中药化学成分在炮制、配伍和提取过程中的化学变化及其转运机制的研究
摘要
本文对中药有效成分在炮制、配伍和提取过程中的化学变化及其转运机制进行了研究。将微波辅助提取法(MAE)应用于中药刺五加的研究,优化提取总黄酮和总皂苷的实验条件;将三种微波提取方法(高压密封、常压回流和常压流动微波提取法)与索氏提取法相比较,结果表明微波提取法提取时间短,提取产率显著提高。
对刺五加叶提取液进行了HPLC-DAD-MSn分析,建立了测定刺五加提取液中金丝桃苷、芦丁、槲皮苷和槲皮素的HPLC 法,并进行了方法学考察。利用HPLC 法分析了刺五加中黄酮类化合物在提取过程中的化学变化。比较微波辅助提取法和索氏提取法,结果表明,利用微波辅助提取法可以得到更多的化学组分和更高提取产率。首次从刺五加叶中提取分离出绿原酸。
对淫羊藿中有效成分的提取方法进行了研究,考察了提取条件对朝鲜淫羊藿中总黄酮和淫羊藿苷提取率及其两者比值的影响,并将高压微波辅助提取(PMAE)与常压微波辅助提取(AMAE)、超声提取(UE)和传统加热回流提取(RE)进行了对比研究. PMAE提取时间最短,提取产率最高;AMAE 虽然提取产率没有明显提高,但提取时间大大缩短;UE 虽然也缩短的提取时间,但提取产率却明显降低。
利用HPLC-DAD-MSn 分离测定了淫羊藿中主要的四种黄酮类化合物,并研究了淫羊藿中化学成分在提取过程中的化学变化,考查了提取压力和提取时间对化学成分的影响规律,发现了在一定的提取压力下或超过一定的提取时间后,朝藿苷C 分解为淫羊藿苷。
研究了在水煎过程中生附子中生物碱含量的变化,结果表明微波加热和水浴加热均能够使附子中的双酯型生物碱降解,转化为单酯型生物碱。微波加热降解的速度较快。利用正交实验,优化了草乌的炮制方法;测定了各种附子的炮制品和制草乌中生物碱的含量表明,各种附子的炮
1. The extraction of effective constituents from Chinese medicine Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms
Flavonoid and saponin compounds from the leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms have been extracted by means of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique. The influence of some operation conditions, such as ethanol concentration in extraction solvent, microwave irradiation time and processing pressure, etc., on the extraction yield of those compounds has been studied. The highest extraction yield can be obtained when 50% ethanol is used as the extraction solvent for flavonoids, and it is 70% ethanol for saponins. When ethanol concentration is over 60%, the selection of saponins is increased with the increase of ethanol concentration. When the process pressure is lower
than 700 kPa the yields of flavonoids and saponins are increased with the increase of pressure, then they are not change. The extraction time obtained the highest yields of saponins is shorter than the time obtained that of flavonoids. This means that saponins are easy to be decomposed. The ratio of saponins and flavonoids is decreased with the increase of extraction time.
Three microwave assisted extraction methods, pressurized microwave extraction (PMAE), atmospheric pressure reflux microwave extraction(AMAE) and flow microwave extraction(FMAE), of flavonoids and saponins from Traditional Chinese Medicine Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms were studied. The influence of extraction time of every method on the extraction yield of total flavonoid and total saponin were investigated. The experimental results indicated the complete extraction time of the pressurized microwave extraction is 10min, that of atmospheric pressure reflux microwave extraction is 14min and that of flow microwave extraction is 10min. 8 h is need to complete extraction by Soxlhet extraction method. Comparing with Soxhlet extraction, not only the microwave extraction take shorter time, but also the yields of flavonoids and saponins obtained by using microwave extaction methods are higher significantly.
2. Analysis of extract from Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms by HPLC-DAD-MSn
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of flavonoids from the extract of leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms was developed. The determination was performed using HPLC-diode array detection (DAD) and a Zorbax ODS C18 column. The four flavonoids (hyperin, rutin, quercitrin and quercetin) were separated by methanol-water (0.5%HAC) gradient elution and monitored at 254 nm. The detector response is linear from 0.02 to 20μg of hyperin ( y= 4121.57x + 33.97, R = 0.99951 )
and rutin (y=2985.00x-16.18 R=0.99963), 0.01 to 20μg 0f quercitrin (y=4649.12x+15.52 R= 0.99868) and quercetin (y=5702.63x-30.62 R=0.99807). The recoverys of the four flavonoids are 96.1%, 98.6%, 105.1% and 101.7%, and RSD of determination for them are 1.97%, 2.44%, 1.47% and 2.80%, respectively. 50% ethanol is used as extraction solvent to extract the efective constituents in the leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms. The extract is separated on a resin chromatographic column and prepared on the semi-prepared HPLC. The target compound is obtained, which has been elucidated as chlorogenic acid.
3. The change of chemical constituents from the leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms in the process of extraction
The change of flavonoids in the process of extraction was investigated. The results show that flavonoids are easy changed at a high pressure for a long period of time, for example, rutin is decomposed into quercetin. The higher pressure is, the faster the rate of change is.
By the comparing of MAE and Soxhlet extraction methods, it is shown that more constituents and higher extraction yields could be obtained by means of MAE.
4. The extraction of effective constituents from Chinese medicine Epimedium Koreamum Nakai
The total flavonoids and icariin in Epimedium Koreamum Nakai have been extracted by atmospheric pressure microwave-assisted extraction (AMAE), pressurized microwave-assisted extraction (PMAE), ultrasonic extraction (UE) and RE (RE). The influence of extraction parameters on the extraction yields of epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C and icariin has been evaluated. The experimental results demonstrate that the advantage of PMAE and AMAE over conventional RE is validated, in which the extraction time is
dramatically reduced and the yields of flavonoids are effective improved. Although the UE method can be carried out within a short time, the extraction yields of flavonoids are lower compared with other extraction methods.
5. The analyses of extract from Epimedium Koreamum Nakai by HPLC-DAD-MSn
The extracts from Epimedium Koreamum Nakai have analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, as a result, the four flavonoids in the extracts have been identified as epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C and icariin. 6. The change of chemical constituents of extract from Epimedium Koreamum Nakai in the process of extraction
The change of flavonoids in the process of extraction is investigated. The results show that epimedin C are easy changed into icariin at a high pressure for long period of time.
7. The change of chemical constituents of Aconite roots and Aconitum kusnezoffii during processing
Diester-type aconitum alkaloids in Aconite roots are decomposed by means of boiling and microwave heating. The decomposition speed during microwave heating is faster than that during boiling.
The processing condition of Aconitum kusnezoffii is optimized by using orthogonal test. For mesaconitine, the optimal conditions of processing is that dip time, decoction time, dry time and the temperature are 9 h, 10 h, 18 h and 80℃respectively. For hypaconitine, the optimal conditions of processing are that dip time, decoction time, dry time and the temperature are 9 h, 8 h, 18 h and 80℃respectively.
The contents of Diester-type aconitum alkaloids in different processed Aconite roots are determined by HPLC, and the experimental results show that these constituents in different processed Aconite roots are different.
对刺五加叶提取液进行了HPLC-DAD-MSn分析,建立了测定刺五加提取液中金丝桃苷、芦丁、槲皮苷和槲皮素的HPLC 法,并进行了方法学考察。利用HPLC 法分析了刺五加中黄酮类化合物在提取过程中的化学变化。比较微波辅助提取法和索氏提取法,结果表明,利用微波辅助提取法可以得到更多的化学组分和更高提取产率。首次从刺五加叶中提取分离出绿原酸。
对淫羊藿中有效成分的提取方法进行了研究,考察了提取条件对朝鲜淫羊藿中总黄酮和淫羊藿苷提取率及其两者比值的影响,并将高压微波辅助提取(PMAE)与常压微波辅助提取(AMAE)、超声提取(UE)和传统加热回流提取(RE)进行了对比研究. PMAE提取时间最短,提取产率最高;AMAE 虽然提取产率没有明显提高,但提取时间大大缩短;UE 虽然也缩短的提取时间,但提取产率却明显降低。
利用HPLC-DAD-MSn 分离测定了淫羊藿中主要的四种黄酮类化合物,并研究了淫羊藿中化学成分在提取过程中的化学变化,考查了提取压力和提取时间对化学成分的影响规律,发现了在一定的提取压力下或超过一定的提取时间后,朝藿苷C 分解为淫羊藿苷。
研究了在水煎过程中生附子中生物碱含量的变化,结果表明微波加热和水浴加热均能够使附子中的双酯型生物碱降解,转化为单酯型生物碱。微波加热降解的速度较快。利用正交实验,优化了草乌的炮制方法;测定了各种附子的炮制品和制草乌中生物碱的含量表明,各种附子的炮
1. The extraction of effective constituents from Chinese medicine Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms
Flavonoid and saponin compounds from the leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms have been extracted by means of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique. The influence of some operation conditions, such as ethanol concentration in extraction solvent, microwave irradiation time and processing pressure, etc., on the extraction yield of those compounds has been studied. The highest extraction yield can be obtained when 50% ethanol is used as the extraction solvent for flavonoids, and it is 70% ethanol for saponins. When ethanol concentration is over 60%, the selection of saponins is increased with the increase of ethanol concentration. When the process pressure is lower
than 700 kPa the yields of flavonoids and saponins are increased with the increase of pressure, then they are not change. The extraction time obtained the highest yields of saponins is shorter than the time obtained that of flavonoids. This means that saponins are easy to be decomposed. The ratio of saponins and flavonoids is decreased with the increase of extraction time.
Three microwave assisted extraction methods, pressurized microwave extraction (PMAE), atmospheric pressure reflux microwave extraction(AMAE) and flow microwave extraction(FMAE), of flavonoids and saponins from Traditional Chinese Medicine Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms were studied. The influence of extraction time of every method on the extraction yield of total flavonoid and total saponin were investigated. The experimental results indicated the complete extraction time of the pressurized microwave extraction is 10min, that of atmospheric pressure reflux microwave extraction is 14min and that of flow microwave extraction is 10min. 8 h is need to complete extraction by Soxlhet extraction method. Comparing with Soxhlet extraction, not only the microwave extraction take shorter time, but also the yields of flavonoids and saponins obtained by using microwave extaction methods are higher significantly.
2. Analysis of extract from Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms by HPLC-DAD-MSn
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of flavonoids from the extract of leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms was developed. The determination was performed using HPLC-diode array detection (DAD) and a Zorbax ODS C18 column. The four flavonoids (hyperin, rutin, quercitrin and quercetin) were separated by methanol-water (0.5%HAC) gradient elution and monitored at 254 nm. The detector response is linear from 0.02 to 20μg of hyperin ( y= 4121.57x + 33.97, R = 0.99951 )
and rutin (y=2985.00x-16.18 R=0.99963), 0.01 to 20μg 0f quercitrin (y=4649.12x+15.52 R= 0.99868) and quercetin (y=5702.63x-30.62 R=0.99807). The recoverys of the four flavonoids are 96.1%, 98.6%, 105.1% and 101.7%, and RSD of determination for them are 1.97%, 2.44%, 1.47% and 2.80%, respectively. 50% ethanol is used as extraction solvent to extract the efective constituents in the leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms. The extract is separated on a resin chromatographic column and prepared on the semi-prepared HPLC. The target compound is obtained, which has been elucidated as chlorogenic acid.
3. The change of chemical constituents from the leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms in the process of extraction
The change of flavonoids in the process of extraction was investigated. The results show that flavonoids are easy changed at a high pressure for a long period of time, for example, rutin is decomposed into quercetin. The higher pressure is, the faster the rate of change is.
By the comparing of MAE and Soxhlet extraction methods, it is shown that more constituents and higher extraction yields could be obtained by means of MAE.
4. The extraction of effective constituents from Chinese medicine Epimedium Koreamum Nakai
The total flavonoids and icariin in Epimedium Koreamum Nakai have been extracted by atmospheric pressure microwave-assisted extraction (AMAE), pressurized microwave-assisted extraction (PMAE), ultrasonic extraction (UE) and RE (RE). The influence of extraction parameters on the extraction yields of epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C and icariin has been evaluated. The experimental results demonstrate that the advantage of PMAE and AMAE over conventional RE is validated, in which the extraction time is
dramatically reduced and the yields of flavonoids are effective improved. Although the UE method can be carried out within a short time, the extraction yields of flavonoids are lower compared with other extraction methods.
