苏中地区油菜机播机收配套农艺技术研究
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摘要
通过分析不同处理条件下机直播油菜的产量及其产量构成、干物质生产量、机械收获损失的差异等,研究了苏中地区油菜机播机收配套农艺技术,其主要结果如下:
1、机直播油菜的籽粒产量随播种期的推迟而逐渐下降,苏中地区最适播种期范围为9月下旬到10月5日。生产上应在前茬作物收获后尽早进行播种。在产量构成因素中,每亩角果数、千粒重也随着播种期的推迟而呈下降的趋势,每角粒数的变化幅度不大,通径分析表明,每亩角果数对籽粒产量的增加起主导作用;成熟期油菜地上部分干物质生产量、经济系数都随着播种期的推迟而减小,通径分析表明,增加果壳重和茎枝重都有利于籽粒产量的提高。
2、机直播油菜的产量随种植密度的增加呈先增后减的趋势,苏中地区最适种植密度为1.9-2.3万株/亩,密度过大过小都不利于产量的提高。产量构成因素中单株角果数、每角粒数随着密度的增大而减小,千粒重随着密度的增大呈先增后减的趋势,由于密度的差异,每亩角果数的变化也是先增大后减小,通径分析表明,每亩角果数、每角粒数和千粒重与产量的直接通径系数都为正值,但每亩角果数与每角粒数和千粒重之间都为负相关。在干物质生产量方面,单株茎枝重和单株果壳重随着种植密度的增大而减小,而每亩茎枝重随密度的增大而增大,每亩果壳重随密度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。通径分析表明,经济系数、每亩果壳重和每亩茎枝重对提高籽粒产量都有明显的直接作用,但经济系数与每亩果壳重和每亩茎枝重之间都有极显著的负相关。因此在适宜每亩角果数的基础上增加每角粒数、提高千粒重并保持较高的经济系数有利于提高籽粒产量。
3、通过测定不同部分机械收获损失表明,机械收获损失主要是夹带损失、未脱粒损失和清选损失。种植密度为2.17万株/亩时,油菜机械收获损失最小,产量最高,种植密度过稀过密都会增加收获损失率;在品种的选用上,首先要选用高产优质的油菜品种,在此基础上再选择分枝数较少,分枝短而上举,植株不高且角果成熟度一致的油菜品种。
Through analyzing the yield and the yield components, dry matter production of directing-sowing rapeseed and the losses of mechanical harvesting to study the agronomic technology of rapeseed production under directing-sowing and mechanical harvesting in the central region of Jiangsu province. The main results were as follows.
1. The seed yield of directing-sowing rapeseed gradually declined with the delaying of sowing date. The optimum sowing date in the central region of Jiangsu province is in the range of last two weeks of September to the 5th of October. After the harvesting of autumn ripening crops, the derect-sowing rapeseed should be sown as early as possible. Among the yield components, the pod number per mu and 1000-seed weight were reduced with the delaying of sowing date.The difference of seed number per pod among different sowing date was less. Path analysis showed that theincresing of pod number per mu was the main reason to increase seed yield.The amount of dry matter in ripening stage and harvest index (HI) were reduced with the delaying of sowing date. Path analysis showed that increasing pod shell and stem and branches weight would benefit to the increasing of seed yield.
2. The seed yield of direct-sowing rapeseed increased first and then decreased as the increasing of planting density. The optimum planting density in the central region of Jiangsu province was 1.9～2.3×104 plants/ mu. More or less planting density was not good for the increasing of seed yield. Among the yield components, with the increasing of planting density, pod number per plant and seed number per pod decreased but the pod number per mu and 1000-seed weight increased at first and then reduced. Path analysis showed that, the derect path coefficient between pod number per mu, seed number per pod and 1000-seed weight and seed yield were all positive, but pod number per mu and seed number per pod and 1000-seed weight related negatively. With the increasing of planting density, the weight of pod shell and stem and branches per plant were reduced, but the weight of stem and branches per mu were increased and the weight of pod shell per mu were increased first and then decreased. Path analysis showed that the derect path coefficient between HI,weight of pod shell and weight of stem and branches and seed yield were all positive, HI and the weight of pod shell and the weight of stem and branches related negatively. Therefore, keeping appropriate pod number per mu and increasing seed number per pod, 1000-seed weight and HI were benefit to increase seed yield.
3. Through measuring the loss source in the process of mechanical harvesting in rapeseed, it showed that the main loss source of mechanical harvesting in rapeseed taked place in the process of threshing and cleaning. The percentage of seed loss in the process of mechanical harvesting was the least when planting density was 2.17×104 plants/mu. The variety of rapeseed with high-yield and high-quality, less brabches, lower height and the pods ripening uniform should be the ideal one to fit mechanical harvesting.
