航空遥感应用中TDI CCD信噪比与电荷转移像移研究
|
摘要
CCD（Charge Coupled Device）以其低噪声、大动态范围、高量子效率、宽光谱响应以及高几何稳定性等优点，广泛应用于空间遥感、天文观测、微光夜视等科学研究领域。CCD的时间延迟积分（Time Delay Integration, TDI）工作模式在不牺牲空间分辨率的情况下，显著提高了探测器的响应度，在航空遥感领域是解决相机轻量化的主要途径。提高TDI CCD信噪比，降低行间电荷转移像移是高分辨率遥感成像系统迫切需要解决的两个问题。
CCD的主要噪声包含光子散粒噪声，暗电流噪声，光子响应非均匀性噪声，电路读出噪声以及量化噪声等。与面阵CCD不同，TDI CCD的时间延迟积分特性对各种噪声源有着不同的影响。在深入分析了TDI CCD光电转换过程的基础上，将TDI CCD积分级数作为变量引入TDI CCD噪声源模型，建立了TDICCD在不同曝光级数下总体噪声表达式。然后从整机角度分别考虑地面景物反射率、成像系统调制传递函数（Modulation Transfer Function，MTF）等因素，给出了TDI CCD航空相机信噪比的表现形式，着重分析了增益调节对信噪比的影响，并进行了实验验证。
在航空遥感应用中，由于飞机的前向飞行以及姿态变化，高信噪比并不代表着高的成像质量。本文根据TDI CCD行间电荷的转移方式，利用脉冲传递函数建立了电荷转移的速度模型，并对TDI CCD电荷转移速度与景物像点移动速度进行了比较分析，揭示了TDI CCD电荷转移像移产生的原因，然后以推扫型、摆扫型航空遥感相机为研究对象，对行间电荷转移补偿误差进行了深入的数值分析，最终建立了多相位TDI CCD电荷转移像移的调制传递函数，定量给出了二、三、四相位TDI CCD电荷转移像移引起的空间频率对比度损失，同时本文提出了一种新的TDI CCD电荷方式，使TDI CCD电荷转移像移减为1/2φ像素，其中φ为TDI CCD的电荷转移相位数。
Charge coupled device is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observationand night vision due to its merits of low noise, high quantum efficiency, widespectral response and high geometric stability. Time delay and integration mode ofCCD provides increased sensitivity without the sacrifice of spatial resolution, andthe effective integration time is increased by a factor of N, which is equal to thenumber of TDI stages. Therefore, it is used for light weight design of the aerialcameras in remote sensing applications.
In the CCD-based cameras, there are several noises. In our analysis, the CCDnoises can be divided into five main categories: photon shot noise, dark current noise,photon response non uniformity (PRNU) noise, circuit readout noise andquantization noise. However, the time delay and integration function has an effect onthe noise representations when compared to the frame detectors. After studying thephoton electron conversion process thoroughly, we develop a series of noiseformulations with respect to the integration stages. Then we provide an universalTDI CCD camera signal to noise ratio (SNR) formulation considering the groundscene reflector ratio, system modulation transfer function (MTF), ect. Furthermore,we analyze the effect of the analog gain on the SNR.
As we know, in the aerial remote sensing applications, the higher SNR does notalways means the high imaging quality due to the influence of aircraft forwardmotion and attitude variations. After researching on the operation of a typical TDICCD, we give a thorough understanding on causes of clocking smear. Then anelaborate mathematical model describing the charge transfer procedure is developed, and the modulation transfer function losses due to charge transfer is also presented,which shows that nearly one pixel smear will be introduced by traditional phasetiming. Therefore, we propose a novel charge transfer method, using which only1/2φ pixel smear will occur within the imaging operation of a single TDI stage,where φ represents the number of timing phases.
