美军军事作业医学发展策略研究及对我军的启示
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摘要
高技术战争是现代战争的主要模式，在现代军事作业环境中，存在许多应激因素，将引起作战人员严重的生理和心理应激反应，从而导致健康水平和作战效能的降低。军事作业医学是以保护和增强士兵作业效能和健康水平为研究目的的应用学科，旨在阐明军事作业应激对士兵健康和作业效能的影响，提供生物医学防护措施。美军对军事作业医学研究高度重视，将其作为军事医学重要研究内容进行深入的研究。
本研究报告首先对军事作业医学的研究背景、研究目的、概念、定位、研究重点进行了阐述，然后对美军近年来军事作业医学研究进展情况做了详尽的论述，包括研究发展目标和规划、主要研究领域、主要研究机构、研究成果以及发展方向等内容。同时，对我军此领域的研究进展做了介绍，并与美军进行了对比分析，在此基础上，对我军今后军事作业医学研究的发展提出了科学的建议。
The advanced technological war is a major model of the modern combat. In the environments of military operation, many combat stress factors effect soldier' s physiology and mental health. Furthermore, severe stress response will reduce military personal health and operation performance. Military operation medicine, which is the one of US army four medicine research programs, aims at providing timely and realistic biomedical solution that protect, sustain, and enhance soldier performance and health across the continuum of military operation and training. Understanding the limits of human health and performance in military operation extremes in quintessential to projecting, protecting, and sustaining the force as it is projected into varied operational environments. So the Defense of Department place highly emphasis on military operation medicine, and look on it as the most important content of military medicine.
This text introduce research and development of military operation medicine in detail in the several years of past. Such as underground, summary, goal, organization, areas, result and product, and directions, etc. Meanwhile PLA operational medicine research is reported, and compared with USA operational medicine. Based on scientific analysis, author gives a lot scientific advance on PLA operational medicine research and development.
本研究报告首先对军事作业医学的研究背景、研究目的、概念、定位、研究重点进行了阐述，然后对美军近年来军事作业医学研究进展情况做了详尽的论述，包括研究发展目标和规划、主要研究领域、主要研究机构、研究成果以及发展方向等内容。同时，对我军此领域的研究进展做了介绍，并与美军进行了对比分析，在此基础上，对我军今后军事作业医学研究的发展提出了科学的建议。
The advanced technological war is a major model of the modern combat. In the environments of military operation, many combat stress factors effect soldier' s physiology and mental health. Furthermore, severe stress response will reduce military personal health and operation performance. Military operation medicine, which is the one of US army four medicine research programs, aims at providing timely and realistic biomedical solution that protect, sustain, and enhance soldier performance and health across the continuum of military operation and training. Understanding the limits of human health and performance in military operation extremes in quintessential to projecting, protecting, and sustaining the force as it is projected into varied operational environments. So the Defense of Department place highly emphasis on military operation medicine, and look on it as the most important content of military medicine.
This text introduce research and development of military operation medicine in detail in the several years of past. Such as underground, summary, goal, organization, areas, result and product, and directions, etc. Meanwhile PLA operational medicine research is reported, and compared with USA operational medicine. Based on scientific analysis, author gives a lot scientific advance on PLA operational medicine research and development.