5. The analyses of extract from Epimedium Koreamum Nakai by HPLC-DAD-MSn
The extracts from Epimedium Koreamum Nakai have analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, as a result, the four flavonoids in the extracts have been identified as epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C and icariin. 6. The change of chemical constituents of extract from Epimedium Koreamum Nakai in the process of extraction
The change of flavonoids in the process of extraction is investigated. The results show that epimedin C are easy changed into icariin at a high pressure for long period of time.
7. The change of chemical constituents of Aconite roots and Aconitum kusnezoffii during processing
Diester-type aconitum alkaloids in Aconite roots are decomposed by means of boiling and microwave heating. The decomposition speed during microwave heating is faster than that during boiling.
The processing condition of Aconitum kusnezoffii is optimized by using orthogonal test. For mesaconitine, the optimal conditions of processing is that dip time, decoction time, dry time and the temperature are 9 h, 10 h, 18 h and 80℃respectively. For hypaconitine, the optimal conditions of processing are that dip time, decoction time, dry time and the temperature are 9 h, 8 h, 18 h and 80℃respectively.
The contents of Diester-type aconitum alkaloids in different processed Aconite roots are determined by HPLC, and the experimental results show that these constituents in different processed Aconite roots are different.
引文
1. 陈耀祖, 陈绍瑗. 中药现代化研究的化学法导论. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003, iii.
2. 肖培根, 肖小河. 21 世纪与中药现代化. 中国中药杂志, 2000, 25 (2): 67-70.
3. 肖崇厚, 杨松松, 洪筱坤, 万德光. 中药化学(第四版). 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2000, 265-274.
4. 吴寿金, 赵泰, 秦永琪. 现代中草药成分化学(第一版). 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2002, 324-330.
5. Smith H.. In Phytochrome, Mitrakosk, Shropshire W (eds). Academic Press: London,1972, 433.
6. Iwashina T.. The structure and distribution of the flavonoids in plants. J. Plant Res., 2000, 113: 287.
7. Di Carlo G., Mascolo N, Izzo A.A, Capasso F.. Flavonoids: old and new aspects of a class of natural therapeutic drugs. Life Sci., 1999, 65: 337.
8. Morand C., Crespy V., Manach C., Besson C., Demigne C., Remesy C.. Plasma metabolites of quercetin and their antioxident properties. Am. J. Physiol., 1998, 275: R212-R219.
9. Rice-Evans C.A., Miller N.J.. Antioxidant activities of flavonoids as bioactive components of food. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1996, 24: 790-795.
10. Pratt D.E.. Natural antioxidants from plant materia. ACS Symp. Ser. No. 507, 1992: 54-71.
11. Dixon T.A., Steele C.L.. Flavonoids and isoflavonoids-A gold mine for metabolic engineering. Trends plant Sci., 1999, 4: 394-400.
12. Nijveldt T.J., Van Nood E., Van Hoorn D.E.C., Boelens P.G., Van Norren K., Van Leeuwen P.A.M.. flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of actions and potential applications. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2001, 74: 418.
13. Cos P., Calomme M., Sindambiwe J.B., De Bruyne T., Cimanga K., Pieters L., Vlietinck A.J., Vanden Berghe D.. Cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation-inhibiting activity of flavonoids. Planta Med., 2001, 67: 515.
14. Van Acker S.A.B.E., Tromp M.N.J.L., Haenen G.R.M.M., Van der Vijgh W.J.F., Bast A.. Flavonoids as scavengers of nitric oxide radical. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, 214: 755.
15. Cos P., Ying L., Calomme M., Hu J.P., Cimanga K., Van Poel B., Pieters L., Vlietinck A.J., Vanden Berghe D.. Stucture-activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers. J. Nat. Prod., 1998, 61: 71.
16. Ferrali M., Signorini C., Caciotti B., Sugherini L., Ciccoli L., giachetti D., Comporti M.. Protection against oxidative damage of erythrocyte membrane by the flavonoid quercetin and its relation to iron chelating activity. FEBS Lett., 1997, 416: 123.
17. Knekt P., Jarvinen R., Reunanen A., Maatela J.. flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: A cohort study., Br. Med. J., 1996, 312: 478-481.
18. Le Marchand L.. Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids. Biomed. Pharmacother, 2002, 56: 296. 19. Commenges D., Scotet V., Renaud S., Jacqmin-Gadda H., Barberger-Gateau P., Dartigues J.F.. Intake of flavonoids and risk of dementia. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 2000, 16: 357.
20. Mojzisova G., Kuchta M.. Dietary flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease. Physiol. Res., 2001, 50: 529.
21. Hollman P.C.H.. Evidence for health benfits of plant phenols: local or systemic effects. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2001, 81: 842.
22. Bors W., Heller W., Michel C.. The chemistry of flavonoids. Flavonoids in Health and Disease, in : Rice-Evans, C.A., Packer, L., Eds., Marcel Dekker: New York, 1998: 111-136.
23. Hollman P.C.H., Katan M.B.. Absorption, metabolism and health effects of dietary flavonoids in man. Biomed. Pharmacother, 1997, 51: 305.
24. Day A.J., Williamson G.. Biomarkers for exposure to dietary flavonoids: a review of the current evidence for identification of quercetin glycoxides in plasma. Br. J. Nutr., 2001, 86: S105.
25. Nemeth K., Plumb G.W., Berrin J.G., Juge N., Jacob R., Naim H.Y., Williamson G., Swallow D.M., Kroon P.A.. Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell
β-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid
glycosides in humans. Eur. J. Nutr., 2003, 42: 29.
26. Wang C.C., Prasain J.K., Barnes S.. Review of the methods used in the determination of phytoestrogens. Journal of Chromatography B, 2002, 777: 3-28.
27. Zhang J., Satterfield M.B., Brodbelt J.S., Britz S.J., Clevidence B. and Novotnu J.A.. Structural characterization and detection of kale flavonoids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 2003, 75: 6401-6407.
28. 苗明三, 李振国. 现代中药质量控制技术. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2000: 999.
29. Petrovic S.D.,Loscher R., Gorunovic M.S., Merfort I.. Flavonoid and phenolic acid patterns in seven Hieracium species. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 1999,27:651-656.
30. Brolis M., Gabetta B., Fuzzati N., Pace R., Panzeri F. & Peterlongo F.. Identification by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–mass spectrometry and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography–UV absorbance detection of active constituents of Hypericum perforatum. J. Chromatogr. A, 1998, 825:9-16.
31. 梁勇, 宋艳平, 郭宝江, 姚骏华. 串连质谱在葛根黄酮类化合物分析中的应用.分析化学, 2005, 待发表.
32. 白玉, 郭明全, 宋风瑞, 刘志强, 刘淑莹. 苦参中黄酮类化合物的电喷雾质谱研究. 2004, 25(2): 284-288.
33. 肖崇厚. 中药化学. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1987: 379.
34. 姚新生. 天然药物化学(第二版). 北京人民卫生出版社, 1995: 360-362.
35. 曾陇梅. 海洋天然产物研究新进展. 有机化学, 1989, (9): 402-413.
36. 吴寿金, 张晓闻. 近年来皂苷药理活性的研究概况. 国外医药?植物药分册1994, 9(6): 246-252.
37. 李淑慧, 楚延, 李晓辉. 三七总皂苷抗炎作用机制的实验研究. 中草药, 2000, 30(9): 676-677.
38. Hasegawa H., Uchiyama M.. Antimetastatic efficacy of orally administered ginsenoside Rb1 in dependent on intestinal bacterial hydrolyzing potential and significance of treatment with an active bacterial metabolite. Planta. Med., 1998, 64: 696-700.
39. Oh M., Choi Y.H., Choi S.. Anti-proliferating effects of ginsenoside-Rh2 on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol., 1999, 14: 869-875.
40. 张有为, 窦德强, 陈英杰, 姚新生. 人参皂苷对人体骨肉瘤细胞U2OS 增殖的影响. 中草药, 2001, 32(3): 232-233.
41. 李向高. 西洋参的研究. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2001: 354.
42. 睢大员, 陈满秋, 于晓凤, 曲绍春, 吕忠智. 人参Rb 组皂苷对犬实验性心肌梗死的保护作用. 中草药, 2001, 32(2): 136-139.
43. 李萍, 何明, 黄起壬. 油茶皂苷对缺氧复氧所致大鼠心脏损伤的保护作用及其机制探讨. 中草药, 2000, 31(11): 841-844.
44. 王本祥. 人参的研究. 天津科学出版社, 1985.
45. 李文魁, 林新, 彭勇, 梁晓云, 杨显荣, 肖培根. 远志属药用植物皂苷类成分及其药理活性. 1998, 13(2): 60-64.
46. 高云芳, 陈超, 张海祥, 梁固城. 桔梗总皂苷对大鼠高脂血症的影响. 中草药, 2000, 31(10): 764-766.
47. 张华芳, 李士敏. 降血糖天然药物研究进展. 中草药, 2000, 31(增刊): 184-186.
48. 刘绣华, 陈伯森, 汪汉卿. 皂苷分离和结构鉴定研究进展. 化学研究, 1997, 8(3): 28-34.
49. Jarvis A.P., Morgan E.D., Eswards C.. Rapid separation of triterpenoids from neem seed extracts. Phytochem. Anal., 1999, 10: 39-43.
50. Johnson S., Morgan E.D.. Comparison of chromatographyic systems for triterpenoids from neem (azadirachta indica) seeds. J. Chromatogr., 1997, A761: 53-63.
51. Govindachari T.R., Sandhya G., GaneshRaj S.P.. A direct preparative high performance liqukd chromatography procedure for the isolation of major triterpenoids and their quantitative determination in neem oil. J. Liq. Chromatogr., 1995, 18: 3456-3471.
52. 刘绣化, 陈伯森, 王汗卿. 皂苷分离和结构鉴定研究进展. 化学研究, 1997, 8(3): 28-34.
53. 江英桥, 王强, 马世平, 党学东. HPLC-ELSD 及紫外分光光度计法测定三七中皂苷的含量. 中草药, 2000, 31(10): 737-739.
54. 徐文豪. 光谱分析在测定苷中糖结构时的应用. 药学学报, 1987, 22(11):869-880.
55. Toshiyuki Akiyama, Osamu Tanaka, Shoji Shibata. Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs XXX. Sapogenins of the roots of platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle (1). Isolation of the sapogenins and the stereochemistry of polygalacic acid. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1972, 20(9): 1945-1951.
56. Philip A.J. Gorin, Mytosk Mazurek. Further studies on the assignment of signals in 13C magnetic resonance spectra of aldoses and derived methyl Glycosides. Can. J. Chem., 1975, 53: 1212-1223.
57. Cui M., Sun W., Song F., Liu Z., Liu S.. Multi-stafe mass spectrometric studies of triterpenoid saponins in crude extracts from Acanthopanax senticosus Harms. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 1999,13: 873-879.
58. Bisset N.G.. Arrow poisons in China. Part II, Aconitum-Botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacology, 1981, 4: 247-336.
59. 祁明馥. 关于乌头附子炮制机理的另一种解释. 中药材, 1986, 6: 37-38.
60. Ameri A.. The effects of Aconitum alkaloids on the central nervous system. Neurobiol, 1998, 56(2): 211-235.
61. Yamanaka H., Doi A., Ishibashi H., Akaike N.. Aconitine facilitates spontaneous transmitter release at rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2002, 135(3): 816-822.
62. Ameri A., Gleitz J., Petera T.. Aconitine inhibits epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 1996, 354(1): 80-85.
63. Hikino H., Takata H., Fujiwara M., Konno C., Ohuchi. Mechanism of inhibitory action of mesaconitine in acute inflammations. Eur. J. Phrmacol., 1982, 82(1-2): 65-71.
64. Murayama M., Hikino H.J.. Stimulating actions on ribonucleic acid biosynthesis of aconitines, diterpenic alkaloids of Aconitum roots. Ethnopharmacol., 1984, 12(1): 25-33.
65. Ameri A.. Inhibition of stimulus-triggered and spontaneous epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices by the Aconitum alkaloid mesaconitine. Eur. J. Phrmacol., 1998, 342(2-3): 183-191.
