12.14倍，7.46倍，8.02倍和9.55倍，7.28倍，7.62倍。
在第三部分，对3种新复方制剂进行急性、蓄积毒性的研究。急性与蓄积毒性试验通过灌胃给药途径对小白鼠给药。急性毒性试验结果，新复方制剂的毒性比楝素（试验测的抗动物微小牛蜱半数致死量最低）降低了2.88倍，1.65倍，1.20倍，是目前最常用的溴氰菊酯（敌杀死：小白鼠的LD50 56.2mg/Kg）的50.16倍、28.66倍、20.97倍。同时，证明这3种新复方制剂属于实际无毒际药物。蓄积毒性试验，是采用用定期增加剂量法。蓄积毒性的结果表明：3种新复方制剂的蓄积毒性系数均大于5.0，它们均属于无明显蓄积作用药物。
这3种新复方制剂安全指数与治疗指数分别为31.22，0.2240，5.229；14.246，6.231，4.753。上述结果证实，利用植物性杀虫剂研制出物理和化学性质较为稳定、的新复方制剂是抗动物微小牛蜱高效、低毒，较为理想的药物。
These studies have three parts. At first part, the medicine screen tests were carried through normal immersion methods out Boophilus microplus life cycle of the four different grows phase in vitro. Second part, the new compound preparations according to the best design theory of pharmaceutics and obtianing the dates of pharmacology were develped. Then, not only physical and chemistry stability of those new preparations were surveied, but also, the medical effect of those relative steadily preparations were compared. Third part, the acute and acculation toxicity of the best three-medicine effective preparations were studied. Above studies will be based massiness on the declation and entering market of new compound preparations. Their contents, methods and results in detail are following:
Owing to be absent to medicine evaluations system with mass medicine. At first part, the medicine screens tests were adopted by normal immersion methods in Boophilus microplus life cycle of the four different grow phase in vitro. The results show that the botanical insecticide (Melia toosenda, Celangulins and Pyridazios) can kill and control Boophilus microplus life cycle of the four different develops periods. It will supply the theoretical authority for developing the new compound preparations.
The second part, The physical stability items and mehods of the new compond preparations are including: the color of emulsions and by nude eye examing, and delaminationt variety were carried out their steroid by the low and high speed centrifugal.Their centrifugal speed and time are 4000rpm，15min；12000 rpm，10min. The outburst of emulsions was observed by photics microscope. The chemistry stability items of the new compond preparations are included: pH and the emulsions kinds. PH meter measured the pH of the emulsions. The emulsions kinds were used the methods of water diluter, semblance and Cocl papers. The same contents of the emulsions were used above same methods in the common,centrifugal ,low temperature （40C）、high temperatures（600C ）and 15day conditions. The medical effect comparing tests of the relativly stability preparations were carried out the nenovla and engorge female ticks of Boophilus microplus in vitro again. The results show that three stablility preparations with botanical insecticides can improve highly the medicine effect in Boophilus microplus. Comparing with the Melia Toosenda, which is most low half death dose medicine in above tests, the half death dose of three new new compand preparations reduced 4.24times ，2.68times ，2.88times ；1.39times ，1.01times，1.06times in the
neolarval and the engorged adult female ticks separately. Comparing with the Deltamethrin, which is most common medicine at present against Boophilus microlpus, the half death dose of three new dosages reduced 12.14times，7.46times，8.02times and 9.55times，7.28times，7.62times, in the neolarval and the engorged adult female ticks,separately.
The third part, the acute and cumulation toxicity of the best three-medicine effect preparations were studied. In acute and cumulation toxicity tests, give rats medicines by irrational stomach. In the results of acute toxicity tests, comparing with the Melia Toosenda,the toxicity of three new compound preparations have reduced 2.88times，1.65times，1.20times; Comparing the Deltamethrin(acute oral for rats 56.2mg/Kg), the toxicity of three new new compound preparations have reduced 50.16times、28.66times、20.79times. The tests results of acute toxicity also show that the three new compound preparations all are belonging to low toxicity medicines. The results of cumulation toxicity tests show that the cumulation toxicity Coefficient of three new dosages are above 5.0. The three new compound preparations all are belong to invisible acculmation medicine.
The Safe margine and IE of the three new compound preparations are 31.22，0.2240，5.229；14.246，6.231，4.753. Above studies have improved that the physical and medical steady the new compound preparations with botanical insecticide were
引文
[1] 袁改玲,青海血蜱生活史及不同阶段蛋白分析[D].内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文
[2] 孔繁瑶.家畜寄生虫学[M].北京：农业出版社,1981
[3] 孔繁瑶.家畜寄生虫学(第二版) [M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1997
[4] 李树荣,陈刚,杜文昌等.生物灭虫剂对牛体微小牛蜱的杀灭效果观察[J].黄牛杂志,1997,23,（3）：72
[5] 陈德明,何锡池,刘发生等主编.四川省甘孜藏族自治州畜禽重大疫病调查及区划[C].1986
[6] 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所编全国家畜寄生虫防治训练班讲义（下期刊）[C].1980
[9] 邓国藩,姜在阶.中国经济昆虫志(第三十九册).蜱螨亚纲.硬蜱科[M].北京科学出版社1991
[21] 陈天铎,赵子珊,黄渌漪.福建省微小牛蜱的生物特性[J].福建农学学报,1989，14（8）：548-552
[22] 甘肃省牛羊蜱传染性血液原虫的生物学特性及药物防治研究报告（1989-1991）[R].甘肃自然科学基金项目（ZR-90-57）,甘肃,1991
[23] 程天印,黄彬.微小牛蜱产卵习性的观察[J].信阳师范学院学报（自然科学版）,1992,5（2）：208-210
[24] 全国家畜寄生虫病研究工作第一次会议[C].资料汇编（内部资料）上册,1980
[25] 云南畜禽疫病志（第四册）[M].云南重要兽医学动物概况与名录（初稿）,1990
[26] 廖国厚,赖初麟.广西的硬蜱调查研究初报[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1995,6（4）：14-16
[27] 白音查汗.硬蜱生物学特性及传染病[J].草食家畜,1998,9（3）：39-42
[31] 李德昌,陈启军.中国梨形虫病及其媒介一蜱的研究概况[J].中国兽医学报,1994,14（2）：202-206
[32] 杨蓝萍,张天寿,袁晓平等.从云南蝙蝠及牛蜱中分离两株森林脑炎病毒[J].中国人兽病杂志,1993,9（1）：22-23
[38] 孙家刚、何开富.双甲脒驱杀微小牛蜱的试验,畜牧兽医杂志[J].1993,（3）：16-17
[39] 赵子珊,福建微小牛蜱的研究[D],硕士研究生学位论文,1998
[40] 韩文俊,微小牛蜱的生物学特性[J].畜牧与兽医,1990,（2）：52
[45] 王光雷,李永清,努尔等.家畜蜱病的防治研究现状[J].草食家畜,1998,3（1）：44-46
[46] 刘爱红,建立于18srRNA基因测序基础上的羊巴贝斯虫分子分类学研究[D].肃农业大学硕士学位论文
[93] 周婉丽、蒋学良、王光富等.国产双甲脒防治黄牛微小牛蜱的研究[C].中国畜牧兽医学会寄生虫学分会,第三次学术讨论会论文集,广州,1992
[94] 贵州省畜牧兽医研究所.蝇毒磷杀灭微小牛蜱的试验[C].全国家畜寄生虫病科研工作第二次会议,论文摘要集,1980
[95] 宁长申.拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在兽医上的应用[J].河南农业科学,1989,（11）：27-29
[96] 陈天铎,关育芳.溴氰菊酯对微小牛蜱的毒力测定和杀灭试验[J].福建农业大学学报,1994,23（2）：207-212
[97] 王修文、谢继石等.贵州防治微小牛蜱工作进展[J].贵州畜牧兽医,1995,19,（1）：16-19
[115] 李大伟.烟碱对硬蜱的杀灭效力试验[J].中国兽医科技,2002,32,（4）：30-31
[116] 史志勇,张继军.百部碱对5种硬蜱的毒力研究[J].医学动物防制,2002,18（2）：89-90
[117] 章进宝,孙俊.避蚊胺对蜱驱避效果试验观察[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2001,12
（4）：315.
