玉米不同品种间作、混作栽培理论与技术研究
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摘要
由于玉米不同品种间作、混作技术的原理比较简单,操作容易而易于推广,是一种不增加任何生产成本就有可增产的种植方式。因此,本文在前人研究基础上,利用基因型不同、表现型特别是株高有一定差异的当地推广品种辽单526、丹玉39、沈玉21为试验材料,采用不完全随机区组试验设计,以间作或混作方式过对其产量、群体结构、生理指标及当代杂种优势等多种因素分析,探索玉米不品种间作及混作栽培方式的增产理论和技术问题。试验结果表明:
采用不同玉米品种间作、混作的栽培技术,利用不同品种间的竞争与互补关系,在不增加农药、化肥等任何生产成本的条件下,可提高群体产量和整体经济效益。本试验中玉米不同品种间作、混作群体的产量与单作时相比均有所增加,从而提高了土地利用率。
株高差是构建新型群体结构必要条件。以不同株高的品种搭配构建出合理的群体结构,使高秆品种充分发挥空间优势而又不至于造成矮秆品种的减产或减产幅度较小。在间作群体中,由于株高差和不同品种增产潜力不同,丹玉39与沈玉21间作组合要比辽单526与丹玉39间作组合增产幅度大,并且群体中各品种与各自单作相比,高秆品种增产显著,而矮秆品种减产幅度较小差异不显著或增产较少但差异显著;在混作群体中,也表现为丹玉39与沈玉21混作组合要比辽单526与丹玉39混作组合增产幅度大,并且两个混作组合增产效果均达到了极显著水平,其中混作群体中各品种产量与各自单作相比都有所增加,这表明具有一定株高差的不同品种间作或混作有助于群体产量的提高。
增产的主要原因在于不同玉米品种间作、混作群体的波浪式冠层或凹凸式冠层是一种新型的冠层结构。这种冠层结构使群体受光面积加大,并且大大改善了群体特别是中上部的通风透光条件,行间风速明显高于株间风速,有利于群体内外的气体交换,为光合作用提供更多的CO_2,从而提高了整体的光合速率,积累更多的光合产物供作物生长的需要,为高产奠定了基础。
在玉米整个生育期,由于没有灾害性天气的发生,所有的处理均无倒伏现象,茎折也不太明显。在生育后期,通过对间作、混作群体内不同玉米品种茎折率的调查,结果表明不同玉米品种间作、混作时的茎折率与单作相比明显降低;另外,由于本试验所采用的品种均为抗逆性较强的品种,经调查发现,丝黑穗病和茎腐病无发生,而大斑病、小斑病、灰斑病均有不同程度的发生,但差异不大;虫害主要为玉米螟,各处理间受危害情况差异也不明显。但是有研究表明不同玉米品种间作、混作的复合式群体结构在抗性方面确实有较强的互补性,因此可有效地避免在个别年份因品种单一使得某些灾害发生时减产所造成的损失。
玉米属于异交作物且花粉量大,通过对本试验各品种及大面积生产田果穗秃尖状况的调查结果表明:无论是单作还是间作、混作,果穗秃尖部分均表现为子粒发育的中途停止即不属于授粉不良问题。这说明玉米不同品种间作、混作的增产作用与授粉状况无关。本试验还得出,单交种之间的杂交在粒重方面的增产幅度并不大。结合以前的研究,认为单交种间杂交粒重增加一般在5%左右,远远小于自交系间杂交(10%以上甚至更高)。生产上间作、混作群体如果不进行人工去雄,接受异品种花粉的几率仅为1/2,因此,当代杂种优势并不是异品种间作、混作增产的重要原因,但对于产量的提高也有一定作用。
Because the principle of different maize inter-planting and mixed cultivation technology is simple and this new cultivation is easy to promote.It is a yield-increasing cultivation without increasing any cost.Hence the author carried on the experiment using three kinds of maize hybrids of different genes and phenotypes especially different plant height varieties. The hybrids included Liaodan526、Danyu39、Shenyu21.The author used non-randomized block experimental design and analysised the yield、community structure、physiological target and heterosis of F_0 generation of different maize variety inter planting and mixed cultivation, studied the yield-increasing theory and technique problems.The results were showed as follows:
1.Using the competition and supplementary effect of different maize varieties interplanting and mixed cultivation,this new cultivation can enhance community yield and economic efficiency without increasing any cost such as pesticide and fertilizer.In this paper, the yield of different maize varieties inter-planting and mixed cultivation increased than the yield of monoculture,the land utilization rate also increased.