66. Ameri A., Seitz U.. Effects of mesaconitine on [3H] noradrenaline uptake and excitablity in rat hippocampus. Exp. Brain Res., 1998, 121(4): 451-456.
67. Dominant constituent responsible for the neuromuscular blocking action of the Iapanese-sino medicine “bushi”(aconite root). Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 1988, 48(2): 290-293.
68. 唐希灿, 郭新, 冯洁. 单胺类递质对3-乙酰乌头碱镇痛作用的影响. 中国药理学报, 1988, 9(3): 216-220.
69. Wright S.N.. Irreversible block of human heart (hH1) sodium channels by the plant alkaloid lappaconitine. Mol. Pharmacol., 2001, 59(2): 183-192.
70. Ameri A., Simmet T.. Antagonism of the aconitine-induced inexcitability by the structurally related Aconitum alkaloids, lappaconitine and ajacine. Brain Research, 1999, 842: 332-341.
71. 刘铭佩. 高乌甲素对炎症性疼痛的镇痛作用. 中国药物与临床, 2003, 3(3): 244-245.
72. Guo X., Tang X.C.. Lappaconitine and N-deacetyllapaconitine potentiate footshock-induced analgesia in rats. Life Sci., 1991, 48(14): 1365-1370.
73. Ono M., Satoh T.. Pharmacological studies of lappaconitine: possible interaction with endogenous noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways to induce antinociception. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 1992, 58(3): 251-257.
74. Ameri A., Metzmeier P., Peters T.. Frequency-dependent inhibition of neuronal activity by lappaconitine in normal and epileptic hippocampal slices. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1996, 118(3): 577-584.
75. Heubach J. F., Schule A.. Cardiac effects of lappaconitine and N-deacetyllappaconitine, two diterpenoid alkaloids from plants of the Aconitum and Delphinium species. Planta Medica., 1998, 64: 22-26.
76. 张惠灵, 王翔毅, 杨玉梅, 刘和莉, 徐继辉. 冉乌头碱的镇痛作用及其对麻醉大鼠心电图的影响. 包头医学院学报, 2000, 16(4): 261-264.
77. Gutser U.T., Friese J., Heubach J.F., Matthiesen T., Selve N., Wiffert B., Gleitz J.. Mode of antinociceptive and toxic action of alkaloids of Aconitum species. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arcg. Phrmacol., 1998, 357(1): 39-48.
78. Seitz U., Ameri A.. Different effects on [3H] noradrenaline uptake of the aconitum alkaloids aconitine, 3-acetylaconitine, lappaconitine, and N-desacetyllappaconitine in rat hippocampus. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1998, 55(6): 883-888.
79. Dzhakhangirov F.N., Sultankhodzhaev M.N., Tashkhodzhaev B., Salimov B.T.. Diterpenoid alkaloids as a new class of antiarrhythmic agents. Structure-activity relationship. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 1997, 33(2): 190-202.
80. 李云霞, 孙照, 郭艳玲. 酸性染料比色法测定川乌、草乌中总乌头生物碱的含量. 中成药, 2000, 22(9): 662-663.
81. 成基. 草乌及其炮制品中毒性生物碱分离和测定. 中药通报, 1987, 12(2): 19.
82. 薛燕, 李农, 谢丽. 反相高效液相色谱法测定参附注射液及市售黑附片中乌头碱的含量. 中国药理学通报, 2001, 17(5): 585-586.
83. 聂晶, 张立群, 田颂九. HPLC 法分离测定乌头注射液中苯甲酰新乌头胺的含量. 中国药师, 2003, 6(1): 38-39.
84. 薛燕, 李农, 谢丽. 反相高效液相色谱法测定参附注射液及市售黑附片中乌头碱的含量. 中国药理学通报, 2001, 17(5): 585-586.
85. 丁长江, 孟勤, 李宏斌, 李斌和, 段明郁, 张宏桂. 中药制剂中乌头碱含量的测定及其临床应用. 中国医院药学杂志, 2003, 23(1): 16-17.
86. Hiniko H., Konno C.. Determination of aconitine alkalids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 1981, 211: 123-128.
87. 陈丽宇, 杜小英, 祖桂英. 海马补肾口服液中乌头碱的分析. 中草药, 2002, 33(2): 132-133.
88. 陈如进, 杨岗, 丁苒芳, 戴建平. 紫外分光光度法测定高乌甲素贴片含量. 中草药, 1992, 23(4): 187-188.
89. 刘万忠, 左阿玲. 全固态乌头碱电化学检测器的研制及其在流动注射分析中的应用. 药学学报, 1992, 27(4): 294-298.
90. 戴忠, 王清华, 于贞. GC 法测定风湿骨痛酒中酯型乌头碱的含量. 药物分析杂志, 1995, 15 (增刊):170-171.
91. 杨云, 王浴铭, 赵晓华. 附子中乌头生物碱定量方法的研究. 时珍国医国药, 1998, 9(4): 331-335.
92. 陈巧玲. 川乌、草乌、附子及其复方制剂中乌头类生物碱的含量测定研究概况. 华 西药学杂志, 1999, 14(2): 114-116.
93. 邓建平, 彭波, 杨华元. 川乌、附片中乌头类生物碱含量测定方法的比较研究. 华西药学杂志, 1992, 7 (4):234-235.
94. 张国红, 由会玲, 刘云肖. 乌头生物碱含量测定方法现况. 河北中医药学报, 2000, 15(1), 45-47.
95. 张守尧, 王桂芳, 肖爱根. 中药及中成药中乌头生物碱的测定方法进展. 中药材, 1994, 17(6): 46-48.
96. 李娅萍, 田颂九, 王国荣. 乌头类药物的化学成分及分析方法概况. 中国中药杂志, 2001, 26(10): 659-662.
97. 范瑞芳, 史雪岩, 顾峻岭, 邓玉林, 李桂玲, 傅若农. 毛细管区带电泳法用于中药高乌头的质量控制. 分析化学, 28(6): 720-722.
98. 孙爱民, 陈德华, 毕培曦. 高效毛细管电泳法测定中草药川乌、草乌中乌头碱的含量. 色谱, 1999, 17(1): 67-69.
99. Yang F., Ito Y.. Preparative separation of lappaconitine, ranaconitine, N-deacetyllapaconitine and N-deacetylranaconitine from crude alkaloids of sample Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A., 2002, 943(2): 219-225.
100. Yang F., Ito Y.. PH-Zone-refining counter-current chromatography of lappaconitine from Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai I. Separation of prepurified extract. J. Chromatogr. A., 2001, 923: 281-285.
101. Ito K., Ohyama Y., Hishinuma T., Mizugaki M. Determination of aconitum alkaloids in the tubers of Aconitum japonicum gas chromatography/selected ion monitering. Planta Medica, 1996, 62: 57-59.
102. Yoshioka N., Gonmori K., Tagashira A., Boonhooi O., Hayashi M., Saito Y., Mizugaki M. A case of aconitine poisoning with analysis of aconitine alkaloids by GC/SIM. Forensic Sci. Int. 1996, 81(2-3): 117-123.
103. Ito K., Ohyama Y., Konishi Y., Tanaka S., Mizugaki M.. Method for the simultaneous determination of aconitum alkaloids and their hydrolysis products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in human serum. Planta Medica, 1997, 63: 75-79.
104. Mizugaki M., Ito K., Ohyama Y., Konishi Y., Tanaka S., Kurasawa K.. Quantitative analysis of Aconitum alkaloids in the urine and serum of a male attempting suicide by
oral intake of aconite extract. J. Anal. Toxicology, 1998, 22(7-8): 336-340.
105. Ito K., Tanaka S., Konno S., Konishi Y., Miugaki M.. Report on the preparation of deuterium-labelled aconitine and mesaconitine and their application to the analysis of these alkaloids from body fluids as internal standard. J. chromatogr. B Biomed Sci. Appl., 1998, 714(2): 197-203.
106. Ohta H., Seto Y., Tsunoda N.. Determination of aconitum alkaloids in blood and urine samples. I. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation, solid-phase extraction and mass spectrometric confirmation. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed Sci. Appl., 1997, 691(2): 351-356.
107. Ohta H., Seto Y., Tsunoda N., Takahashi Y., Matsuura K., Ogasawara K. J.. Chromatogr. B.,1998, 714: 215-221.
108. Zhang H.G., Shi X.G., Sun Y., Duan M.Y, Zhong D. F..New metabolites of aconitine in rabbit urine. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2002, 13(8): 758-760.
109. Duan M.Y., Zhang H.G., Zhong D.F., Zhang H.Q. Determination of aconitine and it metabolites in animal experiment by LC/ESI-MSn. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2003, 12(1): 55-56.
110. Sun Y., Zhang H.G., Zhong D.F., Zhang H.Q.. Study on metabolites of aconitum alkaloids in human urine. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2003, 12(1): 54-55.
111. 徐任生, 陈仲良. 中草药有效成分提取与分离. 上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1989: 22.
112. Mason T.J.. Chemistry with ultrasound (Critical reports on applied chemistry :V28), London and New York , Elsevier science Publishers Ltd., 1990: 4.
113. 明纪堂. 医用物理学(第三版). 北京:人民卫生出版社,1999: 5.
114. 冯若. 超声手册. 南京:南京大学出版社, 1999: 90.
115. Vinatoru M.. An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001, 8: 303-313.
116. Specht W., Forrsch. 1952,94:157; Chem. Abstr., 1952,46: 6320b.
117. Schmall A..Chem. Abstr., 1954,47: 2932d.
118. Toma M., Vinatoru M., Paniwnyk L., Mason T.J.. Investigation of the effects of ultrasound on vegetal tissues during solvent extraction. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001 8(2): 137-42.
119. Valachovic P., Pechova A., Mason T.J.. Towards the industrial production of medicinal tincture by ultrasound assisted extraction. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001, 8(2): 111-117.
120. Paniwnyk L., Beaufoy E., Lorimer J.P., Mason T.J.. The extraction of rutin from flower buds of Sophora japonica. Ultrason. Sonochem., 200, 8(3): 299-301.
121. Wu J., Lin L., Chau F.T.. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins from ginseng roots and cultured ginseng cells. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001, 8(4): 347-352.
122. Shotipruk A., Kaufman P.B., Wang H.Y.. Feasibility study of repeated harvesting of menthol from biologically viable Mentha x piperata using ultrasonic extraction. Biotechnol. Prog., 2001, 17(5): 924-928.
123. Hromadkova Z., Ebringerova A., Valachovic P.. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from the roots of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). Ultrason. Sonochem., 2002, 9(1): 37-44.
124. Pappas C., Tarantilis P.A., Daliani I., Mavromoustakos T., Polissiou M.. Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted isolation procedures of cellulose from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus rodustrus Sm.). Ultrason. Sonochem., 2002, 9(1): 19-23.
125. Ebringerova A., Hromadkova Z.. Effect of ultrasound on the extractibility of corn bran hemicelluloses. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2002, 9(4): 225-229.
126. Smelcerovic A., Laatsch H., Lepojevic Z., Djordjevic S.. The separation of hypericine and pseudohypericine from Hypericum perforatum L. Pharmazie, 2002, 57(3): 178-80.
127. 郭孝武. 超声技术在中草药成分提取中的应用. 中草药, 1993, 24(10): 548.
128. 郭孝武, 张福成, 林书玉等. 超声提取对黄连素提出率的影响. 中国中药杂志, 1995, 20(11): 673.
129. 郭孝武. 超声提取黄芩苷成分的实验研究. 中国现代应用药学杂志. 1999, 16(3): 18.
130. Abu-Samra A., Morris J.S. and kOirtyohann S.R.. Werashing of some biological samples in microwave oven. Anal. chem., 1975, 47: 1475-1477.
131. Ganzler K., Salgo A. and Valko K.. Microwave extraction .A novel sample preparetion method for chromatography. J. chromatogr., 1986a, 371: 299-306.
132. 谢永荣, 腾莉丽, 余月荣. 微波法提取柑桔皮中天然色素. 赣南师范学院院报, 1994, 2: 34-37.
133. 高歧. 植物样品中单宁的微波溶出快速测定法研究. 分析测试学报, 1997, 16(3): 76-78.
134. Camel V.. Recent extraction techniques for solid matrices-supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction : their potential and pitfalls. Analyst, 2001, 126: 1182-1193.
135. Thuery J.. Microwaves and matter. In Microwaves: Industrial, Scientific and Medical Applications, Part 1, Grant EH (ed.). Artech House: London, 83-125.