[119] 徐叔云，汴如廉等主编.药理试验方法学（第一版）[M].人民卫生出版社，北京：1985
[120] 杨树勤主编.中国医学百科全书.医学统计学（第一版）[M].上海科技出版社，上海：1985
[121] 姬志勤，师宝君，胡兆农等.新型植物源杀虫剂-苦皮藤素[J].精细与专用化学品，2000，18：29-30
[122] 张兴，赵善欢.植物性杀虫剂川楝素的开发研究[J]. 西北农业大学学报，1993，21（4）：1-5
[123] 杜莫娟.新杀菌剂Diclomerine[J].农药，1989，28（3）；41
[124] 张善明，姚伦广等.生物杀虫剂的研究进展与展望[J].荆州师范学院学报，2000，23（2）；100-104
[125] 程霞，张一宾.哒嗪酮类杀虫剂的研究概况[J].上海化工，2002，（5）：23-26
[126] 毕殿洲主编.药剂学（第四版）[M].人民卫生出版社，北京：2002
[127] 徐厚恩，张酰主编.卫生毒理学基础[M].北京医科大学与中国协和医科大学联合出版社，北京：1991
[128] 孙延鸣.碘化酪蛋白的合成与应用[D].西北农林科技大学硕士学位研究论文
[129] 湖南医学院卫生学教研组主编. 卫生毒理试验方法[M]. 人民卫生出版社，北京：1979
[130] 吴文君，刘惠霞，姬志勤等.植物杀虫剂0.2％苦皮藤乳油的研究与开发[J].农药，2000，40（3）：17-19
[131] 祁志军，吴文君，陈磊.0.2％苦皮藤乳油对鹌鹑的毒性测试[J].西北农业学报，2000，9（4）：75-77
[7] Lombardo R. Importancia Socio-economical del Problem de la garrapata en las Americas[J].Organizacion Pan Americana de la Sald.Puld Cient, 1976,316：86-97
[8] Translated by Harry Bailer, Constrains Michelsohn,Boophilus microplus The common cattle tick[J].Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, 1985：4
[10] Gonzalez, J.C. (Ed.). Controls do carrapato dos bovines [J]. Sulina, Porto Alleger, Brazil, 1975：104.
[11] Translated by Harry Bailey Constantan Michdsohn Boophilas Microplas： The common cattle tick [J]. Sprirger-verlag Berlin Heichelberg New York Tokyo, 1985.（1）：10-12
[12] John E.George, Eds James A. House Katherine M.Kocan E.Paul J.Gibbs.Present and future technologies for tick control [J]. Annals of the new academy of scienes.2000,（12）：583-588
[13] Marcelo B, Labrunna, C.laadia E.Kerber, Fernando Ferreira.et al. risk factors to tick infestation and their occurrence on horse in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2001,97：1-14
[14] D.H.Aguirre, A.E.Vinabal, A.O.Salatin, et al. Suceptibility to two pyrethroids in Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidae) Population of northwest Argentina Preliminary result [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 88： 329-334
[15] N.N.Jonsson, D.G, Mayer, A.L.Matsctoss. Production effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation of high yielding diary cows [J]. Veterinary parasitology, 1998, 78： 65-77
[16] Manuel penichet, Manuel rodriguel, or Lar does castellano.et al. Detection of BM86 antigen in different strains of Boophilus microplus and effectiveness of
immunization with recombinant BM86 [J]. Parasite Immunology, 1994,16：493-500
[17] F.Hernandez A, P.D.Teel.MS.Corson. Simulation of rotational grazing to evaluate integrated pest management strategies for Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidae) in Venezuela [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 92：139-149
[18] Ronald B, Darery, John E.Geroye, Daniel E.Snydol.Efficay of a single whole-body spray treatment of spinosad against Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidae) on cattle[J].Veterinary Parasitology, 2001 ,99： 41-52
[19] Agustin Estrada-Pena.Geostatistics and remote sensing using NOAA-AVHRR Satellite imagery as predictive tools in ticks distribution and habitant suitability estimations for Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidae)in South America[J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 1999,81： 73-82
[20] D.pettit, W.D.Smith, J.Richardson.et al. Localisation and characterization of ovine immuglobulin within the sheep scab mite, psorpte Ovis [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000,89： 231-239
[28] Horn, S.C, Arteche, C.C.P. Carrapato bernee bicheria no Brazil In querito, secretariade Defesa Sanitaria Animal do ministerio dea [J]. Agricultural Brazil, 1984：79
[29] Hernandez.F, Carrapatas (Acarina： Ixodoidea) del Ganado bovine controls utilizations et al. municipio.J.E.lossada Zulin, Venezuela[J]. Rev Fac, Cs.Vet.Univi, del. Znlia, Venezula, 1991：60
[30] Guglielmone A.A. The level of infestation with the vector of cattle babesiosis in Argentina [J]. Mem, Inst, Oswaldo Cnez, 1992,87(3)： 133-137
[33] Lobon, G.S.Willadsen, P.W. Naccinei to prevent cattle tick infestation In： Woodrow.G.C, Levine.M.M (Eds) New General Generation Vaccines [J]. Marcel Dekker, New York.Basel,1990：901-917
[34] Horn.S.Ectoparasites of animals and their impatton the economy of South America [M]. In： Proceedings of the 23rd world Veterinary Congress, Montreal，1987
[35] Roral, RAI, et al. The effect of the brown ear-tick Rhiphicephalus appendicalatus on the growth of Sanga and European breed cattle [J]. Vet. Parasitol, 1998,30：141-144
[36] Barrnet S, F Lucha. Control Las garrapatas del ganado, Estudios agropecuarios[C]. FAO, Pome, 1961, 54
