沙柳制浆造纸性能的研究
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摘要
沙柳作为农林废弃物可再生资源,可替代化石资源用于生物燃料等工业生产中,但目前并没有得到充分利用。本论文以有效地利用这一天然可再生废弃资源为出发点,系统地研究了沙柳的生物结构、纤维形态及化学成分,探讨了沙柳的NaOH-AQ法、硫酸盐法最佳的制浆漂白工艺条件,并与其他一些浆料进行配抄,分析得出了较优的配比。
采用光学显微镜观察了沙柳的横切面、纵切面及弦切面,可知沙柳属阔叶木散孔材,材质均匀,年轮界限明显,主要由导管、木纤维、木射线薄壁细胞组成。对沙柳纤维形态进行了分析,结果表明:沙柳的纤维长度比接近45,壁腔小于1,纤维形态较好,能应用于造纸,但纤维长度较短、细胞壁较薄对成纸的强度有一定的影响。对沙柳的化学成分进行了分析,结果表明:沙柳杆纤维素为52.63%,半纤维素为23.34%,木素含量为19.19%,灰分含量为2.1%,苯醇抽出物含量为3.13%。沙柳皮同沙柳杆相比,灰分和抽出物含量较高,在制浆过程中,会引起种种障碍,影响其制浆性能。
研究了沙柳NaOH-AQ法制浆的最佳条件。采用四因子三水平的正交试验L9(34),以NaOH用量(22%、24%及26%NaOH,对绝干沙柳原料)、蒸煮最高温度(160℃、165℃、170℃)、最高温度下的保温时间(60 min、90 min、120 min)作为参数变量,研究了其对纸浆得率、Kappa值及纸浆粘度等性质的影响,分析得出了沙柳NaOH-AQ法制浆的较优条件。结果表明,较优的NaOH用量为24%,最高温度为165℃,最高温度下的保温时间为90 min。
研究了沙柳硫酸盐法制浆的最佳条件。对影响沙柳硫酸盐浆性能的主要因素进行了研究,包括用碱量(16.3%、17.8%、19.3%、20.9%以Na2O计,对绝干沙柳原料)、硫化度(21%、23%、25%、27%Na2S,对总碱量)、H因子(600、900、1200、1500)。研究结果显示:最佳的用碱量为17.8%,硫化度为25%,H因子为900,在打浆度为40 oSR时,此条件下的成浆性能为:裂断长为7.81 km,撕裂指数8.20 mN·m2·g-1,耐破指数4.63 kPa·m2·g-1。
研究了沙柳硫酸盐浆的漂白。结果显示:DP组合漂白的较优工艺条件:ClO2用量1.0%,H2O2用量2.5%,白度达79.5 %ISO。HP组合漂白的较优工艺条件:次氯酸盐用量7%,H2O2用量3%,白度达78.5 %ISO。同HP漂白相比,DP漂白强度性能损失较小,得率较高。
研究了沙柳硫酸盐浆的配抄性能。结果表明:杨木APMP配抄沙柳漂白硫酸盐浆可改变纸张的光学性能和物理性能。沙柳硫酸盐浆配用杨木APMP后,纸张松厚度和不透明度明显提高。与此同时,纸张的物理强度有所下降,但幅度不大。沙柳漂白硫酸盐浆配抄针叶木漂白硫酸盐浆,能够显著改善其强度性能,尤其是撕裂指数。
As important renewable biomass of forest rejectamenta and agricultural residues, salix psammophila can substitute fossil resource and be used to produce biology fuel and other industrial products. But its utilization is not still developed adequately today. In order to improve efficiently the utilization of salix psammophila, the biological structure, fiber characteristics and chemical components were analyzed. The optimal pulping and bleaching technology of salix psammophila in soda-AQ and kraft pulping process were discussed. Pulp of salix psammophila was mixed with other pulp to produce paper and the optimal ratio of the mixed pulp obtained in this thesis.
Cross-section, longitudinal section and string section of salix were observed by optical microscope, and, the observation confirmed salix is a diffuse porous hardwood, and its texture was uniform, which was composed mainly by the catheter, wood fiber, wood ray parenchyma cells, boundary between growth rings was clear,. Fiber morphologic of salix were analyzed, and the results showed that Salix fiber length ratio closed to 45, the wall cavity was less than 1, and fiber morphology was better, and these analysis confirm salix can used to produce paper. But the fiber length of salix was shorter, and its cell walls were thinner, and it would influence the strength of paper in certain extent. The analysis results of the chemical components of salix stalk showed that cellulose content was 52.63%, hemi-cellulose content 23.34%, lignin content 19.19%, ash content 2.1%, and alcohol benzene extractive content 3.13%. Compared with salix stalk, ash and extractive content in salix skin was high, and it would cause colophony obstacle in the pulping process, and affect the pulping properties of salix.