136. Demesmay c and olle M. Utilisation des micro-ondes dansles laboratoiresd analyse. Spectra Analyse, 1993,175:27-32.
137. Barnabas I.J., Dean J.R., Fowlis I.A. and owen S.P.. Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from highly contaminated soils using microwave energy. Analyst, 1995, 120: 1897-1904.
138. Ganzler K., Szinaiz I. and Salgo A.. Effective sample preparetion method for extracting biologically active compounds from different matrixes by a microwave technique. J. chromatogr., 1990, 520: 257-262.
139. Sinquin A., Gorner T. and Dellacherie E.. Lutilisation des micro-ondesen chimie analytique, Analysis. 1993, 21: 1-10.
140. Renoe B.W.. Microwave assisted extraction. Am. Lab, 1994, 26: 34-40.
141. Pare J.R.J.. Microwave extraction of volatile oils and apparatus therefore. 1990, Patent no. 90250286.3(0 485 668 A1).
142. Pare J.R.J.. Microwave extraction natural products extraction. 1991, Patent no. 519, 588(5,002,784).
143. Chen S.S. and Spiro M.. Study of microwave extraction of essential oil constituents from plant materials. J. Microw Electromagn Energy, 1999, 29: 231-241.
144. Romele L. and Polesello S.. How to mininize the use of solwents. Lavoratorio 2000. 1997, 11: 102-110.
145. Pare J.R.J., Belanger J.M.R. and Stafford S.S.. Microwave assisted process (MAP); a new tool for analytical laboratory. Trends Anal. Chem., 1994,13: 176-184.
146. Majors R.E.. Sample preparetion perspectives. New approaches to sample preparation. LC-GC Int., 1998, 8: 128-133.
147. Onuska F.I. and Terry K.A.. Extraction of pesticides from sediments using a microwave technique. Chromatographia., 1993, 36: 191-194.
148. Budzinski H., Baumard P., Papineau A., Wise S. and Garrigues P.. Focused microwave assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds from standard reference materials, sediments an biological tissues. Poly cyclic Arom Comp., 1996, 9: 225-232.
149. Jassie L., Revesz R., Kierstead T., Hasty E. and Matz S.. Mrcrowave-assisted solvent extraction. In Mrcrowave-Enhanced Chemistry. Fundamentals, Sample Preparation, and Applications, Kingston HMS, Haswell SJ. (eds). Americal Chemical Society: Washington, 1997, DC: 569-609.
150. 沈岚, 冯年平, 韩朝阳, 朱沪平, 范广平. 微波萃取不同形态结构中药及含不同极性成分中药的选择性研究. 中草药, 2002, 33: 604-607.
151. 王威, 刘传斌, 修志龙. 高山红景天甙提取新工艺. 中草药, 1999, 30(11): 824-826.
152. Guo Z., Jin Q., Fang G., Duan Y., Qin Ch., Wen M.. Microwave-assisted extraction of effective constituents from a Chinese herbal medicine Radix puerariae. Anal. Chim. Acta., 2001, 436: 41-47.
153. 陈斌, 南庆贤, 吕玲, 周熙成. 微波萃取葛根总异黄酮的工艺研究. 农业工程学报, 2001, 17(6): 123-126.
154. 邓字, 张卫强.番茄红素提取方法的研究.现代化工, 2002, 22(2): 25.
155. 孔臻, 刘钟栋.微波法从苹果渣中提取果胶的研究.郑州粮食学院学报, 2001, 21(2): 11.
156. Pan X., Niu G., Liu H.. Microwave-assisted extraction of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography.A, 2001, 922: 371-375.
157. 丁兰, 李毅, 李敏晶, 刘忠英, 张寒琦. 一种新型微波辅助萃取法用于中药刺五 加中总黄酮萃取的研究. 高等学校化学学报, 2003, 24: 1403-1405.
158. Eskilsson C.S. and Bjorklund E.. Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. J. Chromatogr. A ., 2000, 902: 227-250.
159. 陈斌, 南庆贤, 吕玲, 周熙成. 微波萃取葛根总异黄酮的工艺研究. 农业工程学报, 2001, 17(6): 123-126.
160. 周谨, 闫小燕,贺高红. 微波提取银杏叶黄酮苷的方法研究. 中成药,2002,24(5):334-336
161. 李敏晶, 游景艳, 刘忠英, 张寒琦. 微波辅助流动萃取槐花中的黄酮类成分. 高等学校化学学报, 2004, 5: 850-852.
162. 李敏晶, 孙卉, 刘忠英. 微波辅助萃取中药黄芩中的有效成分. 第四届中国微波化学研讨会, 2002, 成都, p80.
163. 范志刚, 李玉莲, 杨莉斌, 匡丽萍. 微波技术对槐花中芸香甙浸出量影响的研究. 解放军药学学报, 2002, 16(1): 36-38.
164. 王威, 刘传斌, 修志龙. 高山红景天甙提取新工艺. 中草药, 1999, 30(11): 824-826.
165. 王家强, 万近富. 微波用于重楼皂苷的提取. 中国中药杂志, 1993, 18(4): 233.
166. 冯年平. 中药提取技术研究进展. 中国中医药信息杂志. 2000, 7(10): 15.
167. Suomi J.. Extraction of inidoid glycosides and their determination by micellar electrckinetic capillary chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 868: 73.
168. 潘学军, 刘会洲, 贾光, 陈家镛. 从甘草中提取甘草酸不同提取方法的比较. 过程工程学报, 2000, 1(1): 102-105.
169. 刘依, 韩鲁佳. 微波技术在板蓝根多糖提取中的应用. 中国农业大学学报, 2002, 7(2): 27-30.
170. 孙萍, 李艳, 杨秀菊. 景天多糖的微波提取及含量测定. 时珍国医国药, 2003, 14(2): 69-70.
171. Mattina M.J.I., Berger W.A.I., Densonm C.L.. Microwave-assisted extraction of taxanes from Taxus Biomass. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997,45: 4691.
172. Pan X., Niu G., Liu H.. Microwave-assisted extraction of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography.A, 2001, 922: 371-375.
173. Carro N., Garcia C.M., Cela R.. Microwave-assisted Extraction of Monoterpenols in Must Samples. Analyst, 1997, 122: 325-329.
174. Lopez Avilav. Microwave assisted extraction combined with gas chromatography and enzyme linked immunosobenicassay. Trends Anal. Chem., 1996, 15(8): 334.
175. Chen S.S.. Study of microwave extraction of essential oil constituents from plant materials. J. Microwacve and Electromagnetic Energy, 1994, 29(4): 231.
176. 冯年平. 中药提取技术研究进展. 中国中医药信息杂志, 2000, 7(10):15.
177. 张宏康. 微波萃取技术在食品工业中的应用. 粮油食品科技, 1999, 7(5): 30.
178. 李学坚. 微波技术浸提丁香油的研究. 广西中医药, 2000, 25(3): 49.
179. 李艳. 微波法提取新疆党参根茎叶中的挥发油. 药学实践杂志, 2001, 19(3): 190.
180. Hao J.Y., Han W., Huang S.D.,et al. Microwave-assisted extraction of artemisininin from Artemisia annua L. Sep. Purif. Technology , 2002, 28(3): 191.c.
181. 陈猛. 微波萃取法研究进展. 分析测试学报, 1999, 18(2): 82.
182. Jones N.M., etal. Comparison of methods for extraction of tobaccoal kaloids. JAOAC Int., 2001, 84(2): 309.
183. Brachet A., etal. Focused microwave assisted extraction of cocaine and benzoyl ecgonine from coca leaves. Phytochem. Anal., 2002, 13(3): 162.
184. Then M., etal. Effect of sample handling on alkaloid and mineral content of aqueous extracts of great celandine(Chelidoniummajus L.). J. Chromagra. A, 2000, 889: 69.
185. 范志刚. 微波技术对麻黄中麻黄碱浸出量影响. 中成药, 2000, 22(7): 520.
186. 郝守祝. 微波技术在大黄游离蒽醌浸提中的应用. 中草药, 2002, 33(1): 23.
187. 潘学军. 微波辅助提取(MAE)研究进展. 化学通报(网络版), 1999, (5): 7.
188. 吕文海, 编著. 中药炮制学. 北京:科学出版社出版, 1996: 1-42.
189. 楼之芩, 秦波. 常用中药材品种整理和质量研究(北方篇). 北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社, 1995.
190. 徐国钧, 徐珞珊. 常用中药材品种整理和质量研究(南方篇). 福州:福建科学技术出版社, 1997.
191. 孙文基, 绳金房. 天然活性成分简明手册. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 1998.
192. 余灼辉. 青蒿琥酯治疗恶性疟疾122 例. 中西医结合实用临床急救, 1998, 5(6): 284-285.
193. 符林春. 青蒿琥酯片治疗恶性疟疾的剂量再探索. 广州中医药大学学报, 1998, 15(2): 81-83.
194. 张明发. 小檗碱的抗腹泻和抗炎作用. 中国药理学报, 1989, 10(2): 174-176.
195. 秦万章. 雷公藤治疗盘状红斑狼疮26 例临床观察. 中医杂志, 1982, 3: 19-20.
196. 冯玉书. 仙褐草酚驱绦虫作用及其原理的探讨. 中草药通讯, 1978, 9(1): 32-33.
197. 汪钟. 毛冬青甲素对血小板功能和形态的影响. 中西医结合杂志, 1985, 5(4): 232-234.
198. 俞天骥. 紫杉醇-抗肿瘤新药. 国外医学药学分册, 1993, 20(2): 72.
199. 马瑾瑜. 长春新碱对培养中的人肝细胞的影响[J]. 上海医科大学学报, 1987, 3: 164.
200. 江丰收. 以去甲长春花碱为的联合化疗治疗恶性肿瘤临床观察[J]. 肿瘤研究与临床试验, 1999, 11(2): 100-101.
201. 上海药物所. 10-羟基喜对碱抗癌作用研究[J]. 中华医学杂志, 1978, 58(10): 598-602.
202. 刘赛. 银杏叶总黄酮对实验性心肌缺血的影响[J]. 中山医科大学学报, 1999, 20(2): 121-123.
203. 王夔. 化学家怎样看中药复方研究. 化学进展, 1999, 11(2): 184.
204. 余亚纲. 中成药系统分析三元论设计. 中成药, 1993, 15(10): 39-41.
205. 薛燕. 中药复方霰弹理论-论中药复方现代研究方法. 北京:北京环境科学出版社, 1996.
206. 吴凤锷. 组合中药学及其理论系统的建立.天然产物研究与开发, 2001, 13(6): 57-61.
207. 罗国安. 中药复方有效部分研究方法以及理论初探. 中成药, 1997, 19(8): 44-45.
208. 罗国安. 中药复方物质基础和药效相关性研究. 世界科学技术-中药现代化, 1999, 1: 11-15.
209. 罗国安. 中药复方的化学研究体系. 世界科学技术-中药现代化, 1999, 1: 16-19.
210. 黄泰康. 常用中药成分与药理手册[M ]1. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 1994.
211. 曾元儿, 徐晖. 烘干温度和时间对丹参乙醇浸膏中丹参酮IIA 含量的影响. 中药新药与临床药理, 1997, 8(1): 38-39.
212. 杜志谦, 冯坤, 刘月桂, 赵新杰, 王广强, 薛素娟. 丹参中丹参酮IIA 受热含量降 低的规律研究. 中草药, 2002, 33(10): 892.
213. 陈艳, 李飞, 杨蕾. 加热时间对何首乌中蒽醌类成分的影响. 北京中医药大学学报, 2004 , 27( 2): 80.
214. 苏子仁, 周华, 刘中秋, 刘良, 伍孝先, 吴咸中. 大黄在提取精制工艺中的化学成分变化研究(1)大黄素的湿热陈解机理探讨. 1998, 18(2): 83.
215. 刘丽梅, 陈琳, 王瑞海, 沈联慈. 大蒜油中二烯丙基二硫与二烯丙基三硫的热稳定性实验研究. 中国中药杂志, 2001, 26( 7): 465-466.
216. 程学仁, 范宋玲, 罗彩花, 孙冬梅. 袋装五子散微波加热后吴茱萸化学成分的测定. 湖南中医杂志, 2003,19(3): 54.