[37] Standfast H A.Dyce (Attacks on Cattle by Mosquitoes and biting mites[J]. Aust.Vet.J.，1968,44： 585-586
[41] Spare S W. The life history of Boohiplus australis (Fuller Indian)[J]. J.Vet.Sci, 1940,10： 346-353
[42] Legg J.Some observations on the life history of the cattle tick Boophilus australis [J]. ProcR Soc, Queens, 1936，41：121-132
[43] Alvarado Ru, Gonzalez J.A Postural e a viabilidala do Boophilas microplus (Canestrini 1887)(Acarina：Ixodidae) en conditions de laboratorio [J]. Rev Lationoam Microbial, 1979,21,31-36
[44] Lahille, F Aelas. De La garraputa transistor de la tristeza Boll Minist Agric [J]. Tomo ⅩⅫ, 1917，（2）：243
[47] Nolan J.Bird P, Schnitzerliny H J. Evaluation of the potential of synthetic
pyrethriods release chemical treatments for control of the cattle tick Boophilus microphilus microplus [J]. using ivemectin, August, Vet J, 1981,57：493-497
[48] Cardozo H, Situacion. De resistance del Boophilus microplus en Urnguay.Medidas para controllable Mem, Ⅲ. Sem. Anim.Resistenciay control en garrapatasy moscas de important Veterinarian Acapulco Mexico [J]. Int.Parasitol. 1995, （10）：30-38
[49] Ortiz Estrada M Cara Cterizacion de la Resistencia de Boophilus an ixodicidas en Mexico Men Ⅲ. Sem. Anim Resistance controlled garrapatasy Moscas de importance Veterinarian, Acapulco. Mexico [J]. Int, Parasitol, 1995, 99（10）： 58-66
[50] Caracostantogolo, J.Munoz lobenaz, M.E.Eddi.C, Ambrustolo, R, R, Bulman, G.M.Maranganich, L.. Primera determination en la republican Argentina de una oblation de Boophilus microplus (can) resistant al piretroide sitetico alfacipermetrina characterized Mediate Pruebas Preliminaries [J], Vet.Arg. 1996, 13： 575-582
[51] Martins.J.R. Resistencia a carrapaticidas no estado do Rio Grande does Sul： Relato de situacao [J]. Veterinarian (Montevideo) 1996,32：12-14
[52] D.H.Aguirre, A E Vinabal, A D. Sulatior et al. Susceptibility to two pyrethriods in Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidac Populations of northwest Argentina Preliminary result [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000,88：329-334
[53] Thompson, G.D.Busacca.J.D.Jantz, O.K.Kivst, H.A.Larson, L.L.Sparks.T.C. Spinosyns： an overview of new natural insect Management Systems, In： Richter, D.A.Armour.J, (Eds), Proceedings of the 1995 Belt wide cotton Conf .4-7 January 1995[J]. Natl Cotton Council Memphis, T.N., 1995b,（1）：1039-1043
[54] N.N.Jonsson, D.G.Mayer, P.E.Green. Possible risk factors on Queensland dairy farms for acaricide resistances in cattle tick (Boophilus microplus)[J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 88：79-82
[55] Synge B A, Bates, P G, Clark, A.M.Stephen, F.B.Apparent resistant of psorppets ovis to flumethrin [J]. Vet.Record, 1995, 37：51
[56] Clark, A.M.Stephen, P.B.Crawley, G.D.Belworthy, S.J.Groves, B.A.Resistance of the sheep scab mite psorpets Ovis to propetamphos [J]. Vet, Record, 1996,139：451
[57] R.B.Davey, P H D and E.H.Ahrens.M S. Control of Boophilus ticks on heifers with two pyrethroids applied as sprays [J]. Am.J Vet Res, 1984,45(5)：1008-101
[58] Wharton, R.H.and Roulston, W.J. (1977)-In Work shop on Hemoparasite (Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis), March, 1975,Cenro International de Agriculture[J]. Tropical CIAT, 1977, （12）：73
[59] Roulston WJ, Wilson J TChemical control of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus Can[J]. Bull Entomol Res, 1965, 55(4)： 617-635
[60] Legg J. A further note on the control of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus by using larva of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus [J]. Aust.Vet J., 1953,49： 205-206
[61] Barnett S F. The Control of ticks on livestock [M], FAO.Agric Stud, 1961：54
[62] Stone B F.Mayers R A J.Dieldrin-resistant cattle ticks Boophius Microplus can in Qeensland [J]. Aust J Agric Res, 1957,（8）： 312-317
[63] Ault C N. Empleo del canfeno Colorado (Toxafeno) contra la garrapata Boophilus microplus can[C]. Gac.Vet ⅩⅡ. Buenos Aires, 1950,67：208-213
[64] Fiedler O G H, Vuuren P J J. Bromophos-ethyl new compound for the control of ticks on livestock [J]. J.S.Afr.Vet.Med, Asso, 1966,37(4)： 432-438
[65] Loomis EC, Nooderhaen D, Roulston W J.Control of the southern cattle tick by pour-on animal systemic insecticides [J]. J.Econ Entoml, 1972,65(6)： 1638-1641
[66] Boero J J.Terapeutica antiparasitaria [J], Ed.Univ Buenos Aires, 1969：69-87