CCD的主要噪声包含光子散粒噪声，暗电流噪声，光子响应非均匀性噪声，电路读出噪声以及量化噪声等。与面阵CCD不同，TDI CCD的时间延迟积分特性对各种噪声源有着不同的影响。在深入分析了TDI CCD光电转换过程的基础上，将TDI CCD积分级数作为变量引入TDI CCD噪声源模型，建立了TDICCD在不同曝光级数下总体噪声表达式。然后从整机角度分别考虑地面景物反射率、成像系统调制传递函数（Modulation Transfer Function，MTF）等因素，给出了TDI CCD航空相机信噪比的表现形式，着重分析了增益调节对信噪比的影响，并进行了实验验证。
在航空遥感应用中，由于飞机的前向飞行以及姿态变化，高信噪比并不代表着高的成像质量。本文根据TDI CCD行间电荷的转移方式，利用脉冲传递函数建立了电荷转移的速度模型，并对TDI CCD电荷转移速度与景物像点移动速度进行了比较分析，揭示了TDI CCD电荷转移像移产生的原因，然后以推扫型、摆扫型航空遥感相机为研究对象，对行间电荷转移补偿误差进行了深入的数值分析，最终建立了多相位TDI CCD电荷转移像移的调制传递函数，定量给出了二、三、四相位TDI CCD电荷转移像移引起的空间频率对比度损失，同时本文提出了一种新的TDI CCD电荷方式，使TDI CCD电荷转移像移减为1/2φ像素，其中φ为TDI CCD的电荷转移相位数。
Charge coupled device is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observationand night vision due to its merits of low noise, high quantum efficiency, widespectral response and high geometric stability. Time delay and integration mode ofCCD provides increased sensitivity without the sacrifice of spatial resolution, andthe effective integration time is increased by a factor of N, which is equal to thenumber of TDI stages. Therefore, it is used for light weight design of the aerialcameras in remote sensing applications.
In the CCD-based cameras, there are several noises. In our analysis, the CCDnoises can be divided into five main categories: photon shot noise, dark current noise,photon response non uniformity (PRNU) noise, circuit readout noise andquantization noise. However, the time delay and integration function has an effect onthe noise representations when compared to the frame detectors. After studying thephoton electron conversion process thoroughly, we develop a series of noiseformulations with respect to the integration stages. Then we provide an universalTDI CCD camera signal to noise ratio (SNR) formulation considering the groundscene reflector ratio, system modulation transfer function (MTF), ect. Furthermore,we analyze the effect of the analog gain on the SNR.
As we know, in the aerial remote sensing applications, the higher SNR does notalways means the high imaging quality due to the influence of aircraft forwardmotion and attitude variations. After researching on the operation of a typical TDICCD, we give a thorough understanding on causes of clocking smear. Then anelaborate mathematical model describing the charge transfer procedure is developed, and the modulation transfer function losses due to charge transfer is also presented,which shows that nearly one pixel smear will be introduced by traditional phasetiming. Therefore, we propose a novel charge transfer method, using which only1/2φ pixel smear will occur within the imaging operation of a single TDI stage,where φ represents the number of timing phases.
引文
[1] J. R. Janesick, Scientific charge-coupled devices [M].2001, SPIE OpticalEngineering Press
[2] D. J. Wang, and T. Zhang. Noise analysis and measurement of time delay andintegration charge coupled device [J]. Chin. Phys. B,2011,20(8):087202-1-087202-6
[3] D. J. Wang, H. H. Shen, and Y. L. Song. Modeling and experimental investigationon the PRNU noise of TDI CCD [J]. ACTA Photonica Sinica,2012,41(2):232-235
[4]章明朝,周跃,闫丰,隋永新,杨怀江.“日盲”紫外增强型CCD的自动增益控制[J].光学精密工程,2010,18(2):496-502.