引文
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[41] erformance Enhancement and Injury Prevention in Hot Environments http://www/momrp. org/po_erb_hotenv. jsp
[42] Innovative Strategies to Assess Health Risks from Environmental Exposures to Toxic Chemicals http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_toxicchemicals. jsp
[43] Physical Training Interventions to Enhance Military Task Performance & Reduce Musculoskeletal Injuries http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_training. jsp
[44] Metabolic Regulators to Optimize Warfighter Performance in Adverse Environments http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_metabolic. jsp
[45] Cold Injury Protection http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_coldinj. jsp
[46] Sustainment in Mountainous Terrain http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_mountain.jsp
[47] Neurophysiological Stress and Performance http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_nsp. jsp
[48] Pharmacological Strategies to Enhance Mental Performance in Fatigued Soldiers http://www.momrp.org/ponspmentalfatigue.jsp
[49] Interventions to Enhance Psychological Resilience and Prevent Psychiatric Casualties http://www. momrp. org/po_nsp_psychiatric. jsp
[50] Cognitive Overload and Situational Awareness: Strategies to Define, Predict and Prevent Cognitive Overload and Performance Decrements http://www.momrp. org/po_nsp_cognitive.jsp
[51] Soldier and Unit Performance Readiness Models http://www.momrp. org/po_nsp_readiness. jsp
[52] Sleep Physiology and SUSOPS Cognitive Performance http://www.momrp. org/po_nsp_sussops.jsp
[53] Nutritional Optimization of Warfighter Mental Status http://www. momrp, org/po_nsp_nutrition.jsp
[54] Injury Sciences and Systems Hazards http://www. momrp. org/po_is. jsp
[55] Optimization of Visual Performance with Optical and Electro-optical Systems and Materials http://www. momrp. org/po_is_visual. jsp
[56] Injury Prevention and Restraint Technologies for ground Vehicles and Helicopters http://www. momrp. org/po is gvh. jsp
[57] Inhalation Injury and Toxicology Models http://www. momrp. org/po_is_inhalation. jsp
[58] Head-supported Mass (HSM): Warfighter health and Performance http://www.momrp. org/po_is_hsm. jsp
[59] Medical Countermeasures for Laser Eye Injury http://www.momrp. org/po_is_lasereye. jsp
[60] Body Armor Blunt Trauma Assessment http://www.momrp. org/po is bodyarmor. jsp
[61] Biomedical Design Criteria for Helicopter Auditory Displays http://www. momrp. org/po_is_heliad. jsp
[62] Biomechanics and Survival in Helicopter and Airborne Operations http://www.momrp. org/po_is_airborne.jsp
[63] Non-thermal Bioeffects of Radio Frequency Radiation http://www. momrp. org/po_is_rfradiation. jsp
[64] Technologies for Metabolic Monitoring (TMM) and Julia Weaver Fund (JWF) Research Program http://www. momrp.org/tmm. jsp
[65] Office of Naval Research Summer Faculty Research Program and Sabbatical Leave Program http://www.nhrc. navy. mil/
[66] Military Applied Physiology http://www. usuhs.mil/mim/map. htm
[67] Deployment Toxicology Research, Development, Testing and Evaluation http://usacehr. detrick. army. mil/deptox/
[68] United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research http://usacehr. detrick. army. mil/
[69] AD-A261392 Nutrition for Health and Performance, 2001
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[71] 武士华．美军作业医学研究课题设置．军事医学动态，1998年1月5日第1期，1-4
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[74] 陈春荣，牛健港．国外战争精神疾病的概况．解放军健康，2003：(1)：13
[75] 赵汉清，刘桂永．战争与精神疾病．国外医学精神病学分册，2003；30(1)：1-4
[76] 高钰琪，黄缄等．高原军事医学基础研究进展．西南国防医药，2003：13(5)：561-564
[77] 张晓丽，陈立明．高技术战争条件下军事预防医学培训探讨．卫生软科学，2003；17(2)：35-37
[78] 张荔子．海湾风云与军事医学—程天民院士谈现代战争带来的伤害．解放军健康，2003；(3)：16
[79] 章新华．纳米技术及其在军事上的应用．电子产品世界，2003：(3／下半月)：61-62
[80] 刘洪涛，马强，张娜．军事作业医学研究现状及展望．解放军预防医学杂志，2003；21(5)：313-315