[67] Graham OH, Drummond R O. Laboratory screening of insecticides of the prevention reproduction of Boophilus tick [J]. J Econ Entomol, 1964,57(3)： 335-339
[68] Shaw R D.Barker J A F. The in vitro activity of Supon against ticks [J]. Vet Res, 1966,25：867-870
[69] Wade L L The efficacy and stability of Dursban insecticide in dipping Vat for control of the southern cattle tick [J]. J.Econ.Entomol 1968,61(4)： 908-909
[70] Danilo Parra G.Effect comparati del Dursloany del Ausuntol [J]. Rev Inst colomlo Agropecu, 1969,（2）：73-80
[71] Fiedler O G H, Veldman F J.Asuntol a new insecticide compound capable of controlling all South Africa Cattle ticks [J]. J S Afr Vet Med Mssoc,1957, 28(3) 249-253
[72] Drummond R O, Graham O H, Maloney W P.Diamaat G. Field test in Mexico With new insecticide and arsenal for the control of Boophilus ticks on cattle [J]. J E Con Entomol, 1964, 57(3)： 340-360
[73] Legg J A. Test of two Organic Phosphorus compounds, diazion and Malathion, in the control of cattle tick in Queensland [J]. Aust Vet J., 1956,（3）： 55-60
[74] Pizarro I C, de cerineo J M, Bocalandro A G, Grimaux C A.Los garrapaticidas fosforados, investigation de su activated fronted al Boophilus microplus [J]. Rev, Med, Vet, Baenos Aires, 1963, 44(1)： 13-23
[75] Drummond R O.Ernst S E, Trevino J C, Graham O H.Insetides for control of the cattle tick and southern cattle tick on cattle [J], J, Econ Entomol, 1967,61(2)： 467-469
[76] Palmer W A. Acaricida bioassay for cattle tick (Boophilus microplus)[J]. Nsw Dep Agric Tech Bull, 1976a,（9）：1-11
[77] Cooper F A. Delnar (2,3-P-Dioxane-S-bisc, O, O, diethyl dithiophosphate) as an ixodicide [J]. Vet Res, 1962,（4）：103-113
[78] Cerineo J M, Bocalandro A G.Pizarro I Nuestros Puntos de vistn a las consideracinoes formulates on trabajo sobre los“Garrapaticidas Organofos forados”[J].Gacret Buenos, Aires,1963, 160：466-447
[79] Rouslton W J, stone F G, Willson JT, White L I. Chemical control of an organophosphorus and carbamate resistant strain of Boophilus microplus can from Queensland [J]. Bull Entomol Res, 1986b, 58：379-392
[80] Amaral N K, Mon Mary L F S, Carvalho L A F. Acaricicde A.C 84633：Fint trials for control Boophilus microplus [J]. J.Econ, Entomol, 1974,67(3)：387-389
[81] Betancourt A E, Parra D, Angel C A. Evaluation de la efectividad del acaricida Nimidane en el control de Boophilus microplus [J]. Bogota Colombia, 1978,2：357-361
[82] Palmer WA, Mclarthy JF, Kozik A. A new chemical group of cattle acaricides[C]. Proc 3rd Int Corgr Acarol, 1971,（2）：687-691
[83] Schuntner CA, Thompson P G.Toxicology and Metabolism of Chlormethiuron in Boophilus microplus Larvae [J]. Pestic Sic, 1979,（10）：519-526
[84] Larkin PJ. Control of Blue tick (Boophilus deeloratess) on cattle with pyrethrum sprays [J]. Vet Res, 1961,73：298-300
[85] Schuntner C A, Roulston W J, Wharton R H. Toxicity of Piperonyl butoxide to Boophilus microplus [J]. Nature (London), 1974,249：386-387
[86] Nolan J, Roulston WI.Wharton R H. Resistance to synthrorids in DDT resistant strain of Boophilus microplus [J]. Pestic Sic, 1977,82：1-3
[87] Nolan J.Roulston W J.Schnietzerling H J.The potential of some synthetic pyrethiods for control of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus)[J]. Aust Vet J, 1979, 55：463-466
[88] Bulman GM, Aguiar M, Diaz CR, Brunel em, et al. Emulation de la ceion garrapaticida de un neuron piretroide sintetico totoestable en un rodeo de zone infested de Boophilus microplus can, et al. area subtropical de la Republican Argentina [J]. Gac Vet Buenos Aercs, 1980,42：338-351
[89] Stubbs V K, Wilshire C, Webber L G. Cyhalothrin novel acaricide and insecticide Synthetic Pyrethroid for the control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) and the Buffalo fly (Hamatobia irritants exiguity)[J]. Aust Vet J, 1982, 59：152-155
[90] Lombardero OJ, Morena RA.Racciopi O.Evaluation de la ivermectina Como garrapaticida en bovines a campo de la province de lorrients [J]. Res Med Vet Buenos Aires, 1984,（1）：46-50
[91] Bulmar G M, Schmied L M, Alosis G E, et al. Resultados de la accion garrapaticida del closantel resolution 5% inject able ante la garrapata comun del vacuum Boophilus microplus can, er borinos de la zone subtropical Argentina, conformer a dos esquemas dis tintos de treatments [J]. Gac. Vet, Buenos Aires, 1981：43-359
[92] Lombarero O J, Gciani C A. Efecto del closantel injectable 5% sobre la oviposiceon yla eclosion de hueros de Boophilus microplus en borinos naturalmente infestdos[C]. 3rd Conger Argent Client Cienc Vet, Simp Saber Closantel, 1980.