[5]王德江,匡海鹏.模拟增益对电荷耦合器件信噪比与动态范围影响的实验研究[J].物理学报,2011,60(7):077208-1-077208-6
[6] F. Devaux, J. L. Blanchet, and E. Lantz. Effective signal-to-noise ratioimprovement by parametric image amplification [J]. Opt. Lett.,2007,32(2):175-177
[7]刘明,匡海鹏,吴宏圣,等.像移补偿技术综述[J].电光与控制,2004,11(4):46-49
[8]翟林培,流明,修吉宏.考虑飞机姿态角时倾斜航空相机像移速度计算[J].光学精密工程,2006,14(3):490-494
[9]颜昌翔,王家骐.航相机像移补偿计算的坐标变化方法[J].光学精密工程,2000,8(3):203-207
[10]王德江，匡海鹏，蔡希昌，等. TDI-CCD全景航空相机前向像移补偿的数字实现方法[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(12):2465-2472
[11]谢冰,焦斌亮.基于航天TDI CCD相机像移分析的PSF估计及图像复原算法研究[J].宇航学报,2010,31(3):936-940
[12]赵葆常,杨建峰,汶德胜,高伟,阮萍,贺应红.嫦娥一号卫星CCD立体相机的设计与在轨运行[J].航天器工程,2009,18(1):30-36
[13]赵葆常,杨建峰,汶德胜,高伟,常凌颖,薛彬,宋宗玺.单镜头两视角同轨立体成像、TDI CCD自推扫和速高比补偿-嫦娥二号CCD相机技术[J].光学学报,2011,31(9):0900115
[14]M. Robinson, S. Brylow, M. Tschimmel, et al.. Lunar reconnaissance orbitercamera (LPOC) instrument overview [J]. Space Science Review,2010,150(1):81-124
[15]A. J. Partynskl, S. R. Beran, A. M. Baker, J. Jones, and S. Wyatt. Dual band hyperspectral framing reconnaissance camera [P]. Nov.30,2004, U.S. patent6,826,358B2
[16]M. Iyenqar, D. Lange. The Goodrich3th generation DB-110system: operationalon tactical and unmanned aircraft [C].2006, Proceeding of SPIE,6209:1-12
[17]王德江,张涛,匡海鹏,等.陀螺关键参数的标定及对航空相机伺服控制系统的影响[J].光电工程,2010,27(1):43-48
[18]王德江，张涛.陀螺去噪算法对航空相机像移补偿系统得影响[J].红外与激光工程,2010,39(5):967-971
[19]S. Rasouli, M. T. Tavassoly. Determination of vibration parameters of alarge-scale structure by measuring the visibility changes on the time-averaged imagesof a sinusoidal pattern fixed on it [J]. Optical Engineering,2008,47(5):053603-1-053603-6
[20]王德江,匡海鹏,蔡希昌,刘志明,张雪菲. TDI CCD全景航空相机前向像移补偿的DSP实现[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(12):2465-2472
[21]R. D. Fiete, T. Tantalo. Image quality of increased along-scan sampling forremote sensing systems [J]. Optical Engineering,1999,38(5),815-820
[22]J. G. Wu, Z. Z. Zheng, and H. J. Feng, et al. Restoration of TDI camera imageswith motion distortion and blur [J]. Optics&Laser Technology,2010,42(3):1198-1203
[23]钱义先,梁伟,高晓东.高分辨率航空相机动态调制传递函数数值分析[J].光学学报,2009,29(1):192～196
[24]王德江,董斌,李文明,金灿强. TDI CCD电荷转移对遥感相机成像质量的影响[J].光学精密工程,2011,16(12):2465-2472
[25]J. L. Tong, M Aydin and H. E. Bedell. Direction and extent of perceived motionsmear during pursuit eye movement [J]. Vision Research,2007,47(7):1011-1019
[26]S. G. Chamberlain, W. D. Washkurak. High-speed, low-noise, fine-resolution TDICCD imagers [C]. Proceeding of SPIE,1999,1242:1-12.
[27]G. C. Holst. Electro-optical imaging system performance [M].2008, SPIE OpticalEngineering Press
[28]G. C. Holst. CMOS/CCD sensor and camera system [M].2007, SPIE OpticalEngineering Press
[29]G. C. Holst. Imaging system performance based upon Fλ/d [J]. OpticalEngineering,2007,46(10):1-8
[30]G. Zonios. Noise and stray light characterization of a compact CCDspectrophotometer used in biomedical applications [J]. Appl. Opt.,2010,49(2):163-169
[31]U. Bastian, M. Biermann. Astrometric meaning and interpretation ofhigh-precision time delay integration CCD data [J]. Astronomy and Astrophysics2005,438(2):745-755
[32]L. F. Chen, X. S. Zhang, J. M. Lin, and D. G. Sha. Signal-to-noise evaluation of aCCD camera [J]. Opt. Laser Technol.,2009,41(5):574-579
[33]G. E. Healey, and R. Kondepudy. Radiometric CCD camera calibration and noiseestimation [J]. IEEE T. Pattern. Anal.,1994,16(3):267-276
[34]K. Irie, A. E. Mckinnon, K. Unsworth, and I. M. Woodhead. A technique forevaluation of CCD Video camera noise [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuit and Systemfor Video Technology,2008,18(2):280-283
[35]李云飞,李敏杰,司国良,郭永飞. TDI-CCD图像传感器的噪声分析与处理[J].光学精密工程,2007,15(8):1196-1202
[36]杨秉新. TDI CCD相机的相对孔径与器件像元尺寸关系的研究[J].航天返回与遥感,2001,22(2):9-12
[37]杨秉新.航天TDI CCD相机静态调制传递函数的研究[J].航天返回与遥感,2004,25(3):22-24
[38]D. J. Wang, Tao Zhang, and Haipeng Kuang. Relationship between thecharge-coupled device signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range with respect to theanalog gain [J]. Applied Optics,2012,51(29):7103-7114
[39]S. G. Chamberlain, W. D. Washkurak. High-speed, low-noise, fine-resolution TDICCD imagers [C]. Proceeding of SPIE,1990,1242:1-12
[40]S. L. Smith, J. Mooney, T. Tantalo, and R. D. Fiete. Understanding image qualitylosses due to smear in high-resolution remote sensing imaging systems [J]. Opt. Eng.,1999,38(5):821-826
[41]R. Vollmerhausen, M. H. Friedman et al.. Modeling the blur associated withvibration and motion [C]. SPIE,2007,6543:65430u-1-65430u-9.