217. 刘斌. 中药炮制过程中化学成分的变化及其机理. 中草药, 1997, 28(9): 566.
218. 邹文拴, 等. 附子生用与炮用的化学分析研究. 中国中药杂志, 1995, 20(2): 86-88.
219. 徐东铭, 等. 人参化学成分研究的新进展. 中国中药杂志, 1989, 14(6): 3-6.
220. 李向高. 人参加工原理研究新进展. 中药材, 1990, 13(2): 22-25.
221. 刘星楷. 黄芪蜜炙方法的历史沿革及效用的探讨. 中国中药杂志, 1993, 18(2): 87-89.
222. 刘成基, 等. 国外中药炮制研究. 中药材, 1990, 13(5): 25-27.
223. 陆敏仪, 等.双波长法测定马钱子中马钱子碱和士的宁含量及马钱子炮制原理探讨. 中国中药杂志, 1990, 15(12): 18-21.
224. Cai Bao-chang, et al. 生薬学雑志, 1990, 44(1): 42.
225. 蔡宝昌, 等.士的宁加热反应的研究. 中国药学杂志, 1994 ,29(5): 302-304.
226. 罗尚风, 等. 枳术丸组方与炮制工艺的研究. 中国中药杂志, 1994, 19(1): 23-24.
227. 郭戎, 等. 炮制对山楂中磷脂成分的影响. 中成药, 1993, 15(9): 20-21.
228. 张兆国, 等.中药炮制现代研究.长沙:湖南科学技术版社. 1992: 192.
229. 米田该典, 等. 生薬学雑志, 1989, 43(2): 129.
230. 刘建勋. 中药药效学研究与中医临床相结合. 中药新药与临床药理, 1997, 8(3): 137-138.
231. 严永清. 关于加强中药复方化学成分的研究. 中药通报, 1985, 10(2): 3–5.
232. 严永清, 朱丹妮, 李志明, 等. 生脉散复方化学成分的动态变化与药效的研究(五). 中国学术期刊文摘(科技快报), 1998, 4(7):865-868.
233. 孙启明. 中药沉淀性配伍的研究. 中药通报, 1985, 10(1): 2 6.
234. 丁林生, 徐瑞华, 吴振洁. 白头翁汤中小檗碱含量降低原因初探. 中成药, 1993, 15(1): 18-19.
235. 杨卫贤, 杭玉秋, 毛文学. 白头翁汤中药配伍对化学成分的影响. 中国中药杂志, 1991, 16(10): 604-605.
236. 王浴铭, 张君增, 朱凤云. 黄连配伍吴茱萸对黄连中主要化学成份的影响. 中国中药杂志, 1994, 19(2): 115-118.
237. Nogughi M., Kubo M., Hayashi T.. Studies on the pharmaceutical quality evaluation of the grude durg preparations used orient medicine “Kampoo”(I)-precipitation reaction of the components of cotidis rhizoma and these of Glycyrrhizae Radix or Rhei Rhzomain decoction solution. 生药学杂志, 1978, 32(2): 104-108.
238. 苏子仁, 陈建南. 中药制剂工艺过程化学变化研究. 中国中药杂志, 1998, 23 (11): 671-673.
239. 赤堀昭,等. 日本东洋医学杂志,1976,27(2):41.
240. 苏子仁, 徐必达, 刘庆思, 等. 磷脂对骨康方补骨脂素、异补骨脂素煎出增溶作用探讨. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 1997, 3(3): 5-7.
241. 苏子仁, 周华, 刘中秋, 等. 大黄在提取精制工艺中的化学成分变化研究(I )——大黄素的湿热降解机理探讨. 药物分析杂志, 1998, 18(2): 82-87.
242. 陈蔚文, 李如柳, 徐颂芬, 等. 左金丸配伍和提取方法对化学成分的影响. 中成药, 1993, 15(8): 2 .
243. 罗尚凤, 宋俊峰, 武建华, 等. 枳术丸组方与炮制工艺的研究. 中国中药杂志, 1994, 19(1): 23.
244. 杨世杰, 王怀良. 药理学. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2001: 22.
245. Gan L.S., Thankker D.R.. Applications of the Caco-2 model in the design and development of biochemical and physical barriers posed by the intestinal epithelium. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.,1997, 23(13): 977-981.
246. Stenberg P., Bergstrom C.A., Luthman K., Artursson P.. Theoretica predictions of drug absorption in drug discovery and development. Clin. Pharmacokinet, 2002, 41(11): 877-899.
247. 杨建波, 姚佳, 杨洁. 药物体外ADME 筛选模型. 药学进展, 2004, 28(4):163.
248. Hidalgo I.J., Raub T.J., Borchardt R.T.. Characterization of the human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) as a mode system for intestinal epithelial permeability.
Gastroenterology, 1989, 96(3): 736-749.
249. Yee S.. Invitro permeability across Caco-2 cells (colonic) can predictin vivo (small intestinal) absorption in man factor myth. Pharm. Res., 1997, 14(6): 763～766.
250. Pappenheimer J.R., Reiss K.Z.. Contribution of solvent drug through inter cellular junctions to absorption of nutrients by the small intestine of the rat. J. Membr. Biol., 1987, 100: 123-136.
251. Furuse M., Hirase T., Itoh M., et al. A novel inegral membran eprotein localizing a tight junctions. J. Cell Biol., 1993, 123: 1777-1788.
252. Dantzig A.H., Bergin L.. Uptake of the cephalosporin, cephalexin, by a dipeptide transport carrier in the human intestinal cellline, Caco-2. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1990, 1027(3): 211-217.
253. Karlsson J., Kuo S.M., Ziemniak J.. Transport of celiprolol across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells: mediation of secretion by multiple transporters including P glycoprotein. Br J. Pharmacol., 1993,110(3): 1009-1016.
254. Artursson P., Karlsson J.. Correlation between oral drug absorption in humans and apparent drug permeability coefficients in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 175 (3): 880 -885.
255. Hovggard L., Brondsted H., Buur A.. Drug delivery studies in Caco-2 monolayers, synthesis, hydrolysis and transport of O-cycolpropane carboxylic acid ester prodrugs o fvarious β-blocking agents. Pharm. Res., 1995, 12(3): 387-392.
256. Obermeier M.T., Chong S., Dando S.A.. Predrugs of BMS 183920: metabolism and permeability considerations. J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85(8): 828-833.
257. Hov ggard L., Brondsted H.. Drug delivery studies in Caco-2 monolayers. IV. Absorption enhancer effects of cyclodextrins. Pharm. Res., 1995,12(9): 1328-1332.
258. Ginski M.J., Polli J.E.. Prediction of dissolution absorption relationships from a dissolution/Caco-2 system. Int. J. Pharm., 1999,177(1):117-125.
259. D’Agostino L., Pignata S.. Polyamine uptake by human colon carcinoma cellline Caco-2. Digestion, 1990, 46 (Suppl2): 352-359.
260. Tomon M., Tenenhouse H.S., Jones G.. Expression of 25 hydroxyvitamin
2. 肖培根, 肖小河. 21 世纪与中药现代化. 中国中药杂志, 2000, 25 (2): 67-70.
3. 肖崇厚, 杨松松, 洪筱坤, 万德光. 中药化学(第四版). 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2000, 265-274.
4. 吴寿金, 赵泰, 秦永琪. 现代中草药成分化学(第一版). 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2002, 324-330.
5. Smith H.. In Phytochrome, Mitrakosk, Shropshire W (eds). Academic Press: London,1972, 433.
6. Iwashina T.. The structure and distribution of the flavonoids in plants. J. Plant Res., 2000, 113: 287.
7. Di Carlo G., Mascolo N, Izzo A.A, Capasso F.. Flavonoids: old and new aspects of a class of natural therapeutic drugs. Life Sci., 1999, 65: 337.
8. Morand C., Crespy V., Manach C., Besson C., Demigne C., Remesy C.. Plasma metabolites of quercetin and their antioxident properties. Am. J. Physiol., 1998, 275: R212-R219.
9. Rice-Evans C.A., Miller N.J.. Antioxidant activities of flavonoids as bioactive components of food. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1996, 24: 790-795.
10. Pratt D.E.. Natural antioxidants from plant materia. ACS Symp. Ser. No. 507, 1992: 54-71.
11. Dixon T.A., Steele C.L.. Flavonoids and isoflavonoids-A gold mine for metabolic engineering. Trends plant Sci., 1999, 4: 394-400.
12. Nijveldt T.J., Van Nood E., Van Hoorn D.E.C., Boelens P.G., Van Norren K., Van Leeuwen P.A.M.. flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of actions and potential applications. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2001, 74: 418.
13. Cos P., Calomme M., Sindambiwe J.B., De Bruyne T., Cimanga K., Pieters L., Vlietinck A.J., Vanden Berghe D.. Cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation-inhibiting activity of flavonoids. Planta Med., 2001, 67: 515.
14. Van Acker S.A.B.E., Tromp M.N.J.L., Haenen G.R.M.M., Van der Vijgh W.J.F., Bast A.. Flavonoids as scavengers of nitric oxide radical. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, 214: 755.
15. Cos P., Ying L., Calomme M., Hu J.P., Cimanga K., Van Poel B., Pieters L., Vlietinck A.J., Vanden Berghe D.. Stucture-activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers. J. Nat. Prod., 1998, 61: 71.
16. Ferrali M., Signorini C., Caciotti B., Sugherini L., Ciccoli L., giachetti D., Comporti M.. Protection against oxidative damage of erythrocyte membrane by the flavonoid quercetin and its relation to iron chelating activity. FEBS Lett., 1997, 416: 123.
17. Knekt P., Jarvinen R., Reunanen A., Maatela J.. flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: A cohort study., Br. Med. J., 1996, 312: 478-481.
18. Le Marchand L.. Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids. Biomed. Pharmacother, 2002, 56: 296. 19. Commenges D., Scotet V., Renaud S., Jacqmin-Gadda H., Barberger-Gateau P., Dartigues J.F.. Intake of flavonoids and risk of dementia. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 2000, 16: 357.
20. Mojzisova G., Kuchta M.. Dietary flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease. Physiol. Res., 2001, 50: 529.
21. Hollman P.C.H.. Evidence for health benfits of plant phenols: local or systemic effects. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2001, 81: 842.
22. Bors W., Heller W., Michel C.. The chemistry of flavonoids. Flavonoids in Health and Disease, in : Rice-Evans, C.A., Packer, L., Eds., Marcel Dekker: New York, 1998: 111-136.
23. Hollman P.C.H., Katan M.B.. Absorption, metabolism and health effects of dietary flavonoids in man. Biomed. Pharmacother, 1997, 51: 305.
24. Day A.J., Williamson G.. Biomarkers for exposure to dietary flavonoids: a review of the current evidence for identification of quercetin glycoxides in plasma. Br. J. Nutr., 2001, 86: S105.
25. Nemeth K., Plumb G.W., Berrin J.G., Juge N., Jacob R., Naim H.Y., Williamson G., Swallow D.M., Kroon P.A.. Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell
β-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid
glycosides in humans. Eur. J. Nutr., 2003, 42: 29.
26. Wang C.C., Prasain J.K., Barnes S.. Review of the methods used in the determination of phytoestrogens. Journal of Chromatography B, 2002, 777: 3-28.
27. Zhang J., Satterfield M.B., Brodbelt J.S., Britz S.J., Clevidence B. and Novotnu J.A.. Structural characterization and detection of kale flavonoids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 2003, 75: 6401-6407.
28. 苗明三, 李振国. 现代中药质量控制技术. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2000: 999.
29. Petrovic S.D.,Loscher R., Gorunovic M.S., Merfort I.. Flavonoid and phenolic acid patterns in seven Hieracium species. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 1999,27:651-656.
30. Brolis M., Gabetta B., Fuzzati N., Pace R., Panzeri F. & Peterlongo F.. Identification by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–mass spectrometry and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography–UV absorbance detection of active constituents of Hypericum perforatum. J. Chromatogr. A, 1998, 825:9-16.
31. 梁勇, 宋艳平, 郭宝江, 姚骏华. 串连质谱在葛根黄酮类化合物分析中的应用.分析化学, 2005, 待发表.
32. 白玉, 郭明全, 宋风瑞, 刘志强, 刘淑莹. 苦参中黄酮类化合物的电喷雾质谱研究. 2004, 25(2): 284-288.