1、机直播油菜的籽粒产量随播种期的推迟而逐渐下降,苏中地区最适播种期范围为9月下旬到10月5日。生产上应在前茬作物收获后尽早进行播种。在产量构成因素中,每亩角果数、千粒重也随着播种期的推迟而呈下降的趋势,每角粒数的变化幅度不大,通径分析表明,每亩角果数对籽粒产量的增加起主导作用;成熟期油菜地上部分干物质生产量、经济系数都随着播种期的推迟而减小,通径分析表明,增加果壳重和茎枝重都有利于籽粒产量的提高。
2、机直播油菜的产量随种植密度的增加呈先增后减的趋势,苏中地区最适种植密度为1.9-2.3万株/亩,密度过大过小都不利于产量的提高。产量构成因素中单株角果数、每角粒数随着密度的增大而减小,千粒重随着密度的增大呈先增后减的趋势,由于密度的差异,每亩角果数的变化也是先增大后减小,通径分析表明,每亩角果数、每角粒数和千粒重与产量的直接通径系数都为正值,但每亩角果数与每角粒数和千粒重之间都为负相关。在干物质生产量方面,单株茎枝重和单株果壳重随着种植密度的增大而减小,而每亩茎枝重随密度的增大而增大,每亩果壳重随密度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。通径分析表明,经济系数、每亩果壳重和每亩茎枝重对提高籽粒产量都有明显的直接作用,但经济系数与每亩果壳重和每亩茎枝重之间都有极显著的负相关。因此在适宜每亩角果数的基础上增加每角粒数、提高千粒重并保持较高的经济系数有利于提高籽粒产量。
3、通过测定不同部分机械收获损失表明,机械收获损失主要是夹带损失、未脱粒损失和清选损失。种植密度为2.17万株/亩时,油菜机械收获损失最小,产量最高,种植密度过稀过密都会增加收获损失率;在品种的选用上,首先要选用高产优质的油菜品种,在此基础上再选择分枝数较少,分枝短而上举,植株不高且角果成熟度一致的油菜品种。
Through analyzing the yield and the yield components, dry matter production of directing-sowing rapeseed and the losses of mechanical harvesting to study the agronomic technology of rapeseed production under directing-sowing and mechanical harvesting in the central region of Jiangsu province. The main results were as follows.
1. The seed yield of directing-sowing rapeseed gradually declined with the delaying of sowing date. The optimum sowing date in the central region of Jiangsu province is in the range of last two weeks of September to the 5th of October. After the harvesting of autumn ripening crops, the derect-sowing rapeseed should be sown as early as possible. Among the yield components, the pod number per mu and 1000-seed weight were reduced with the delaying of sowing date.The difference of seed number per pod among different sowing date was less. Path analysis showed that theincresing of pod number per mu was the main reason to increase seed yield.The amount of dry matter in ripening stage and harvest index (HI) were reduced with the delaying of sowing date. Path analysis showed that increasing pod shell and stem and branches weight would benefit to the increasing of seed yield.
2. The seed yield of direct-sowing rapeseed increased first and then decreased as the increasing of planting density. The optimum planting density in the central region of Jiangsu province was 1.9～2.3×104 plants/ mu. More or less planting density was not good for the increasing of seed yield. Among the yield components, with the increasing of planting density, pod number per plant and seed number per pod decreased but the pod number per mu and 1000-seed weight increased at first and then reduced. Path analysis showed that, the derect path coefficient between pod number per mu, seed number per pod and 1000-seed weight and seed yield were all positive, but pod number per mu and seed number per pod and 1000-seed weight related negatively. With the increasing of planting density, the weight of pod shell and stem and branches per plant were reduced, but the weight of stem and branches per mu were increased and the weight of pod shell per mu were increased first and then decreased. Path analysis showed that the derect path coefficient between HI,weight of pod shell and weight of stem and branches and seed yield were all positive, HI and the weight of pod shell and the weight of stem and branches related negatively. Therefore, keeping appropriate pod number per mu and increasing seed number per pod, 1000-seed weight and HI were benefit to increase seed yield.
3. Through measuring the loss source in the process of mechanical harvesting in rapeseed, it showed that the main loss source of mechanical harvesting in rapeseed taked place in the process of threshing and cleaning. The percentage of seed loss in the process of mechanical harvesting was the least when planting density was 2.17×104 plants/mu. The variety of rapeseed with high-yield and high-quality, less brabches, lower height and the pods ripening uniform should be the ideal one to fit mechanical harvesting.
引文
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2.李建国,卞丽娜.我国油菜生产机械化的现状与发展.农业装备技术,2004(2):33-34.
3.查跃华.油菜机械化联合收获技术的研究.农业装备技术,20069(6):21-22.
4.何得生.从实践中看油菜生产机械化的发展.学术交流,2006:61-62.
5.吴福良.多功能油菜联合收获机的现状及发展方向.农业装备与车辆工程,2007(4):3-5.
6.吴福良,刘建政,李长兴.油菜联合收割机的研究[C].农业工程科技创新与建设现代农业(第Ⅰ分册).中国农业工程学会,2005:169- 173.
7.张毅,汤松.我国油菜生产现状分析与发展对策讨论.食物与能源安全战略中的中国油料.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2004:19-20.
8.冷锁虎,单玉华,徐东进,等.油菜腋芽分枝与分枝形成[J].中国油料,1996,(2):20-23
9.冷锁虎,朱耕如,徐东进.油菜结角层模式化栽培原理与技术[J].中国油料,1992,(1):63-65
10.徐东进,冷锁虎,朱耕如.春油菜高光效结角层结构的研究[J].中国油料,1990,(3):45-50
11.付明,唐玉梅.浅析油菜收获机械化技术.农机科技推广,2006:37-38
12.吴玉珍,张同章等.油菜机械化收获的技术实践.江苏农业科学,2004(1):37-38.
13.陶根宝.油菜生产机械化技术的推广应用.安徽农机,2006(1):22-23.
14.徐义华.不同播期和播量对稻田免耕油菜产量及构成因素的影响.作物栽培,2007(1):38-39.
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