[42]P. Magnan, M. Estribeau, G. Rolland et al.. Theoretical evaluation of MTF andcharge collection efficiency in CCD and CMOS image sensors [C]. SPIE,2009,7427:23-34.
[43]耿立中,安文化,车念曾. KA-112A全景式航空照相机[M].北京:中国人民解放军空军司令部情报部,1988
[44]王光. KS-146长焦距航空照相机[M].北京:中国人民解放军空军司令部情报部,1989
[45]陈荣利,樊学武.高分辨率TDI CCD相机轻量化技术[J].航天返回与遥感,2003,24(2):20-24
[46]李相国,汶德生,王华,卓越. TDI CCD亚像元技术应用于小相对孔径光学系统[J].光子学报,2004,33(10):1243-1246
[47]王海亮,向茂生,李杨,韦立登,吴一戎.两种单像空间后方交会模型分析[J].光学技术,2010,36(1):14-19
[48]姚保利,雷铭,薛彬,郜鹏,严绍辉,赵惠,赵卫,杨建峰,樊学武,邱跃洪,高伟,赵葆常,李英才.高分辨和超分辨光学成像技术在空间和生物中的应用[J].光子学报,2011,40(11):1607-1618
[49]相里斌,袁艳.单边干涉图的数据处理方法研究[J].光子学报,2006,35(12):1869-1874
[50]杨永明,李昕阳,赵嘉鑫.推扫式线阵TDI CCD扫描调制传递函数分析[J]应用光学,2011,32(5):872-877
[51]陶家生.像移和采样共同作用下的TDI CCD探测器像质[J].光电工程,2005,32(8):52-55
[52]邱振戈,岳庆兴,张春玲,周强,贾永红. TDI CCD在轨成像质量MTF数值模拟[J].国土资源遥感,2009,3(1):13-17
[53]张林,吴晓琴,汤宫民.基于MTF的时间延迟积分CCD成像系统同步误差分析[J].应用光学,2006,27(2):167-170
[54]马天波，郭永飞，李云飞.科学级TDICCD相机的行频精度[J].光学精密工程,2010,18(9):2028-2035
[55]郑耿峰,张珂,韩双丽,金龙旭,梁伟.空间TDI CCD相机动态成像地面检测系统的设计[J].光学精密工程,2010,18(3):623-629.
[56]A. V. Oppenheim, and R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing (PrenticeHall Press,2009).
[57]M. A. Margarette S, A. Percival F, and H. Steen G,“Quantization analysis ofspeckle intensity measurements for phase retrieval,” Appl. Opt.49,5087-5094(2010).
[58]陈世平.航天遥感科学技术的发展[J].航天器工程,2009,18(2):1-7
[59]J. R. Jensen, D. C. Cowen. Remote sensing of unban/suburban infrastructure andSocio-Economic Attributes [J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1999,65(5):611-622
[60]N. J. Miller, M. P. Dierking, and B. D. Duncan. Optical sparse aperture imaging[J].2007, Appl. Opt.46(23):5933-5943
[61]R. D. Fiete, T. Tantalo. Comparison of SNR image quality metrics for remotesensing systems [J]. Opt. Eng.,2001,40(5):574-585
[62]H. Gadi, Y. Yitzhak, K. Norman S, L. Yair, C. Meira and S. Adrian. Restoration ofimages captured by a staggered time delay and integration camera in the presence ofmechanical vibrations [J].2004, App. Opt.43(22):4345-4354
[63]谢冰,焦斌亮.基于航天TDICCD相机像移分析的PSF估计及图像复原算法研究[J].宇航学报,2010,31(3):936-940.