[98] Josson N.N.Matschoss, A.L. Attitudes and Practices of Queensland Dairy farmers to the control of the cattle tick (Boophilus Micropluas)[J]. Aus Vet J, 1998, 76：746-751
[99] Kaaga, G.P.Non-chemical agents and factors capable of regulating tick populations in nature： a Mini-revelations [J]. Sci.Appl.1992, 13：587-594
[100] Wharton, R.H.&R L.W.J.Roulston Resistance of ticks to chemicals Anna [J]. ResEntomol, 1970,15：281-404
[101] Samish, M & J.Rehacek.Pathogens and predators of tick and their Potential in biological control Ann [J]. Res.Entomol, 1999,44：159-182
[102] Michael Samish. Biocontrol of ticks (Eds James A.House Katherine M.Kocan E, PAUL.J.GIBBS)[J]. Annals of the new academy of sciences, 2000,（12）：172-178
[103] Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon, Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior, Aoi Masada et al. In vitro assement of Metharhiziam anisopliae isolates to control the cattle tick Boophilus, Microplus [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000,94：117-125
[104] Monteiro, S.G.Bittencourt, VRE.P.Daema, E.Faccine, J.L.H.Efeito dos fungus
entomopato genicos Metarbizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana em ovis de Rhipicephalus sanguineous (Acari：Ixodidae)[J]. Cien CIA Raral 1998b, 28：461-466
[105] Thompson, K, C.et al. Anti-tick grasses as the basis for developing Practical Tropical tick control Package.Trop [J]. Anim.Helth.Prod, 1978,（10）：179-182
[106] Wharton R H, Norris K R. control of Parasitic Parasitic arthropods [J]. Vet Parasite, 1980,（6）：135-164
[107] Guisasola A A. Efecto de la radiation con rays gamma sobre desioves de Boophilus microplus lahille [J]. Rev Med Vet Buenos Aires, 1969.50. (6)： 475-586
[108] Cobon.G.S.An anti-arthropod Vaccine： Tick GARD-a vaccine to Prevent cattle tick infestations, In： Levine.M.M.Woodrow.G.C.Kaper.J.B.Cobon.G.S (Eds)[J]. New Generation Vaccine, 2nd.ed.Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997：1145-1151
[109] Rodriguez, M, Penichee M.L, Mouris, A.E, et al. Control of Boophilus microplus Populations in grazing cattle vaccinated with a recombinant BM86 antigen Preparation [J]. Vet.Parasitol, 1995a, 57：339-349
[110] Rodriguez M, Rubiera R, Penichet M et al Herrera L and de la Fuentes J.High Level expression of the Boophilas Microplus BM86 antigen in the yeast P.Pastoris forming highly immune genie Particles for cattle [J]. J.Biotechnol, 1994,35：135-146
[111] Willadsen P, Bird.P E, Cobon G S, Hargerford J.Commerciali Zation of a recombinant Vaccine against Boophilus microplus [J]. Parasitology, 1995, 110：43-50
[112] Garcia-Garcia, J.C.Montero, C, Redon do et al. Control of ticks resistant to immunization with BM86 In cattle vaccinated with the recombination antigen BM95 isolated from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus [J]. Vaccine, 2000,18,2275-2287
[113] Luis F, Vanegas, Sars.A.Parra et al. Comnercialization of the recombinant, Vaccine Grave TM against Boophilus microplus in Colombia loses de ca Fuentes [M]. Monogram PH.Recombinant Vaccines for the control of cattle tick, 1995
[114] N.N.Johnson, A.L.Matschoss, P, Pepper, PE, Green et al Evaluation of TickGARDPlus a novel vaccine against Boophilus microplus, in lactating Holstein-Frieslan.cows [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 88：275-285
[118] Sabatina G A， Kemp D H， Hughes S. Test to determine LC50 and discriminating dose for macrocycline lactones aginst the cattle tick Boophilius microplus [J].Veterinary Parasitology, 2001，95：53-62.
[2] 孔繁瑶.家畜寄生虫学[M].北京：农业出版社,1981
[3] 孔繁瑶.家畜寄生虫学(第二版) [M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1997
[4] 李树荣,陈刚,杜文昌等.生物灭虫剂对牛体微小牛蜱的杀灭效果观察[J].黄牛杂志,1997,23,（3）：72
[5] 陈德明,何锡池,刘发生等主编.四川省甘孜藏族自治州畜禽重大疫病调查及区划[C].1986
[6] 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所编全国家畜寄生虫防治训练班讲义（下期刊）[C].1980
[9] 邓国藩,姜在阶.中国经济昆虫志(第三十九册).蜱螨亚纲.硬蜱科[M].北京科学出版社1991
[21] 陈天铎,赵子珊,黄渌漪.福建省微小牛蜱的生物特性[J].福建农学学报,1989，14（8）：548-552
[22] 甘肃省牛羊蜱传染性血液原虫的生物学特性及药物防治研究报告（1989-1991）[R].甘肃自然科学基金项目（ZR-90-57）,甘肃,1991
[23] 程天印,黄彬.微小牛蜱产卵习性的观察[J].信阳师范学院学报（自然科学版）,1992,5（2）：208-210
[24] 全国家畜寄生虫病研究工作第一次会议[C].资料汇编（内部资料）上册,1980
[25] 云南畜禽疫病志（第四册）[M].云南重要兽医学动物概况与名录（初稿）,1990
[26] 廖国厚,赖初麟.广西的硬蜱调查研究初报[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1995,6（4）：14-16
[27] 白音查汗.硬蜱生物学特性及传染病[J].草食家畜,1998,9（3）：39-42
[31] 李德昌,陈启军.中国梨形虫病及其媒介一蜱的研究概况[J].中国兽医学报,1994,14（2）：202-206
[32] 杨蓝萍,张天寿,袁晓平等.从云南蝙蝠及牛蜱中分离两株森林脑炎病毒[J].中国人兽病杂志,1993,9（1）：22-23
[38] 孙家刚、何开富.双甲脒驱杀微小牛蜱的试验,畜牧兽医杂志[J].1993,（3）：16-17
[39] 赵子珊,福建微小牛蜱的研究[D],硕士研究生学位论文,1998
[40] 韩文俊,微小牛蜱的生物学特性[J].畜牧与兽医,1990,（2）：52
[45] 王光雷,李永清,努尔等.家畜蜱病的防治研究现状[J].草食家畜,1998,3（1）：44-46
[46] 刘爱红,建立于18srRNA基因测序基础上的羊巴贝斯虫分子分类学研究[D].肃农业大学硕士学位论文
[93] 周婉丽、蒋学良、王光富等.国产双甲脒防治黄牛微小牛蜱的研究[C].中国畜牧兽医学会寄生虫学分会,第三次学术讨论会论文集,广州,1992
[94] 贵州省畜牧兽医研究所.蝇毒磷杀灭微小牛蜱的试验[C].全国家畜寄生虫病科研工作第二次会议,论文摘要集,1980
[95] 宁长申.拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在兽医上的应用[J].河南农业科学,1989,（11）：27-29
[96] 陈天铎,关育芳.溴氰菊酯对微小牛蜱的毒力测定和杀灭试验[J].福建农业大学学报,1994,23（2）：207-212
[97] 王修文、谢继石等.贵州防治微小牛蜱工作进展[J].贵州畜牧兽医,1995,19,（1）：16-19
[115] 李大伟.烟碱对硬蜱的杀灭效力试验[J].中国兽医科技,2002,32,（4）：30-31
[116] 史志勇,张继军.百部碱对5种硬蜱的毒力研究[J].医学动物防制,2002,18（2）：89-90
[117] 章进宝,孙俊.避蚊胺对蜱驱避效果试验观察[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2001,12
（4）：315.