Soda-AQ pulping of salix were discussed by using the orthogonal L9(34) test of four-factor and three-level were. The variable parameter were NaOH dosage (based on the oven dry salix material) 22%, 24% and 26%, the highest cooking temperature 160℃, 165℃and 170℃, the maximum temperature holding time 60min, 90min and 120min. Its influence on yield, kappa values and viscosity were analyzed and the optimal technology of salix in soda-AQ pulping process was obtained. The results showed that the optimal pulping technology were NaOH dosage 24%, the maximum temperature 165℃, and the highest temperature holding time 90min.
The optimal technology of salix in kraft pulping process was discussed. The main parameter influenced salix pulping including NaOH dosage (based on the oven dry salix material as Na2O) 16.3%, 17.8%, 19.3% and 20.9%, sulidity 21%, 23 %, 25%, 27% (as Na2O), H factor 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 were studied. The results showed that the optimal pulping parameters were alkali dosage 17.8%, sulfidity 25%, and H factor 900.In these pulping parameters, properties of pulp were breaking length 7.81 km, tear index 8.20 mN·m2·g-1, and burst index 4.63 kPa·m2·g-1 at 40oSR beating degree.
Bleach ability of salix kraft pulp was studied. The results showed that the optimal bleaching conditions in DP sequence were ClO2 dosage 1.0% and H2O2 dosage 2.5%, in which brightness of the bleached pulp was 79.5 %ISO. The optimal bleaching conditions in HP sequence were hypochlorite dosage 7% and H2O2 dosage 3%, in which brightness of the bleached pulp was 78.5 %ISO. Compared with the HP bleaching sequence, strength properties of the bleached pulp in DP bleaching sequence were better and yield were higher.
Properties of salix kraft pulp mixed with other pulp to produce paper were studied. The results showed that the optical and physical properties of salix kraft pulp mixed with poplar APMP were changed, and bulk and opacity of the mixed pulp were improved significantly physical properties of the mixed pulp decreased slightly. The strength properties of salix bleached kraft pulp mixed with hardwood bleached kraft pulp improved remarkably especially tear index of the mixed pulp.
采用光学显微镜观察了沙柳的横切面、纵切面及弦切面,可知沙柳属阔叶木散孔材,材质均匀,年轮界限明显,主要由导管、木纤维、木射线薄壁细胞组成。对沙柳纤维形态进行了分析,结果表明:沙柳的纤维长度比接近45,壁腔小于1,纤维形态较好,能应用于造纸,但纤维长度较短、细胞壁较薄对成纸的强度有一定的影响。对沙柳的化学成分进行了分析,结果表明:沙柳杆纤维素为52.63%,半纤维素为23.34%,木素含量为19.19%,灰分含量为2.1%,苯醇抽出物含量为3.13%。沙柳皮同沙柳杆相比,灰分和抽出物含量较高,在制浆过程中,会引起种种障碍,影响其制浆性能。
研究了沙柳NaOH-AQ法制浆的最佳条件。采用四因子三水平的正交试验L9(34),以NaOH用量(22%、24%及26%NaOH,对绝干沙柳原料)、蒸煮最高温度(160℃、165℃、170℃)、最高温度下的保温时间(60 min、90 min、120 min)作为参数变量,研究了其对纸浆得率、Kappa值及纸浆粘度等性质的影响,分析得出了沙柳NaOH-AQ法制浆的较优条件。结果表明,较优的NaOH用量为24%,最高温度为165℃,最高温度下的保温时间为90 min。
研究了沙柳硫酸盐法制浆的最佳条件。对影响沙柳硫酸盐浆性能的主要因素进行了研究,包括用碱量(16.3%、17.8%、19.3%、20.9%以Na2O计,对绝干沙柳原料)、硫化度(21%、23%、25%、27%Na2S,对总碱量)、H因子(600、900、1200、1500)。研究结果显示:最佳的用碱量为17.8%,硫化度为25%,H因子为900,在打浆度为40 oSR时,此条件下的成浆性能为:裂断长为7.81 km,撕裂指数8.20 mN·m2·g-1,耐破指数4.63 kPa·m2·g-1。
研究了沙柳硫酸盐浆的漂白。结果显示:DP组合漂白的较优工艺条件:ClO2用量1.0%,H2O2用量2.5%,白度达79.5 %ISO。HP组合漂白的较优工艺条件:次氯酸盐用量7%,H2O2用量3%,白度达78.5 %ISO。同HP漂白相比,DP漂白强度性能损失较小,得率较高。
研究了沙柳硫酸盐浆的配抄性能。结果表明:杨木APMP配抄沙柳漂白硫酸盐浆可改变纸张的光学性能和物理性能。沙柳硫酸盐浆配用杨木APMP后,纸张松厚度和不透明度明显提高。与此同时,纸张的物理强度有所下降,但幅度不大。沙柳漂白硫酸盐浆配抄针叶木漂白硫酸盐浆,能够显著改善其强度性能,尤其是撕裂指数。
As important renewable biomass of forest rejectamenta and agricultural residues, salix psammophila can substitute fossil resource and be used to produce biology fuel and other industrial products. But its utilization is not still developed adequately today. In order to improve efficiently the utilization of salix psammophila, the biological structure, fiber characteristics and chemical components were analyzed. The optimal pulping and bleaching technology of salix psammophila in soda-AQ and kraft pulping process were discussed. Pulp of salix psammophila was mixed with other pulp to produce paper and the optimal ratio of the mixed pulp obtained in this thesis.