33. 肖崇厚. 中药化学. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1987: 379.
34. 姚新生. 天然药物化学(第二版). 北京人民卫生出版社, 1995: 360-362.
35. 曾陇梅. 海洋天然产物研究新进展. 有机化学, 1989, (9): 402-413.
36. 吴寿金, 张晓闻. 近年来皂苷药理活性的研究概况. 国外医药?植物药分册1994, 9(6): 246-252.
37. 李淑慧, 楚延, 李晓辉. 三七总皂苷抗炎作用机制的实验研究. 中草药, 2000, 30(9): 676-677.
38. Hasegawa H., Uchiyama M.. Antimetastatic efficacy of orally administered ginsenoside Rb1 in dependent on intestinal bacterial hydrolyzing potential and significance of treatment with an active bacterial metabolite. Planta. Med., 1998, 64: 696-700.
39. Oh M., Choi Y.H., Choi S.. Anti-proliferating effects of ginsenoside-Rh2 on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol., 1999, 14: 869-875.
40. 张有为, 窦德强, 陈英杰, 姚新生. 人参皂苷对人体骨肉瘤细胞U2OS 增殖的影响. 中草药, 2001, 32(3): 232-233.
41. 李向高. 西洋参的研究. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2001: 354.
42. 睢大员, 陈满秋, 于晓凤, 曲绍春, 吕忠智. 人参Rb 组皂苷对犬实验性心肌梗死的保护作用. 中草药, 2001, 32(2): 136-139.
43. 李萍, 何明, 黄起壬. 油茶皂苷对缺氧复氧所致大鼠心脏损伤的保护作用及其机制探讨. 中草药, 2000, 31(11): 841-844.
44. 王本祥. 人参的研究. 天津科学出版社, 1985.
45. 李文魁, 林新, 彭勇, 梁晓云, 杨显荣, 肖培根. 远志属药用植物皂苷类成分及其药理活性. 1998, 13(2): 60-64.
46. 高云芳, 陈超, 张海祥, 梁固城. 桔梗总皂苷对大鼠高脂血症的影响. 中草药, 2000, 31(10): 764-766.
47. 张华芳, 李士敏. 降血糖天然药物研究进展. 中草药, 2000, 31(增刊): 184-186.
48. 刘绣华, 陈伯森, 汪汉卿. 皂苷分离和结构鉴定研究进展. 化学研究, 1997, 8(3): 28-34.
49. Jarvis A.P., Morgan E.D., Eswards C.. Rapid separation of triterpenoids from neem seed extracts. Phytochem. Anal., 1999, 10: 39-43.
50. Johnson S., Morgan E.D.. Comparison of chromatographyic systems for triterpenoids from neem (azadirachta indica) seeds. J. Chromatogr., 1997, A761: 53-63.
51. Govindachari T.R., Sandhya G., GaneshRaj S.P.. A direct preparative high performance liqukd chromatography procedure for the isolation of major triterpenoids and their quantitative determination in neem oil. J. Liq. Chromatogr., 1995, 18: 3456-3471.
52. 刘绣化, 陈伯森, 王汗卿. 皂苷分离和结构鉴定研究进展. 化学研究, 1997, 8(3): 28-34.
53. 江英桥, 王强, 马世平, 党学东. HPLC-ELSD 及紫外分光光度计法测定三七中皂苷的含量. 中草药, 2000, 31(10): 737-739.
54. 徐文豪. 光谱分析在测定苷中糖结构时的应用. 药学学报, 1987, 22(11):869-880.
55. Toshiyuki Akiyama, Osamu Tanaka, Shoji Shibata. Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs XXX. Sapogenins of the roots of platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle (1). Isolation of the sapogenins and the stereochemistry of polygalacic acid. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1972, 20(9): 1945-1951.
56. Philip A.J. Gorin, Mytosk Mazurek. Further studies on the assignment of signals in 13C magnetic resonance spectra of aldoses and derived methyl Glycosides. Can. J. Chem., 1975, 53: 1212-1223.
57. Cui M., Sun W., Song F., Liu Z., Liu S.. Multi-stafe mass spectrometric studies of triterpenoid saponins in crude extracts from Acanthopanax senticosus Harms. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 1999,13: 873-879.
58. Bisset N.G.. Arrow poisons in China. Part II, Aconitum-Botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacology, 1981, 4: 247-336.
59. 祁明馥. 关于乌头附子炮制机理的另一种解释. 中药材, 1986, 6: 37-38.
60. Ameri A.. The effects of Aconitum alkaloids on the central nervous system. Neurobiol, 1998, 56(2): 211-235.
61. Yamanaka H., Doi A., Ishibashi H., Akaike N.. Aconitine facilitates spontaneous transmitter release at rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2002, 135(3): 816-822.
62. Ameri A., Gleitz J., Petera T.. Aconitine inhibits epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 1996, 354(1): 80-85.
63. Hikino H., Takata H., Fujiwara M., Konno C., Ohuchi. Mechanism of inhibitory action of mesaconitine in acute inflammations. Eur. J. Phrmacol., 1982, 82(1-2): 65-71.
64. Murayama M., Hikino H.J.. Stimulating actions on ribonucleic acid biosynthesis of aconitines, diterpenic alkaloids of Aconitum roots. Ethnopharmacol., 1984, 12(1): 25-33.
65. Ameri A.. Inhibition of stimulus-triggered and spontaneous epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices by the Aconitum alkaloid mesaconitine. Eur. J. Phrmacol., 1998, 342(2-3): 183-191.
66. Ameri A., Seitz U.. Effects of mesaconitine on [3H] noradrenaline uptake and excitablity in rat hippocampus. Exp. Brain Res., 1998, 121(4): 451-456.
67. Dominant constituent responsible for the neuromuscular blocking action of the Iapanese-sino medicine “bushi”(aconite root). Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 1988, 48(2): 290-293.
68. 唐希灿, 郭新, 冯洁. 单胺类递质对3-乙酰乌头碱镇痛作用的影响. 中国药理学报, 1988, 9(3): 216-220.
69. Wright S.N.. Irreversible block of human heart (hH1) sodium channels by the plant alkaloid lappaconitine. Mol. Pharmacol., 2001, 59(2): 183-192.
70. Ameri A., Simmet T.. Antagonism of the aconitine-induced inexcitability by the structurally related Aconitum alkaloids, lappaconitine and ajacine. Brain Research, 1999, 842: 332-341.
71. 刘铭佩. 高乌甲素对炎症性疼痛的镇痛作用. 中国药物与临床, 2003, 3(3): 244-245.
72. Guo X., Tang X.C.. Lappaconitine and N-deacetyllapaconitine potentiate footshock-induced analgesia in rats. Life Sci., 1991, 48(14): 1365-1370.
73. Ono M., Satoh T.. Pharmacological studies of lappaconitine: possible interaction with endogenous noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways to induce antinociception. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 1992, 58(3): 251-257.
74. Ameri A., Metzmeier P., Peters T.. Frequency-dependent inhibition of neuronal activity by lappaconitine in normal and epileptic hippocampal slices. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1996, 118(3): 577-584.
75. Heubach J. F., Schule A.. Cardiac effects of lappaconitine and N-deacetyllappaconitine, two diterpenoid alkaloids from plants of the Aconitum and Delphinium species. Planta Medica., 1998, 64: 22-26.
76. 张惠灵, 王翔毅, 杨玉梅, 刘和莉, 徐继辉. 冉乌头碱的镇痛作用及其对麻醉大鼠心电图的影响. 包头医学院学报, 2000, 16(4): 261-264.
77. Gutser U.T., Friese J., Heubach J.F., Matthiesen T., Selve N., Wiffert B., Gleitz J.. Mode of antinociceptive and toxic action of alkaloids of Aconitum species. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arcg. Phrmacol., 1998, 357(1): 39-48.
78. Seitz U., Ameri A.. Different effects on [3H] noradrenaline uptake of the aconitum alkaloids aconitine, 3-acetylaconitine, lappaconitine, and N-desacetyllappaconitine in rat hippocampus. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1998, 55(6): 883-888.
79. Dzhakhangirov F.N., Sultankhodzhaev M.N., Tashkhodzhaev B., Salimov B.T.. Diterpenoid alkaloids as a new class of antiarrhythmic agents. Structure-activity relationship. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 1997, 33(2): 190-202.
80. 李云霞, 孙照, 郭艳玲. 酸性染料比色法测定川乌、草乌中总乌头生物碱的含量. 中成药, 2000, 22(9): 662-663.
81. 成基. 草乌及其炮制品中毒性生物碱分离和测定. 中药通报, 1987, 12(2): 19.
82. 薛燕, 李农, 谢丽. 反相高效液相色谱法测定参附注射液及市售黑附片中乌头碱的含量. 中国药理学通报, 2001, 17(5): 585-586.
83. 聂晶, 张立群, 田颂九. HPLC 法分离测定乌头注射液中苯甲酰新乌头胺的含量. 中国药师, 2003, 6(1): 38-39.
84. 薛燕, 李农, 谢丽. 反相高效液相色谱法测定参附注射液及市售黑附片中乌头碱的含量. 中国药理学通报, 2001, 17(5): 585-586.
85. 丁长江, 孟勤, 李宏斌, 李斌和, 段明郁, 张宏桂. 中药制剂中乌头碱含量的测定及其临床应用. 中国医院药学杂志, 2003, 23(1): 16-17.
86. Hiniko H., Konno C.. Determination of aconitine alkalids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 1981, 211: 123-128.
87. 陈丽宇, 杜小英, 祖桂英. 海马补肾口服液中乌头碱的分析. 中草药, 2002, 33(2): 132-133.
88. 陈如进, 杨岗, 丁苒芳, 戴建平. 紫外分光光度法测定高乌甲素贴片含量. 中草药, 1992, 23(4): 187-188.
89. 刘万忠, 左阿玲. 全固态乌头碱电化学检测器的研制及其在流动注射分析中的应用. 药学学报, 1992, 27(4): 294-298.
90. 戴忠, 王清华, 于贞. GC 法测定风湿骨痛酒中酯型乌头碱的含量. 药物分析杂志, 1995, 15 (增刊):170-171.
91. 杨云, 王浴铭, 赵晓华. 附子中乌头生物碱定量方法的研究. 时珍国医国药, 1998, 9(4): 331-335.
92. 陈巧玲. 川乌、草乌、附子及其复方制剂中乌头类生物碱的含量测定研究概况. 华 西药学杂志, 1999, 14(2): 114-116.
93. 邓建平, 彭波, 杨华元. 川乌、附片中乌头类生物碱含量测定方法的比较研究. 华西药学杂志, 1992, 7 (4):234-235.
94. 张国红, 由会玲, 刘云肖. 乌头生物碱含量测定方法现况. 河北中医药学报, 2000, 15(1), 45-47.
95. 张守尧, 王桂芳, 肖爱根. 中药及中成药中乌头生物碱的测定方法进展. 中药材, 1994, 17(6): 46-48.
96. 李娅萍, 田颂九, 王国荣. 乌头类药物的化学成分及分析方法概况. 中国中药杂志, 2001, 26(10): 659-662.
97. 范瑞芳, 史雪岩, 顾峻岭, 邓玉林, 李桂玲, 傅若农. 毛细管区带电泳法用于中药高乌头的质量控制. 分析化学, 28(6): 720-722.
98. 孙爱民, 陈德华, 毕培曦. 高效毛细管电泳法测定中草药川乌、草乌中乌头碱的含量. 色谱, 1999, 17(1): 67-69.
99. Yang F., Ito Y.. Preparative separation of lappaconitine, ranaconitine, N-deacetyllapaconitine and N-deacetylranaconitine from crude alkaloids of sample Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A., 2002, 943(2): 219-225.
100. Yang F., Ito Y.. PH-Zone-refining counter-current chromatography of lappaconitine from Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai I. Separation of prepurified extract. J. Chromatogr. A., 2001, 923: 281-285.
101. Ito K., Ohyama Y., Hishinuma T., Mizugaki M. Determination of aconitum alkaloids in the tubers of Aconitum japonicum gas chromatography/selected ion monitering. Planta Medica, 1996, 62: 57-59.
102. Yoshioka N., Gonmori K., Tagashira A., Boonhooi O., Hayashi M., Saito Y., Mizugaki M. A case of aconitine poisoning with analysis of aconitine alkaloids by GC/SIM. Forensic Sci. Int. 1996, 81(2-3): 117-123.