[119] 徐叔云，汴如廉等主编.药理试验方法学（第一版）[M].人民卫生出版社，北京：1985
[120] 杨树勤主编.中国医学百科全书.医学统计学（第一版）[M].上海科技出版社，上海：1985
[121] 姬志勤，师宝君，胡兆农等.新型植物源杀虫剂-苦皮藤素[J].精细与专用化学品，2000，18：29-30
[122] 张兴，赵善欢.植物性杀虫剂川楝素的开发研究[J]. 西北农业大学学报，1993，21（4）：1-5
[123] 杜莫娟.新杀菌剂Diclomerine[J].农药，1989，28（3）；41
[124] 张善明，姚伦广等.生物杀虫剂的研究进展与展望[J].荆州师范学院学报，2000，23（2）；100-104
[125] 程霞，张一宾.哒嗪酮类杀虫剂的研究概况[J].上海化工，2002，（5）：23-26
[126] 毕殿洲主编.药剂学（第四版）[M].人民卫生出版社，北京：2002
[127] 徐厚恩，张酰主编.卫生毒理学基础[M].北京医科大学与中国协和医科大学联合出版社，北京：1991
[128] 孙延鸣.碘化酪蛋白的合成与应用[D].西北农林科技大学硕士学位研究论文
[129] 湖南医学院卫生学教研组主编. 卫生毒理试验方法[M]. 人民卫生出版社，北京：1979
[130] 吴文君，刘惠霞，姬志勤等.植物杀虫剂0.2％苦皮藤乳油的研究与开发[J].农药，2000，40（3）：17-19
[131] 祁志军，吴文君，陈磊.0.2％苦皮藤乳油对鹌鹑的毒性测试[J].西北农业学报，2000，9（4）：75-77
[7] Lombardo R. Importancia Socio-economical del Problem de la garrapata en las Americas[J].Organizacion Pan Americana de la Sald.Puld Cient, 1976,316：86-97
[8] Translated by Harry Bailer, Constrains Michelsohn,Boophilus microplus The common cattle tick[J].Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, 1985：4
[10] Gonzalez, J.C. (Ed.). Controls do carrapato dos bovines [J]. Sulina, Porto Alleger, Brazil, 1975：104.
[11] Translated by Harry Bailey Constantan Michdsohn Boophilas Microplas： The common cattle tick [J]. Sprirger-verlag Berlin Heichelberg New York Tokyo, 1985.（1）：10-12
[12] John E.George, Eds James A. House Katherine M.Kocan E.Paul J.Gibbs.Present and future technologies for tick control [J]. Annals of the new academy of scienes.2000,（12）：583-588
[13] Marcelo B, Labrunna, C.laadia E.Kerber, Fernando Ferreira.et al. risk factors to tick infestation and their occurrence on horse in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2001,97：1-14
[14] D.H.Aguirre, A.E.Vinabal, A.O.Salatin, et al. Suceptibility to two pyrethroids in Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidae) Population of northwest Argentina Preliminary result [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 88： 329-334
[15] N.N.Jonsson, D.G, Mayer, A.L.Matsctoss. Production effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation of high yielding diary cows [J]. Veterinary parasitology, 1998, 78： 65-77
[16] Manuel penichet, Manuel rodriguel, or Lar does castellano.et al. Detection of BM86 antigen in different strains of Boophilus microplus and effectiveness of
immunization with recombinant BM86 [J]. Parasite Immunology, 1994,16：493-500
[17] F.Hernandez A, P.D.Teel.MS.Corson. Simulation of rotational grazing to evaluate integrated pest management strategies for Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidae) in Venezuela [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 92：139-149
[18] Ronald B, Darery, John E.Geroye, Daniel E.Snydol.Efficay of a single whole-body spray treatment of spinosad against Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidae) on cattle[J].Veterinary Parasitology, 2001 ,99： 41-52
[19] Agustin Estrada-Pena.Geostatistics and remote sensing using NOAA-AVHRR Satellite imagery as predictive tools in ticks distribution and habitant suitability estimations for Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidae)in South America[J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 1999,81： 73-82
[20] D.pettit, W.D.Smith, J.Richardson.et al. Localisation and characterization of ovine immuglobulin within the sheep scab mite, psorpte Ovis [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000,89： 231-239
[28] Horn, S.C, Arteche, C.C.P. Carrapato bernee bicheria no Brazil In querito, secretariade Defesa Sanitaria Animal do ministerio dea [J]. Agricultural Brazil, 1984：79
[29] Hernandez.F, Carrapatas (Acarina： Ixodoidea) del Ganado bovine controls utilizations et al. municipio.J.E.lossada Zulin, Venezuela[J]. Rev Fac, Cs.Vet.Univi, del. Znlia, Venezula, 1991：60
[30] Guglielmone A.A. The level of infestation with the vector of cattle babesiosis in Argentina [J]. Mem, Inst, Oswaldo Cnez, 1992,87(3)： 133-137
[33] Lobon, G.S.Willadsen, P.W. Naccinei to prevent cattle tick infestation In： Woodrow.G.C, Levine.M.M (Eds) New General Generation Vaccines [J]. Marcel Dekker, New York.Basel,1990：901-917
[34] Horn.S.Ectoparasites of animals and their impatton the economy of South America [M]. In： Proceedings of the 23rd world Veterinary Congress, Montreal，1987
[35] Roral, RAI, et al. The effect of the brown ear-tick Rhiphicephalus appendicalatus on the growth of Sanga and European breed cattle [J]. Vet. Parasitol, 1998,30：141-144
[36] Barrnet S, F Lucha. Control Las garrapatas del ganado, Estudios agropecuarios[C]. FAO, Pome, 1961, 54
[37] Standfast H A.Dyce (Attacks on Cattle by Mosquitoes and biting mites[J]. Aust.Vet.J.，1968,44： 585-586
[41] Spare S W. The life history of Boohiplus australis (Fuller Indian)[J]. J.Vet.Sci, 1940,10： 346-353
[42] Legg J.Some observations on the life history of the cattle tick Boophilus australis [J]. ProcR Soc, Queens, 1936，41：121-132
[43] Alvarado Ru, Gonzalez J.A Postural e a viabilidala do Boophilas microplus (Canestrini 1887)(Acarina：Ixodidae) en conditions de laboratorio [J]. Rev Lationoam Microbial, 1979,21,31-36
[44] Lahille, F Aelas. De La garraputa transistor de la tristeza Boll Minist Agric [J]. Tomo ⅩⅫ, 1917，（2）：243
[47] Nolan J.Bird P, Schnitzerliny H J. Evaluation of the potential of synthetic
pyrethriods release chemical treatments for control of the cattle tick Boophilus microphilus microplus [J]. using ivemectin, August, Vet J, 1981,57：493-497
[48] Cardozo H, Situacion. De resistance del Boophilus microplus en Urnguay.Medidas para controllable Mem, Ⅲ. Sem. Anim.Resistenciay control en garrapatasy moscas de important Veterinarian Acapulco Mexico [J]. Int.Parasitol. 1995, （10）：30-38