2.Plant height difference was the necessary condition of building new community structure.The reasonable community structure can make the higher maize variety display space superiority and the shorter maize variety reduce yield or the yield-reducing scope was small.In the inter-planting community,different varieties have different yield-increasing potential.The yield of inter planting combination of Danyu39 and Shenyu21 increased than combination of Liaodan526 and Danyu39.In the community,the yield of higher maize variety increased significantly than the yield of monoculture.While the shorter maize variety have a small yield-reducing scope and do not reach the significant level or the yield-increasing scope is small but reach significant level.In mixed cultivation community, the mixed cultivation combination of Danyu39 and Shenyu21 had a great yield-increasing scope than the combination of Liaodan526 and Danyu39.The two mixed cultivation combinations yield-increasing effect both reached very significant level.The yield of different maize variety in the mixed community increased than the yield of monoculture.This showed that different maize variety of different plant height inter-planting and mixed cultivation can be good for the yield-increasing of the community.
3.The main reason of yield-increasing is that different maize varieties inter-planning and mixed cultivation community can form new canopy structure such as wave-like structure and concave-convex-like structure.This new kind of canopy structure can enlarge the light area of the community,improve the wind and light condition of community especially the mid-up canopy of the community.The wind speed of row spacing obviously higher than that of plant spacing.This can be good for the gas exchange inside and outside of the community,and can also provide more carbon dioxide for photosynthetic,accumulate more photosynthesis product for plant to grow.This can make foundation for high production.
4.During the entire life span of the maize,there is no catastrophe weather occur,all treatments have no lodging and booklet of stem is not serious as well.In the late life span,the booklet results indicates that the booklet rate of different maize inter-planting and mixed cultivation significantly reduced than that of monoculture.In addition,the varieties in the experiment are all resistance varieties.There are no head smut and bacterial wilt occur and exserohilum turcicum、bipolaris maydis and cercospora sojina hara occurred in different levels but not significant.The asian corn borer is the primary insect pest,the harm of different treatment have no obvious difference.But some research indicated that different maize varieties inter-planting and mixed cultivation have strong supplementary and can not avoid the loss that some certain disasters occurred in some year.
5.Maize belong to cross-breeding crops and have a plenty of pollen.In this paper,the investigation of rare ear length indicates that the reason of rare ear length is not the pollen problem.This showed that the yield-increasing effect have no relevance with pollination.The experiment also showed that the yield-increasing scope was not obvious about the seed weight of hybrids.Combined with the research before,the author thought that the yield-increasing of hybrids(about5%)cross-breeding was less than inbred line(about10%).In the field the inter planting and mixed cultivation have half chance to accept different pollen. Hence the heterosis of F_0 generation is not the main reason of yield-increasing of different maize varieties inter-planting and mixed cultivation.But the heterosis of F_0 generation had some effect on the yield-increasing.
采用不同玉米品种间作、混作的栽培技术,利用不同品种间的竞争与互补关系,在不增加农药、化肥等任何生产成本的条件下,可提高群体产量和整体经济效益。本试验中玉米不同品种间作、混作群体的产量与单作时相比均有所增加,从而提高了土地利用率。
株高差是构建新型群体结构必要条件。以不同株高的品种搭配构建出合理的群体结构,使高秆品种充分发挥空间优势而又不至于造成矮秆品种的减产或减产幅度较小。在间作群体中,由于株高差和不同品种增产潜力不同,丹玉39与沈玉21间作组合要比辽单526与丹玉39间作组合增产幅度大,并且群体中各品种与各自单作相比,高秆品种增产显著,而矮秆品种减产幅度较小差异不显著或增产较少但差异显著;在混作群体中,也表现为丹玉39与沈玉21混作组合要比辽单526与丹玉39混作组合增产幅度大,并且两个混作组合增产效果均达到了极显著水平,其中混作群体中各品种产量与各自单作相比都有所增加,这表明具有一定株高差的不同品种间作或混作有助于群体产量的提高。
增产的主要原因在于不同玉米品种间作、混作群体的波浪式冠层或凹凸式冠层是一种新型的冠层结构。这种冠层结构使群体受光面积加大,并且大大改善了群体特别是中上部的通风透光条件,行间风速明显高于株间风速,有利于群体内外的气体交换,为光合作用提供更多的CO_2,从而提高了整体的光合速率,积累更多的光合产物供作物生长的需要,为高产奠定了基础。
在玉米整个生育期,由于没有灾害性天气的发生,所有的处理均无倒伏现象,茎折也不太明显。在生育后期,通过对间作、混作群体内不同玉米品种茎折率的调查,结果表明不同玉米品种间作、混作时的茎折率与单作相比明显降低;另外,由于本试验所采用的品种均为抗逆性较强的品种,经调查发现,丝黑穗病和茎腐病无发生,而大斑病、小斑病、灰斑病均有不同程度的发生,但差异不大;虫害主要为玉米螟,各处理间受危害情况差异也不明显。但是有研究表明不同玉米品种间作、混作的复合式群体结构在抗性方面确实有较强的互补性,因此可有效地避免在个别年份因品种单一使得某些灾害发生时减产所造成的损失。
玉米属于异交作物且花粉量大,通过对本试验各品种及大面积生产田果穗秃尖状况的调查结果表明:无论是单作还是间作、混作,果穗秃尖部分均表现为子粒发育的中途停止即不属于授粉不良问题。这说明玉米不同品种间作、混作的增产作用与授粉状况无关。本试验还得出,单交种之间的杂交在粒重方面的增产幅度并不大。结合以前的研究,认为单交种间杂交粒重增加一般在5%左右,远远小于自交系间杂交(10%以上甚至更高)。生产上间作、混作群体如果不进行人工去雄,接受异品种花粉的几率仅为1/2,因此,当代杂种优势并不是异品种间作、混作增产的重要原因,但对于产量的提高也有一定作用。