103. Ito K., Ohyama Y., Konishi Y., Tanaka S., Mizugaki M.. Method for the simultaneous determination of aconitum alkaloids and their hydrolysis products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in human serum. Planta Medica, 1997, 63: 75-79.
104. Mizugaki M., Ito K., Ohyama Y., Konishi Y., Tanaka S., Kurasawa K.. Quantitative analysis of Aconitum alkaloids in the urine and serum of a male attempting suicide by
oral intake of aconite extract. J. Anal. Toxicology, 1998, 22(7-8): 336-340.
105. Ito K., Tanaka S., Konno S., Konishi Y., Miugaki M.. Report on the preparation of deuterium-labelled aconitine and mesaconitine and their application to the analysis of these alkaloids from body fluids as internal standard. J. chromatogr. B Biomed Sci. Appl., 1998, 714(2): 197-203.
106. Ohta H., Seto Y., Tsunoda N.. Determination of aconitum alkaloids in blood and urine samples. I. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation, solid-phase extraction and mass spectrometric confirmation. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed Sci. Appl., 1997, 691(2): 351-356.
107. Ohta H., Seto Y., Tsunoda N., Takahashi Y., Matsuura K., Ogasawara K. J.. Chromatogr. B.,1998, 714: 215-221.
108. Zhang H.G., Shi X.G., Sun Y., Duan M.Y, Zhong D. F..New metabolites of aconitine in rabbit urine. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2002, 13(8): 758-760.
109. Duan M.Y., Zhang H.G., Zhong D.F., Zhang H.Q. Determination of aconitine and it metabolites in animal experiment by LC/ESI-MSn. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2003, 12(1): 55-56.
110. Sun Y., Zhang H.G., Zhong D.F., Zhang H.Q.. Study on metabolites of aconitum alkaloids in human urine. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2003, 12(1): 54-55.
111. 徐任生, 陈仲良. 中草药有效成分提取与分离. 上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1989: 22.
112. Mason T.J.. Chemistry with ultrasound (Critical reports on applied chemistry :V28), London and New York , Elsevier science Publishers Ltd., 1990: 4.
113. 明纪堂. 医用物理学(第三版). 北京:人民卫生出版社,1999: 5.
114. 冯若. 超声手册. 南京:南京大学出版社, 1999: 90.
115. Vinatoru M.. An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001, 8: 303-313.
116. Specht W., Forrsch. 1952,94:157; Chem. Abstr., 1952,46: 6320b.
117. Schmall A..Chem. Abstr., 1954,47: 2932d.
118. Toma M., Vinatoru M., Paniwnyk L., Mason T.J.. Investigation of the effects of ultrasound on vegetal tissues during solvent extraction. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001 8(2): 137-42.
119. Valachovic P., Pechova A., Mason T.J.. Towards the industrial production of medicinal tincture by ultrasound assisted extraction. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001, 8(2): 111-117.
120. Paniwnyk L., Beaufoy E., Lorimer J.P., Mason T.J.. The extraction of rutin from flower buds of Sophora japonica. Ultrason. Sonochem., 200, 8(3): 299-301.
121. Wu J., Lin L., Chau F.T.. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins from ginseng roots and cultured ginseng cells. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2001, 8(4): 347-352.
122. Shotipruk A., Kaufman P.B., Wang H.Y.. Feasibility study of repeated harvesting of menthol from biologically viable Mentha x piperata using ultrasonic extraction. Biotechnol. Prog., 2001, 17(5): 924-928.
123. Hromadkova Z., Ebringerova A., Valachovic P.. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from the roots of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). Ultrason. Sonochem., 2002, 9(1): 37-44.
124. Pappas C., Tarantilis P.A., Daliani I., Mavromoustakos T., Polissiou M.. Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted isolation procedures of cellulose from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus rodustrus Sm.). Ultrason. Sonochem., 2002, 9(1): 19-23.
125. Ebringerova A., Hromadkova Z.. Effect of ultrasound on the extractibility of corn bran hemicelluloses. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2002, 9(4): 225-229.
126. Smelcerovic A., Laatsch H., Lepojevic Z., Djordjevic S.. The separation of hypericine and pseudohypericine from Hypericum perforatum L. Pharmazie, 2002, 57(3): 178-80.
127. 郭孝武. 超声技术在中草药成分提取中的应用. 中草药, 1993, 24(10): 548.
128. 郭孝武, 张福成, 林书玉等. 超声提取对黄连素提出率的影响. 中国中药杂志, 1995, 20(11): 673.
129. 郭孝武. 超声提取黄芩苷成分的实验研究. 中国现代应用药学杂志. 1999, 16(3): 18.
130. Abu-Samra A., Morris J.S. and kOirtyohann S.R.. Werashing of some biological samples in microwave oven. Anal. chem., 1975, 47: 1475-1477.
131. Ganzler K., Salgo A. and Valko K.. Microwave extraction .A novel sample preparetion method for chromatography. J. chromatogr., 1986a, 371: 299-306.
132. 谢永荣, 腾莉丽, 余月荣. 微波法提取柑桔皮中天然色素. 赣南师范学院院报, 1994, 2: 34-37.
133. 高歧. 植物样品中单宁的微波溶出快速测定法研究. 分析测试学报, 1997, 16(3): 76-78.
134. Camel V.. Recent extraction techniques for solid matrices-supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction : their potential and pitfalls. Analyst, 2001, 126: 1182-1193.
135. Thuery J.. Microwaves and matter. In Microwaves: Industrial, Scientific and Medical Applications, Part 1, Grant EH (ed.). Artech House: London, 83-125.
136. Demesmay c and olle M. Utilisation des micro-ondes dansles laboratoiresd analyse. Spectra Analyse, 1993,175:27-32.
137. Barnabas I.J., Dean J.R., Fowlis I.A. and owen S.P.. Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from highly contaminated soils using microwave energy. Analyst, 1995, 120: 1897-1904.
138. Ganzler K., Szinaiz I. and Salgo A.. Effective sample preparetion method for extracting biologically active compounds from different matrixes by a microwave technique. J. chromatogr., 1990, 520: 257-262.
139. Sinquin A., Gorner T. and Dellacherie E.. Lutilisation des micro-ondesen chimie analytique, Analysis. 1993, 21: 1-10.
140. Renoe B.W.. Microwave assisted extraction. Am. Lab, 1994, 26: 34-40.
141. Pare J.R.J.. Microwave extraction of volatile oils and apparatus therefore. 1990, Patent no. 90250286.3(0 485 668 A1).
142. Pare J.R.J.. Microwave extraction natural products extraction. 1991, Patent no. 519, 588(5,002,784).
143. Chen S.S. and Spiro M.. Study of microwave extraction of essential oil constituents from plant materials. J. Microw Electromagn Energy, 1999, 29: 231-241.
144. Romele L. and Polesello S.. How to mininize the use of solwents. Lavoratorio 2000. 1997, 11: 102-110.
145. Pare J.R.J., Belanger J.M.R. and Stafford S.S.. Microwave assisted process (MAP); a new tool for analytical laboratory. Trends Anal. Chem., 1994,13: 176-184.
146. Majors R.E.. Sample preparetion perspectives. New approaches to sample preparation. LC-GC Int., 1998, 8: 128-133.
147. Onuska F.I. and Terry K.A.. Extraction of pesticides from sediments using a microwave technique. Chromatographia., 1993, 36: 191-194.
148. Budzinski H., Baumard P., Papineau A., Wise S. and Garrigues P.. Focused microwave assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds from standard reference materials, sediments an biological tissues. Poly cyclic Arom Comp., 1996, 9: 225-232.
149. Jassie L., Revesz R., Kierstead T., Hasty E. and Matz S.. Mrcrowave-assisted solvent extraction. In Mrcrowave-Enhanced Chemistry. Fundamentals, Sample Preparation, and Applications, Kingston HMS, Haswell SJ. (eds). Americal Chemical Society: Washington, 1997, DC: 569-609.
150. 沈岚, 冯年平, 韩朝阳, 朱沪平, 范广平. 微波萃取不同形态结构中药及含不同极性成分中药的选择性研究. 中草药, 2002, 33: 604-607.
151. 王威, 刘传斌, 修志龙. 高山红景天甙提取新工艺. 中草药, 1999, 30(11): 824-826.
152. Guo Z., Jin Q., Fang G., Duan Y., Qin Ch., Wen M.. Microwave-assisted extraction of effective constituents from a Chinese herbal medicine Radix puerariae. Anal. Chim. Acta., 2001, 436: 41-47.
153. 陈斌, 南庆贤, 吕玲, 周熙成. 微波萃取葛根总异黄酮的工艺研究. 农业工程学报, 2001, 17(6): 123-126.
154. 邓字, 张卫强.番茄红素提取方法的研究.现代化工, 2002, 22(2): 25.
155. 孔臻, 刘钟栋.微波法从苹果渣中提取果胶的研究.郑州粮食学院学报, 2001, 21(2): 11.
156. Pan X., Niu G., Liu H.. Microwave-assisted extraction of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography.A, 2001, 922: 371-375.
157. 丁兰, 李毅, 李敏晶, 刘忠英, 张寒琦. 一种新型微波辅助萃取法用于中药刺五 加中总黄酮萃取的研究. 高等学校化学学报, 2003, 24: 1403-1405.
158. Eskilsson C.S. and Bjorklund E.. Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. J. Chromatogr. A ., 2000, 902: 227-250.
159. 陈斌, 南庆贤, 吕玲, 周熙成. 微波萃取葛根总异黄酮的工艺研究. 农业工程学报, 2001, 17(6): 123-126.
160. 周谨, 闫小燕,贺高红. 微波提取银杏叶黄酮苷的方法研究. 中成药,2002,24(5):334-336
161. 李敏晶, 游景艳, 刘忠英, 张寒琦. 微波辅助流动萃取槐花中的黄酮类成分. 高等学校化学学报, 2004, 5: 850-852.
162. 李敏晶, 孙卉, 刘忠英. 微波辅助萃取中药黄芩中的有效成分. 第四届中国微波化学研讨会, 2002, 成都, p80.
163. 范志刚, 李玉莲, 杨莉斌, 匡丽萍. 微波技术对槐花中芸香甙浸出量影响的研究. 解放军药学学报, 2002, 16(1): 36-38.
164. 王威, 刘传斌, 修志龙. 高山红景天甙提取新工艺. 中草药, 1999, 30(11): 824-826.
165. 王家强, 万近富. 微波用于重楼皂苷的提取. 中国中药杂志, 1993, 18(4): 233.
166. 冯年平. 中药提取技术研究进展. 中国中医药信息杂志. 2000, 7(10): 15.
167. Suomi J.. Extraction of inidoid glycosides and their determination by micellar electrckinetic capillary chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 868: 73.
168. 潘学军, 刘会洲, 贾光, 陈家镛. 从甘草中提取甘草酸不同提取方法的比较. 过程工程学报, 2000, 1(1): 102-105.
169. 刘依, 韩鲁佳. 微波技术在板蓝根多糖提取中的应用. 中国农业大学学报, 2002, 7(2): 27-30.
170. 孙萍, 李艳, 杨秀菊. 景天多糖的微波提取及含量测定. 时珍国医国药, 2003, 14(2): 69-70.
171. Mattina M.J.I., Berger W.A.I., Densonm C.L.. Microwave-assisted extraction of taxanes from Taxus Biomass. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997,45: 4691.
172. Pan X., Niu G., Liu H.. Microwave-assisted extraction of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography.A, 2001, 922: 371-375.
173. Carro N., Garcia C.M., Cela R.. Microwave-assisted Extraction of Monoterpenols in Must Samples. Analyst, 1997, 122: 325-329.
174. Lopez Avilav. Microwave assisted extraction combined with gas chromatography and enzyme linked immunosobenicassay. Trends Anal. Chem., 1996, 15(8): 334.
175. Chen S.S.. Study of microwave extraction of essential oil constituents from plant materials. J. Microwacve and Electromagnetic Energy, 1994, 29(4): 231.
176. 冯年平. 中药提取技术研究进展. 中国中医药信息杂志, 2000, 7(10):15.
177. 张宏康. 微波萃取技术在食品工业中的应用. 粮油食品科技, 1999, 7(5): 30.
178. 李学坚. 微波技术浸提丁香油的研究. 广西中医药, 2000, 25(3): 49.