[64]Riehl, K. RAPTOR (DB-110) Reconnaissance system: in operation [C].2002,Proceeding of SPIE,4824:1-12.
[65]Goodman, J.W. Introduction to Fourier Optics [M]. Third Edition, Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry.
[66]D. J. Wang, T. Zhang, and H. P. Kuang. Clocking smearing analysis and reductionfor multi phase TDI CCD in remote sensing system.[J]. Opt. Express.2011,19(6):4868-4880
[67]R. D. Fiete, T. Tantalo. Image quality of increased along-scan sampling forremote sensing systems [J].1999, Opt. Eng.38(5):815-820
[68]S. A. Cota, C. J. Florio, D. J. Duvall and M. A. Leon,“The use of general imagequality equation in the design and evaluation of imaging systems,” Proc. SPIE7458,1-20(2009).
[69]S. T. Thurman, and J. R. Fienup,“Analysis of the general image qualityequation,” Proc. SPIE6978,69780F-1~69780F-13(2008).W. J. Smith, Modern optical engineering (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc,2008).
[70]W. J. Smith, Modern optical engineering (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc,2008).
[2] D. J. Wang, and T. Zhang. Noise analysis and measurement of time delay andintegration charge coupled device [J]. Chin. Phys. B,2011,20(8):087202-1-087202-6
[3] D. J. Wang, H. H. Shen, and Y. L. Song. Modeling and experimental investigationon the PRNU noise of TDI CCD [J]. ACTA Photonica Sinica,2012,41(2):232-235
[4]章明朝,周跃,闫丰,隋永新,杨怀江.“日盲”紫外增强型CCD的自动增益控制[J].光学精密工程,2010,18(2):496-502.
[5]王德江,匡海鹏.模拟增益对电荷耦合器件信噪比与动态范围影响的实验研究[J].物理学报,2011,60(7):077208-1-077208-6
[6] F. Devaux, J. L. Blanchet, and E. Lantz. Effective signal-to-noise ratioimprovement by parametric image amplification [J]. Opt. Lett.,2007,32(2):175-177
[7]刘明,匡海鹏,吴宏圣,等.像移补偿技术综述[J].电光与控制,2004,11(4):46-49
[8]翟林培,流明,修吉宏.考虑飞机姿态角时倾斜航空相机像移速度计算[J].光学精密工程,2006,14(3):490-494
[9]颜昌翔,王家骐.航相机像移补偿计算的坐标变化方法[J].光学精密工程,2000,8(3):203-207
[10]王德江，匡海鹏，蔡希昌，等. TDI-CCD全景航空相机前向像移补偿的数字实现方法[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(12):2465-2472
[11]谢冰,焦斌亮.基于航天TDI CCD相机像移分析的PSF估计及图像复原算法研究[J].宇航学报,2010,31(3):936-940
[12]赵葆常,杨建峰,汶德胜,高伟,阮萍,贺应红.嫦娥一号卫星CCD立体相机的设计与在轨运行[J].航天器工程,2009,18(1):30-36
[13]赵葆常,杨建峰,汶德胜,高伟,常凌颖,薛彬,宋宗玺.单镜头两视角同轨立体成像、TDI CCD自推扫和速高比补偿-嫦娥二号CCD相机技术[J].光学学报,2011,31(9):0900115
[14]M. Robinson, S. Brylow, M. Tschimmel, et al.. Lunar reconnaissance orbitercamera (LPOC) instrument overview [J]. Space Science Review,2010,150(1):81-124
[15]A. J. Partynskl, S. R. Beran, A. M. Baker, J. Jones, and S. Wyatt. Dual band hyperspectral framing reconnaissance camera [P]. Nov.30,2004, U.S. patent6,826,358B2
[16]M. Iyenqar, D. Lange. The Goodrich3th generation DB-110system: operationalon tactical and unmanned aircraft [C].2006, Proceeding of SPIE,6209:1-12
[17]王德江,张涛,匡海鹏,等.陀螺关键参数的标定及对航空相机伺服控制系统的影响[J].光电工程,2010,27(1):43-48
[18]王德江，张涛.陀螺去噪算法对航空相机像移补偿系统得影响[J].红外与激光工程,2010,39(5):967-971
[19]S. Rasouli, M. T. Tavassoly. Determination of vibration parameters of alarge-scale structure by measuring the visibility changes on the time-averaged imagesof a sinusoidal pattern fixed on it [J]. Optical Engineering,2008,47(5):053603-1-053603-6