Because the principle of different maize inter-planting and mixed cultivation technology is simple and this new cultivation is easy to promote.It is a yield-increasing cultivation without increasing any cost.Hence the author carried on the experiment using three kinds of maize hybrids of different genes and phenotypes especially different plant height varieties. The hybrids included Liaodan526、Danyu39、Shenyu21.The author used non-randomized block experimental design and analysised the yield、community structure、physiological target and heterosis of F_0 generation of different maize variety inter planting and mixed cultivation, studied the yield-increasing theory and technique problems.The results were showed as follows:
1.Using the competition and supplementary effect of different maize varieties interplanting and mixed cultivation,this new cultivation can enhance community yield and economic efficiency without increasing any cost such as pesticide and fertilizer.In this paper, the yield of different maize varieties inter-planting and mixed cultivation increased than the yield of monoculture,the land utilization rate also increased.
2.Plant height difference was the necessary condition of building new community structure.The reasonable community structure can make the higher maize variety display space superiority and the shorter maize variety reduce yield or the yield-reducing scope was small.In the inter-planting community,different varieties have different yield-increasing potential.The yield of inter planting combination of Danyu39 and Shenyu21 increased than combination of Liaodan526 and Danyu39.In the community,the yield of higher maize variety increased significantly than the yield of monoculture.While the shorter maize variety have a small yield-reducing scope and do not reach the significant level or the yield-increasing scope is small but reach significant level.In mixed cultivation community, the mixed cultivation combination of Danyu39 and Shenyu21 had a great yield-increasing scope than the combination of Liaodan526 and Danyu39.The two mixed cultivation combinations yield-increasing effect both reached very significant level.The yield of different maize variety in the mixed community increased than the yield of monoculture.This showed that different maize variety of different plant height inter-planting and mixed cultivation can be good for the yield-increasing of the community.
3.The main reason of yield-increasing is that different maize varieties inter-planning and mixed cultivation community can form new canopy structure such as wave-like structure and concave-convex-like structure.This new kind of canopy structure can enlarge the light area of the community,improve the wind and light condition of community especially the mid-up canopy of the community.The wind speed of row spacing obviously higher than that of plant spacing.This can be good for the gas exchange inside and outside of the community,and can also provide more carbon dioxide for photosynthetic,accumulate more photosynthesis product for plant to grow.This can make foundation for high production.
4.During the entire life span of the maize,there is no catastrophe weather occur,all treatments have no lodging and booklet of stem is not serious as well.In the late life span,the booklet results indicates that the booklet rate of different maize inter-planting and mixed cultivation significantly reduced than that of monoculture.In addition,the varieties in the experiment are all resistance varieties.There are no head smut and bacterial wilt occur and exserohilum turcicum、bipolaris maydis and cercospora sojina hara occurred in different levels but not significant.The asian corn borer is the primary insect pest,the harm of different treatment have no obvious difference.But some research indicated that different maize varieties inter-planting and mixed cultivation have strong supplementary and can not avoid the loss that some certain disasters occurred in some year.
5.Maize belong to cross-breeding crops and have a plenty of pollen.In this paper,the investigation of rare ear length indicates that the reason of rare ear length is not the pollen problem.This showed that the yield-increasing effect have no relevance with pollination.The experiment also showed that the yield-increasing scope was not obvious about the seed weight of hybrids.Combined with the research before,the author thought that the yield-increasing of hybrids(about5%)cross-breeding was less than inbred line(about10%).In the field the inter planting and mixed cultivation have half chance to accept different pollen. Hence the heterosis of F_0 generation is not the main reason of yield-increasing of different maize varieties inter-planting and mixed cultivation.But the heterosis of F_0 generation had some effect on the yield-increasing.
引文
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