179. 李艳. 微波法提取新疆党参根茎叶中的挥发油. 药学实践杂志, 2001, 19(3): 190.
180. Hao J.Y., Han W., Huang S.D.,et al. Microwave-assisted extraction of artemisininin from Artemisia annua L. Sep. Purif. Technology , 2002, 28(3): 191.c.
181. 陈猛. 微波萃取法研究进展. 分析测试学报, 1999, 18(2): 82.
182. Jones N.M., etal. Comparison of methods for extraction of tobaccoal kaloids. JAOAC Int., 2001, 84(2): 309.
183. Brachet A., etal. Focused microwave assisted extraction of cocaine and benzoyl ecgonine from coca leaves. Phytochem. Anal., 2002, 13(3): 162.
184. Then M., etal. Effect of sample handling on alkaloid and mineral content of aqueous extracts of great celandine(Chelidoniummajus L.). J. Chromagra. A, 2000, 889: 69.
185. 范志刚. 微波技术对麻黄中麻黄碱浸出量影响. 中成药, 2000, 22(7): 520.
186. 郝守祝. 微波技术在大黄游离蒽醌浸提中的应用. 中草药, 2002, 33(1): 23.
187. 潘学军. 微波辅助提取(MAE)研究进展. 化学通报(网络版), 1999, (5): 7.
188. 吕文海, 编著. 中药炮制学. 北京:科学出版社出版, 1996: 1-42.
189. 楼之芩, 秦波. 常用中药材品种整理和质量研究(北方篇). 北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社, 1995.
190. 徐国钧, 徐珞珊. 常用中药材品种整理和质量研究(南方篇). 福州:福建科学技术出版社, 1997.
191. 孙文基, 绳金房. 天然活性成分简明手册. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 1998.
192. 余灼辉. 青蒿琥酯治疗恶性疟疾122 例. 中西医结合实用临床急救, 1998, 5(6): 284-285.
193. 符林春. 青蒿琥酯片治疗恶性疟疾的剂量再探索. 广州中医药大学学报, 1998, 15(2): 81-83.
194. 张明发. 小檗碱的抗腹泻和抗炎作用. 中国药理学报, 1989, 10(2): 174-176.
195. 秦万章. 雷公藤治疗盘状红斑狼疮26 例临床观察. 中医杂志, 1982, 3: 19-20.
196. 冯玉书. 仙褐草酚驱绦虫作用及其原理的探讨. 中草药通讯, 1978, 9(1): 32-33.
197. 汪钟. 毛冬青甲素对血小板功能和形态的影响. 中西医结合杂志, 1985, 5(4): 232-234.
198. 俞天骥. 紫杉醇-抗肿瘤新药. 国外医学药学分册, 1993, 20(2): 72.
199. 马瑾瑜. 长春新碱对培养中的人肝细胞的影响[J]. 上海医科大学学报, 1987, 3: 164.
200. 江丰收. 以去甲长春花碱为的联合化疗治疗恶性肿瘤临床观察[J]. 肿瘤研究与临床试验, 1999, 11(2): 100-101.
201. 上海药物所. 10-羟基喜对碱抗癌作用研究[J]. 中华医学杂志, 1978, 58(10): 598-602.
202. 刘赛. 银杏叶总黄酮对实验性心肌缺血的影响[J]. 中山医科大学学报, 1999, 20(2): 121-123.
203. 王夔. 化学家怎样看中药复方研究. 化学进展, 1999, 11(2): 184.
204. 余亚纲. 中成药系统分析三元论设计. 中成药, 1993, 15(10): 39-41.
205. 薛燕. 中药复方霰弹理论-论中药复方现代研究方法. 北京:北京环境科学出版社, 1996.
206. 吴凤锷. 组合中药学及其理论系统的建立.天然产物研究与开发, 2001, 13(6): 57-61.
207. 罗国安. 中药复方有效部分研究方法以及理论初探. 中成药, 1997, 19(8): 44-45.
208. 罗国安. 中药复方物质基础和药效相关性研究. 世界科学技术-中药现代化, 1999, 1: 11-15.
209. 罗国安. 中药复方的化学研究体系. 世界科学技术-中药现代化, 1999, 1: 16-19.
210. 黄泰康. 常用中药成分与药理手册[M ]1. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 1994.
211. 曾元儿, 徐晖. 烘干温度和时间对丹参乙醇浸膏中丹参酮IIA 含量的影响. 中药新药与临床药理, 1997, 8(1): 38-39.
212. 杜志谦, 冯坤, 刘月桂, 赵新杰, 王广强, 薛素娟. 丹参中丹参酮IIA 受热含量降 低的规律研究. 中草药, 2002, 33(10): 892.
213. 陈艳, 李飞, 杨蕾. 加热时间对何首乌中蒽醌类成分的影响. 北京中医药大学学报, 2004 , 27( 2): 80.
214. 苏子仁, 周华, 刘中秋, 刘良, 伍孝先, 吴咸中. 大黄在提取精制工艺中的化学成分变化研究(1)大黄素的湿热陈解机理探讨. 1998, 18(2): 83.
215. 刘丽梅, 陈琳, 王瑞海, 沈联慈. 大蒜油中二烯丙基二硫与二烯丙基三硫的热稳定性实验研究. 中国中药杂志, 2001, 26( 7): 465-466.
216. 程学仁, 范宋玲, 罗彩花, 孙冬梅. 袋装五子散微波加热后吴茱萸化学成分的测定. 湖南中医杂志, 2003,19(3): 54.
217. 刘斌. 中药炮制过程中化学成分的变化及其机理. 中草药, 1997, 28(9): 566.
218. 邹文拴, 等. 附子生用与炮用的化学分析研究. 中国中药杂志, 1995, 20(2): 86-88.
219. 徐东铭, 等. 人参化学成分研究的新进展. 中国中药杂志, 1989, 14(6): 3-6.
220. 李向高. 人参加工原理研究新进展. 中药材, 1990, 13(2): 22-25.
221. 刘星楷. 黄芪蜜炙方法的历史沿革及效用的探讨. 中国中药杂志, 1993, 18(2): 87-89.
222. 刘成基, 等. 国外中药炮制研究. 中药材, 1990, 13(5): 25-27.
223. 陆敏仪, 等.双波长法测定马钱子中马钱子碱和士的宁含量及马钱子炮制原理探讨. 中国中药杂志, 1990, 15(12): 18-21.
224. Cai Bao-chang, et al. 生薬学雑志, 1990, 44(1): 42.
225. 蔡宝昌, 等.士的宁加热反应的研究. 中国药学杂志, 1994 ,29(5): 302-304.
226. 罗尚风, 等. 枳术丸组方与炮制工艺的研究. 中国中药杂志, 1994, 19(1): 23-24.
227. 郭戎, 等. 炮制对山楂中磷脂成分的影响. 中成药, 1993, 15(9): 20-21.
228. 张兆国, 等.中药炮制现代研究.长沙:湖南科学技术版社. 1992: 192.
229. 米田该典, 等. 生薬学雑志, 1989, 43(2): 129.
230. 刘建勋. 中药药效学研究与中医临床相结合. 中药新药与临床药理, 1997, 8(3): 137-138.
231. 严永清. 关于加强中药复方化学成分的研究. 中药通报, 1985, 10(2): 3–5.
232. 严永清, 朱丹妮, 李志明, 等. 生脉散复方化学成分的动态变化与药效的研究(五). 中国学术期刊文摘(科技快报), 1998, 4(7):865-868.
233. 孙启明. 中药沉淀性配伍的研究. 中药通报, 1985, 10(1): 2 6.
234. 丁林生, 徐瑞华, 吴振洁. 白头翁汤中小檗碱含量降低原因初探. 中成药, 1993, 15(1): 18-19.
235. 杨卫贤, 杭玉秋, 毛文学. 白头翁汤中药配伍对化学成分的影响. 中国中药杂志, 1991, 16(10): 604-605.
236. 王浴铭, 张君增, 朱凤云. 黄连配伍吴茱萸对黄连中主要化学成份的影响. 中国中药杂志, 1994, 19(2): 115-118.
237. Nogughi M., Kubo M., Hayashi T.. Studies on the pharmaceutical quality evaluation of the grude durg preparations used orient medicine “Kampoo”(I)-precipitation reaction of the components of cotidis rhizoma and these of Glycyrrhizae Radix or Rhei Rhzomain decoction solution. 生药学杂志, 1978, 32(2): 104-108.
238. 苏子仁, 陈建南. 中药制剂工艺过程化学变化研究. 中国中药杂志, 1998, 23 (11): 671-673.
239. 赤堀昭,等. 日本东洋医学杂志,1976,27(2):41.
240. 苏子仁, 徐必达, 刘庆思, 等. 磷脂对骨康方补骨脂素、异补骨脂素煎出增溶作用探讨. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 1997, 3(3): 5-7.
241. 苏子仁, 周华, 刘中秋, 等. 大黄在提取精制工艺中的化学成分变化研究(I )——大黄素的湿热降解机理探讨. 药物分析杂志, 1998, 18(2): 82-87.
242. 陈蔚文, 李如柳, 徐颂芬, 等. 左金丸配伍和提取方法对化学成分的影响. 中成药, 1993, 15(8): 2 .
243. 罗尚凤, 宋俊峰, 武建华, 等. 枳术丸组方与炮制工艺的研究. 中国中药杂志, 1994, 19(1): 23.
244. 杨世杰, 王怀良. 药理学. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2001: 22.
245. Gan L.S., Thankker D.R.. Applications of the Caco-2 model in the design and development of biochemical and physical barriers posed by the intestinal epithelium. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.,1997, 23(13): 977-981.
246. Stenberg P., Bergstrom C.A., Luthman K., Artursson P.. Theoretica predictions of drug absorption in drug discovery and development. Clin. Pharmacokinet, 2002, 41(11): 877-899.
247. 杨建波, 姚佳, 杨洁. 药物体外ADME 筛选模型. 药学进展, 2004, 28(4):163.
248. Hidalgo I.J., Raub T.J., Borchardt R.T.. Characterization of the human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) as a mode system for intestinal epithelial permeability.
Gastroenterology, 1989, 96(3): 736-749.
249. Yee S.. Invitro permeability across Caco-2 cells (colonic) can predictin vivo (small intestinal) absorption in man factor myth. Pharm. Res., 1997, 14(6): 763～766.
250. Pappenheimer J.R., Reiss K.Z.. Contribution of solvent drug through inter cellular junctions to absorption of nutrients by the small intestine of the rat. J. Membr. Biol., 1987, 100: 123-136.
251. Furuse M., Hirase T., Itoh M., et al. A novel inegral membran eprotein localizing a tight junctions. J. Cell Biol., 1993, 123: 1777-1788.
252. Dantzig A.H., Bergin L.. Uptake of the cephalosporin, cephalexin, by a dipeptide transport carrier in the human intestinal cellline, Caco-2. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1990, 1027(3): 211-217.
253. Karlsson J., Kuo S.M., Ziemniak J.. Transport of celiprolol across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells: mediation of secretion by multiple transporters including P glycoprotein. Br J. Pharmacol., 1993,110(3): 1009-1016.
254. Artursson P., Karlsson J.. Correlation between oral drug absorption in humans and apparent drug permeability coefficients in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 175 (3): 880 -885.
255. Hovggard L., Brondsted H., Buur A.. Drug delivery studies in Caco-2 monolayers, synthesis, hydrolysis and transport of O-cycolpropane carboxylic acid ester prodrugs o fvarious β-blocking agents. Pharm. Res., 1995, 12(3): 387-392.
256. Obermeier M.T., Chong S., Dando S.A.. Predrugs of BMS 183920: metabolism and permeability considerations. J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85(8): 828-833.
257. Hov ggard L., Brondsted H.. Drug delivery studies in Caco-2 monolayers. IV. Absorption enhancer effects of cyclodextrins. Pharm. Res., 1995,12(9): 1328-1332.
258. Ginski M.J., Polli J.E.. Prediction of dissolution absorption relationships from a dissolution/Caco-2 system. Int. J. Pharm., 1999,177(1):117-125.
259. D’Agostino L., Pignata S.. Polyamine uptake by human colon carcinoma cellline Caco-2. Digestion, 1990, 46 (Suppl2): 352-359.
260. Tomon M., Tenenhouse H.S., Jones G.. Expression of 25 hydroxyvitamin