[20]王德江,匡海鹏,蔡希昌,刘志明,张雪菲. TDI CCD全景航空相机前向像移补偿的DSP实现[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(12):2465-2472
[21]R. D. Fiete, T. Tantalo. Image quality of increased along-scan sampling forremote sensing systems [J]. Optical Engineering,1999,38(5),815-820
[22]J. G. Wu, Z. Z. Zheng, and H. J. Feng, et al. Restoration of TDI camera imageswith motion distortion and blur [J]. Optics&Laser Technology,2010,42(3):1198-1203
[23]钱义先,梁伟,高晓东.高分辨率航空相机动态调制传递函数数值分析[J].光学学报,2009,29(1):192～196
[24]王德江,董斌,李文明,金灿强. TDI CCD电荷转移对遥感相机成像质量的影响[J].光学精密工程,2011,16(12):2465-2472
[25]J. L. Tong, M Aydin and H. E. Bedell. Direction and extent of perceived motionsmear during pursuit eye movement [J]. Vision Research,2007,47(7):1011-1019
[26]S. G. Chamberlain, W. D. Washkurak. High-speed, low-noise, fine-resolution TDICCD imagers [C]. Proceeding of SPIE,1999,1242:1-12.
[27]G. C. Holst. Electro-optical imaging system performance [M].2008, SPIE OpticalEngineering Press
[28]G. C. Holst. CMOS/CCD sensor and camera system [M].2007, SPIE OpticalEngineering Press
[29]G. C. Holst. Imaging system performance based upon Fλ/d [J]. OpticalEngineering,2007,46(10):1-8
[30]G. Zonios. Noise and stray light characterization of a compact CCDspectrophotometer used in biomedical applications [J]. Appl. Opt.,2010,49(2):163-169
[31]U. Bastian, M. Biermann. Astrometric meaning and interpretation ofhigh-precision time delay integration CCD data [J]. Astronomy and Astrophysics2005,438(2):745-755
[32]L. F. Chen, X. S. Zhang, J. M. Lin, and D. G. Sha. Signal-to-noise evaluation of aCCD camera [J]. Opt. Laser Technol.,2009,41(5):574-579
[33]G. E. Healey, and R. Kondepudy. Radiometric CCD camera calibration and noiseestimation [J]. IEEE T. Pattern. Anal.,1994,16(3):267-276
[34]K. Irie, A. E. Mckinnon, K. Unsworth, and I. M. Woodhead. A technique forevaluation of CCD Video camera noise [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuit and Systemfor Video Technology,2008,18(2):280-283
[35]李云飞,李敏杰,司国良,郭永飞. TDI-CCD图像传感器的噪声分析与处理[J].光学精密工程,2007,15(8):1196-1202
[36]杨秉新. TDI CCD相机的相对孔径与器件像元尺寸关系的研究[J].航天返回与遥感,2001,22(2):9-12
[37]杨秉新.航天TDI CCD相机静态调制传递函数的研究[J].航天返回与遥感,2004,25(3):22-24
[38]D. J. Wang, Tao Zhang, and Haipeng Kuang. Relationship between thecharge-coupled device signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range with respect to theanalog gain [J]. Applied Optics,2012,51(29):7103-7114
[39]S. G. Chamberlain, W. D. Washkurak. High-speed, low-noise, fine-resolution TDICCD imagers [C]. Proceeding of SPIE,1990,1242:1-12
[40]S. L. Smith, J. Mooney, T. Tantalo, and R. D. Fiete. Understanding image qualitylosses due to smear in high-resolution remote sensing imaging systems [J]. Opt. Eng.,1999,38(5):821-826
[41]R. Vollmerhausen, M. H. Friedman et al.. Modeling the blur associated withvibration and motion [C]. SPIE,2007,6543:65430u-1-65430u-9.
[42]P. Magnan, M. Estribeau, G. Rolland et al.. Theoretical evaluation of MTF andcharge collection efficiency in CCD and CMOS image sensors [C]. SPIE,2009,7427:23-34.