[49] Ortiz Estrada M Cara Cterizacion de la Resistencia de Boophilus an ixodicidas en Mexico Men Ⅲ. Sem. Anim Resistance controlled garrapatasy Moscas de importance Veterinarian, Acapulco. Mexico [J]. Int, Parasitol, 1995, 99（10）： 58-66
[50] Caracostantogolo, J.Munoz lobenaz, M.E.Eddi.C, Ambrustolo, R, R, Bulman, G.M.Maranganich, L.. Primera determination en la republican Argentina de una oblation de Boophilus microplus (can) resistant al piretroide sitetico alfacipermetrina characterized Mediate Pruebas Preliminaries [J], Vet.Arg. 1996, 13： 575-582
[51] Martins.J.R. Resistencia a carrapaticidas no estado do Rio Grande does Sul： Relato de situacao [J]. Veterinarian (Montevideo) 1996,32：12-14
[52] D.H.Aguirre, A E Vinabal, A D. Sulatior et al. Susceptibility to two pyrethriods in Boophilus microplus (Acari：Ixodidac Populations of northwest Argentina Preliminary result [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000,88：329-334
[53] Thompson, G.D.Busacca.J.D.Jantz, O.K.Kivst, H.A.Larson, L.L.Sparks.T.C. Spinosyns： an overview of new natural insect Management Systems, In： Richter, D.A.Armour.J, (Eds), Proceedings of the 1995 Belt wide cotton Conf .4-7 January 1995[J]. Natl Cotton Council Memphis, T.N., 1995b,（1）：1039-1043
[54] N.N.Jonsson, D.G.Mayer, P.E.Green. Possible risk factors on Queensland dairy farms for acaricide resistances in cattle tick (Boophilus microplus)[J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 88：79-82
[55] Synge B A, Bates, P G, Clark, A.M.Stephen, F.B.Apparent resistant of psorppets ovis to flumethrin [J]. Vet.Record, 1995, 37：51
[56] Clark, A.M.Stephen, P.B.Crawley, G.D.Belworthy, S.J.Groves, B.A.Resistance of the sheep scab mite psorpets Ovis to propetamphos [J]. Vet, Record, 1996,139：451
[57] R.B.Davey, P H D and E.H.Ahrens.M S. Control of Boophilus ticks on heifers with two pyrethroids applied as sprays [J]. Am.J Vet Res, 1984,45(5)：1008-101
[58] Wharton, R.H.and Roulston, W.J. (1977)-In Work shop on Hemoparasite (Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis), March, 1975,Cenro International de Agriculture[J]. Tropical CIAT, 1977, （12）：73
[59] Roulston WJ, Wilson J TChemical control of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus Can[J]. Bull Entomol Res, 1965, 55(4)： 617-635
[60] Legg J. A further note on the control of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus by using larva of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus [J]. Aust.Vet J., 1953,49： 205-206
[61] Barnett S F. The Control of ticks on livestock [M], FAO.Agric Stud, 1961：54
[62] Stone B F.Mayers R A J.Dieldrin-resistant cattle ticks Boophius Microplus can in Qeensland [J]. Aust J Agric Res, 1957,（8）： 312-317
[63] Ault C N. Empleo del canfeno Colorado (Toxafeno) contra la garrapata Boophilus microplus can[C]. Gac.Vet ⅩⅡ. Buenos Aires, 1950,67：208-213
[64] Fiedler O G H, Vuuren P J J. Bromophos-ethyl new compound for the control of ticks on livestock [J]. J.S.Afr.Vet.Med, Asso, 1966,37(4)： 432-438
[65] Loomis EC, Nooderhaen D, Roulston W J.Control of the southern cattle tick by pour-on animal systemic insecticides [J]. J.Econ Entoml, 1972,65(6)： 1638-1641
[66] Boero J J.Terapeutica antiparasitaria [J], Ed.Univ Buenos Aires, 1969：69-87
[67] Graham OH, Drummond R O. Laboratory screening of insecticides of the prevention reproduction of Boophilus tick [J]. J Econ Entomol, 1964,57(3)： 335-339
[68] Shaw R D.Barker J A F. The in vitro activity of Supon against ticks [J]. Vet Res, 1966,25：867-870
[69] Wade L L The efficacy and stability of Dursban insecticide in dipping Vat for control of the southern cattle tick [J]. J.Econ.Entomol 1968,61(4)： 908-909
[70] Danilo Parra G.Effect comparati del Dursloany del Ausuntol [J]. Rev Inst colomlo Agropecu, 1969,（2）：73-80
[71] Fiedler O G H, Veldman F J.Asuntol a new insecticide compound capable of controlling all South Africa Cattle ticks [J]. J S Afr Vet Med Mssoc,1957, 28(3) 249-253
[72] Drummond R O, Graham O H, Maloney W P.Diamaat G. Field test in Mexico With new insecticide and arsenal for the control of Boophilus ticks on cattle [J]. J E Con Entomol, 1964, 57(3)： 340-360
[73] Legg J A. Test of two Organic Phosphorus compounds, diazion and Malathion, in the control of cattle tick in Queensland [J]. Aust Vet J., 1956,（3）： 55-60
[74] Pizarro I C, de cerineo J M, Bocalandro A G, Grimaux C A.Los garrapaticidas fosforados, investigation de su activated fronted al Boophilus microplus [J]. Rev, Med, Vet, Baenos Aires, 1963, 44(1)： 13-23
[75] Drummond R O.Ernst S E, Trevino J C, Graham O H.Insetides for control of the cattle tick and southern cattle tick on cattle [J], J, Econ Entomol, 1967,61(2)： 467-469
[76] Palmer W A. Acaricida bioassay for cattle tick (Boophilus microplus)[J]. Nsw Dep Agric Tech Bull, 1976a,（9）：1-11
[77] Cooper F A. Delnar (2,3-P-Dioxane-S-bisc, O, O, diethyl dithiophosphate) as an ixodicide [J]. Vet Res, 1962,（4）：103-113
[78] Cerineo J M, Bocalandro A G.Pizarro I Nuestros Puntos de vistn a las consideracinoes formulates on trabajo sobre los“Garrapaticidas Organofos forados”[J].Gacret Buenos, Aires,1963, 160：466-447
[79] Rouslton W J, stone F G, Willson JT, White L I. Chemical control of an organophosphorus and carbamate resistant strain of Boophilus microplus can from Queensland [J]. Bull Entomol Res, 1986b, 58：379-392
[80] Amaral N K, Mon Mary L F S, Carvalho L A F. Acaricicde A.C 84633：Fint trials for control Boophilus microplus [J]. J.Econ, Entomol, 1974,67(3)：387-389
[81] Betancourt A E, Parra D, Angel C A. Evaluation de la efectividad del acaricida Nimidane en el control de Boophilus microplus [J]. Bogota Colombia, 1978,2：357-361