Cross-section, longitudinal section and string section of salix were observed by optical microscope, and, the observation confirmed salix is a diffuse porous hardwood, and its texture was uniform, which was composed mainly by the catheter, wood fiber, wood ray parenchyma cells, boundary between growth rings was clear,. Fiber morphologic of salix were analyzed, and the results showed that Salix fiber length ratio closed to 45, the wall cavity was less than 1, and fiber morphology was better, and these analysis confirm salix can used to produce paper. But the fiber length of salix was shorter, and its cell walls were thinner, and it would influence the strength of paper in certain extent. The analysis results of the chemical components of salix stalk showed that cellulose content was 52.63%, hemi-cellulose content 23.34%, lignin content 19.19%, ash content 2.1%, and alcohol benzene extractive content 3.13%. Compared with salix stalk, ash and extractive content in salix skin was high, and it would cause colophony obstacle in the pulping process, and affect the pulping properties of salix.
Soda-AQ pulping of salix were discussed by using the orthogonal L9(34) test of four-factor and three-level were. The variable parameter were NaOH dosage (based on the oven dry salix material) 22%, 24% and 26%, the highest cooking temperature 160℃, 165℃and 170℃, the maximum temperature holding time 60min, 90min and 120min. Its influence on yield, kappa values and viscosity were analyzed and the optimal technology of salix in soda-AQ pulping process was obtained. The results showed that the optimal pulping technology were NaOH dosage 24%, the maximum temperature 165℃, and the highest temperature holding time 90min.
The optimal technology of salix in kraft pulping process was discussed. The main parameter influenced salix pulping including NaOH dosage (based on the oven dry salix material as Na2O) 16.3%, 17.8%, 19.3% and 20.9%, sulidity 21%, 23 %, 25%, 27% (as Na2O), H factor 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 were studied. The results showed that the optimal pulping parameters were alkali dosage 17.8%, sulfidity 25%, and H factor 900.In these pulping parameters, properties of pulp were breaking length 7.81 km, tear index 8.20 mN·m2·g-1, and burst index 4.63 kPa·m2·g-1 at 40oSR beating degree.
Bleach ability of salix kraft pulp was studied. The results showed that the optimal bleaching conditions in DP sequence were ClO2 dosage 1.0% and H2O2 dosage 2.5%, in which brightness of the bleached pulp was 79.5 %ISO. The optimal bleaching conditions in HP sequence were hypochlorite dosage 7% and H2O2 dosage 3%, in which brightness of the bleached pulp was 78.5 %ISO. Compared with the HP bleaching sequence, strength properties of the bleached pulp in DP bleaching sequence were better and yield were higher.
Properties of salix kraft pulp mixed with other pulp to produce paper were studied. The results showed that the optical and physical properties of salix kraft pulp mixed with poplar APMP were changed, and bulk and opacity of the mixed pulp were improved significantly physical properties of the mixed pulp decreased slightly. The strength properties of salix bleached kraft pulp mixed with hardwood bleached kraft pulp improved remarkably especially tear index of the mixed pulp.
引文
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[3]陈嘉翔.抓住加入WTO机遇,加速发展造纸工业迈进光辉灿烂的新世纪[J].造纸科学与技术,2001.20(1): l-4
[4]李琴.造纸产业发展政策解读之二——纤维原料[J],中华纸业,2008,(22): 6-7
[5]顾民达.我国造纸原料结构调整及政策法规[J],纸和造纸,2007,27(1): 1-5
[6]余贻骥.林纸一体化工程建设的讨论[J],中华纸业,26(2): 7-11
[7]中华人民共和国发展和改革委员会.上海造纸,39(1): 7-12
[8]丁志刚,任安海,苏明亮.浅谈沙柳的生物学特性,自然分布及平茬复壮技术[J],内蒙古林业调查设计,2005,28(12): 36-39
[9] Huang Fu Xiang ,Wanng Ming Xing, Wang Yue Si. Recent progress on the research of vegetation protection in soil erosion by wind[J]. Acta Phytoecol Sin. 2002.26 (5): 627～633
[10]赵登超,候立群,李庆国.沙柳在山东的引种试验研究初报[J],山东林业科技,2008,175(2): 16-18
[11] Nobuo Shiraishi ,Chung-Yun Hse. Liquefaction of the used creosote-treated wood in the presence of phenol and its application to phenolic resin[M]. Japan: Wood Adhesive ,2000
[12]黄金田,张晨霞,高冠慧.沙柳、柠条、杨木的苯酚液化工艺研究[J],南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,30(5): 67-70
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