[43]耿立中,安文化,车念曾. KA-112A全景式航空照相机[M].北京:中国人民解放军空军司令部情报部,1988
[44]王光. KS-146长焦距航空照相机[M].北京:中国人民解放军空军司令部情报部,1989
[45]陈荣利,樊学武.高分辨率TDI CCD相机轻量化技术[J].航天返回与遥感,2003,24(2):20-24
[46]李相国,汶德生,王华,卓越. TDI CCD亚像元技术应用于小相对孔径光学系统[J].光子学报,2004,33(10):1243-1246
[47]王海亮,向茂生,李杨,韦立登,吴一戎.两种单像空间后方交会模型分析[J].光学技术,2010,36(1):14-19
[48]姚保利,雷铭,薛彬,郜鹏,严绍辉,赵惠,赵卫,杨建峰,樊学武,邱跃洪,高伟,赵葆常,李英才.高分辨和超分辨光学成像技术在空间和生物中的应用[J].光子学报,2011,40(11):1607-1618
[49]相里斌,袁艳.单边干涉图的数据处理方法研究[J].光子学报,2006,35(12):1869-1874
[50]杨永明,李昕阳,赵嘉鑫.推扫式线阵TDI CCD扫描调制传递函数分析[J]应用光学,2011,32(5):872-877
[51]陶家生.像移和采样共同作用下的TDI CCD探测器像质[J].光电工程,2005,32(8):52-55
[52]邱振戈,岳庆兴,张春玲,周强,贾永红. TDI CCD在轨成像质量MTF数值模拟[J].国土资源遥感,2009,3(1):13-17
[53]张林,吴晓琴,汤宫民.基于MTF的时间延迟积分CCD成像系统同步误差分析[J].应用光学,2006,27(2):167-170
[54]马天波，郭永飞，李云飞.科学级TDICCD相机的行频精度[J].光学精密工程,2010,18(9):2028-2035
[55]郑耿峰,张珂,韩双丽,金龙旭,梁伟.空间TDI CCD相机动态成像地面检测系统的设计[J].光学精密工程,2010,18(3):623-629.
[56]A. V. Oppenheim, and R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing (PrenticeHall Press,2009).
[57]M. A. Margarette S, A. Percival F, and H. Steen G,“Quantization analysis ofspeckle intensity measurements for phase retrieval,” Appl. Opt.49,5087-5094(2010).
[58]陈世平.航天遥感科学技术的发展[J].航天器工程,2009,18(2):1-7
[59]J. R. Jensen, D. C. Cowen. Remote sensing of unban/suburban infrastructure andSocio-Economic Attributes [J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1999,65(5):611-622
[60]N. J. Miller, M. P. Dierking, and B. D. Duncan. Optical sparse aperture imaging[J].2007, Appl. Opt.46(23):5933-5943
[61]R. D. Fiete, T. Tantalo. Comparison of SNR image quality metrics for remotesensing systems [J]. Opt. Eng.,2001,40(5):574-585
[62]H. Gadi, Y. Yitzhak, K. Norman S, L. Yair, C. Meira and S. Adrian. Restoration ofimages captured by a staggered time delay and integration camera in the presence ofmechanical vibrations [J].2004, App. Opt.43(22):4345-4354
[63]谢冰,焦斌亮.基于航天TDICCD相机像移分析的PSF估计及图像复原算法研究[J].宇航学报,2010,31(3):936-940.
[64]Riehl, K. RAPTOR (DB-110) Reconnaissance system: in operation [C].2002,Proceeding of SPIE,4824:1-12.
[65]Goodman, J.W. Introduction to Fourier Optics [M]. Third Edition, Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry.
[66]D. J. Wang, T. Zhang, and H. P. Kuang. Clocking smearing analysis and reductionfor multi phase TDI CCD in remote sensing system.[J]. Opt. Express.2011,19(6):4868-4880
[67]R. D. Fiete, T. Tantalo. Image quality of increased along-scan sampling forremote sensing systems [J].1999, Opt. Eng.38(5):815-820
[68]S. A. Cota, C. J. Florio, D. J. Duvall and M. A. Leon,“The use of general imagequality equation in the design and evaluation of imaging systems,” Proc. SPIE7458,1-20(2009).
[69]S. T. Thurman, and J. R. Fienup,“Analysis of the general image qualityequation,” Proc. SPIE6978,69780F-1~69780F-13(2008).W. J. Smith, Modern optical engineering (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc,2008).
[70]W. J. Smith, Modern optical engineering (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc,2008).