[82] Palmer WA, Mclarthy JF, Kozik A. A new chemical group of cattle acaricides[C]. Proc 3rd Int Corgr Acarol, 1971,（2）：687-691
[83] Schuntner CA, Thompson P G.Toxicology and Metabolism of Chlormethiuron in Boophilus microplus Larvae [J]. Pestic Sic, 1979,（10）：519-526
[84] Larkin PJ. Control of Blue tick (Boophilus deeloratess) on cattle with pyrethrum sprays [J]. Vet Res, 1961,73：298-300
[85] Schuntner C A, Roulston W J, Wharton R H. Toxicity of Piperonyl butoxide to Boophilus microplus [J]. Nature (London), 1974,249：386-387
[86] Nolan J, Roulston WI.Wharton R H. Resistance to synthrorids in DDT resistant strain of Boophilus microplus [J]. Pestic Sic, 1977,82：1-3
[87] Nolan J.Roulston W J.Schnietzerling H J.The potential of some synthetic pyrethiods for control of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus)[J]. Aust Vet J, 1979, 55：463-466
[88] Bulman GM, Aguiar M, Diaz CR, Brunel em, et al. Emulation de la ceion garrapaticida de un neuron piretroide sintetico totoestable en un rodeo de zone infested de Boophilus microplus can, et al. area subtropical de la Republican Argentina [J]. Gac Vet Buenos Aercs, 1980,42：338-351
[89] Stubbs V K, Wilshire C, Webber L G. Cyhalothrin novel acaricide and insecticide Synthetic Pyrethroid for the control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) and the Buffalo fly (Hamatobia irritants exiguity)[J]. Aust Vet J, 1982, 59：152-155
[90] Lombardero OJ, Morena RA.Racciopi O.Evaluation de la ivermectina Como garrapaticida en bovines a campo de la province de lorrients [J]. Res Med Vet Buenos Aires, 1984,（1）：46-50
[91] Bulmar G M, Schmied L M, Alosis G E, et al. Resultados de la accion garrapaticida del closantel resolution 5% inject able ante la garrapata comun del vacuum Boophilus microplus can, er borinos de la zone subtropical Argentina, conformer a dos esquemas dis tintos de treatments [J]. Gac. Vet, Buenos Aires, 1981：43-359
[92] Lombarero O J, Gciani C A. Efecto del closantel injectable 5% sobre la oviposiceon yla eclosion de hueros de Boophilus microplus en borinos naturalmente infestdos[C]. 3rd Conger Argent Client Cienc Vet, Simp Saber Closantel, 1980.
[98] Josson N.N.Matschoss, A.L. Attitudes and Practices of Queensland Dairy farmers to the control of the cattle tick (Boophilus Micropluas)[J]. Aus Vet J, 1998, 76：746-751
[99] Kaaga, G.P.Non-chemical agents and factors capable of regulating tick populations in nature： a Mini-revelations [J]. Sci.Appl.1992, 13：587-594
[100] Wharton, R.H.&R L.W.J.Roulston Resistance of ticks to chemicals Anna [J]. ResEntomol, 1970,15：281-404
[101] Samish, M & J.Rehacek.Pathogens and predators of tick and their Potential in biological control Ann [J]. Res.Entomol, 1999,44：159-182
[102] Michael Samish. Biocontrol of ticks (Eds James A.House Katherine M.Kocan E, PAUL.J.GIBBS)[J]. Annals of the new academy of sciences, 2000,（12）：172-178
[103] Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon, Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior, Aoi Masada et al. In vitro assement of Metharhiziam anisopliae isolates to control the cattle tick Boophilus, Microplus [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000,94：117-125
[104] Monteiro, S.G.Bittencourt, VRE.P.Daema, E.Faccine, J.L.H.Efeito dos fungus
entomopato genicos Metarbizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana em ovis de Rhipicephalus sanguineous (Acari：Ixodidae)[J]. Cien CIA Raral 1998b, 28：461-466
[105] Thompson, K, C.et al. Anti-tick grasses as the basis for developing Practical Tropical tick control Package.Trop [J]. Anim.Helth.Prod, 1978,（10）：179-182
[106] Wharton R H, Norris K R. control of Parasitic Parasitic arthropods [J]. Vet Parasite, 1980,（6）：135-164
[107] Guisasola A A. Efecto de la radiation con rays gamma sobre desioves de Boophilus microplus lahille [J]. Rev Med Vet Buenos Aires, 1969.50. (6)： 475-586
[108] Cobon.G.S.An anti-arthropod Vaccine： Tick GARD-a vaccine to Prevent cattle tick infestations, In： Levine.M.M.Woodrow.G.C.Kaper.J.B.Cobon.G.S (Eds)[J]. New Generation Vaccine, 2nd.ed.Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997：1145-1151
[109] Rodriguez, M, Penichee M.L, Mouris, A.E, et al. Control of Boophilus microplus Populations in grazing cattle vaccinated with a recombinant BM86 antigen Preparation [J]. Vet.Parasitol, 1995a, 57：339-349
[110] Rodriguez M, Rubiera R, Penichet M et al Herrera L and de la Fuentes J.High Level expression of the Boophilas Microplus BM86 antigen in the yeast P.Pastoris forming highly immune genie Particles for cattle [J]. J.Biotechnol, 1994,35：135-146
[111] Willadsen P, Bird.P E, Cobon G S, Hargerford J.Commerciali Zation of a recombinant Vaccine against Boophilus microplus [J]. Parasitology, 1995, 110：43-50
[112] Garcia-Garcia, J.C.Montero, C, Redon do et al. Control of ticks resistant to immunization with BM86 In cattle vaccinated with the recombination antigen BM95 isolated from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus [J]. Vaccine, 2000,18,2275-2287
[113] Luis F, Vanegas, Sars.A.Parra et al. Comnercialization of the recombinant, Vaccine Grave TM against Boophilus microplus in Colombia loses de ca Fuentes [M]. Monogram PH.Recombinant Vaccines for the control of cattle tick, 1995
[114] N.N.Johnson, A.L.Matschoss, P, Pepper, PE, Green et al Evaluation of TickGARDPlus a novel vaccine against Boophilus microplus, in lactating Holstein-Frieslan.cows [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 88：275-285
[118] Sabatina G A， Kemp D H， Hughes S. Test to determine LC50 and discriminating dose for macrocycline lactones aginst the cattle tick Boophilius microplus [J].Veterinary Parasitology, 2001，95：53-62.