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[82] 王择青．对军人心理素质及心理干预系统的新认识．解放军医学杂志，2003：28(7)：579-582
[83] 吴灿．加快军事医学发展迎接新军事变革挑战．解放军卫勤杂志，2003，(5)：278-280
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[89] ADA390352 Nutrition for health and performance, nutritional guidance for military operations in temperate and extreme environments, 2001
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[91] ADA396133 Warfighter physiological status monitoring (WPSM): energy balance and thermal status during a 10-day cold weather U.S. marine corps infantry officer course field exercise
[92] ADA398541 Automated data management for warfighter physiological status monitoring
[93] ADA398658 Effect of intermittent altitude exposures on acclimatization to 4300m
[94] ADA410036 Cognitive performance, mood, and neurological status at high terrestrial elevation
[95] ADA377573 Susceptibility to acute mountain sickness: relationship to pre-ascent resting ventilation
[2] USARIEM Mission http://www.usariem.army. mil/ariemis. htm
[3] USARIEM Organization http://www.usariem. army. mil/organization. html
[4] USARIEM Unique Facilities http://www.usariem. army. mil/ariemunq.htm
[5] Doriot Climatic Chambers http://www.sbccom. army. mil/facilities/modsim/doriot. htm
[6] High Altitude Research Facilities http://www. harcspace. com/2004/index. php
[7] USARIEM Military Nutrition Division http://www. usariem. army. mil/nbd/milnut. htm
[8] USARIEM Psychology Laboratory http://www. usariem. army. mil/uniqfac/target. htm
[9] USARIEM Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling http://www. usariem. army. mil/bphysics/home. html
[10] USARIEM Field and Garrison Nutrition http://www. usariem. army. mil/nbd/nutri. htm
[11] USARIEM Military Performance Division http://www. usariem. army. mil/mpd/mpd. htm
[12] USARIEM Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology http://www. udel. edu/fth/pbs/webmodel. htm
[13] USARIEM Musculoskeletal Injury Epidemiology http://www. usariem. army. mil/mpd/muscskel. htm
[14] USARIEM Occupational Physiology and Biomechanics http://www. usariem. army. mil/mpd/occuphys. htm
[15] USARIEM Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division http://www. usariem. army. mil/tmd/tmd. htm
[16] USARIEM Mountain Medicine http://www. usariem. army. mil/tmd/mount. htm
[17] USARIEM Thermal Medicine http://www. usariem. army. mil/tmd/thermal. htm
[18] USARIEM Cellular Biology and Pathophysiology http://www. usariem. army. mil/tmd/cellbio. html
[19] US Army Center for Environmental Health Research http://www. usariem. army. mil/usacehr. htm
[20] USACEHR Home http://usacehr. detrick. army. mil/
[21] High-Energy, Nutrient-Dense Emergency Relief Food Product (2002) http://www. nap. edu/catalog/1034.html
[22] United States Army Center for Health Performance and Preventive Medicine http://chppm-www. apgea.army. mil/
[23] USACHPPM Products & Services http://www.chppmeur. healthcare. hqusariur. army. mil/MainInfo/mail-ProductsSeuvi ces. htm
[24] USACHPPM Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance (DEDS) http://chppm-www. apgea. army. mil/deds/
[25] USACHPPM Directorate of Environmental Health Engineering http://chppm-www. apgea. army. mil/services/dehedir. htm
[26] USACHPPM Health Promotion and Willness (DHPW) http://chppm-www. apgea. army. mil/dhpw/
[27] USACHPPM Directorate of Health Risk Management http://chppm-www. apgea. army. mil/dhrm/
[28] USACHPPM Occupational and Environmental Medicine (DOEM) http://chppm-www. apgea. army. mil/doem/
[29] USACHPPM Directorate of Occupational Health Sciences http://chppm-www. apgea. army. mil/services/dohsdir. htm
[30] USACHPPM Directorate of Toxicology http://chppm-www. apgea. army. mil/tox/
[31] Dietary supplements may build better warriors http://www. defenselink. mil/news/Jul1999/no7021999_9907023. html
[32] USAMRMC Military Operational Medicine Research Program http://www. momrp. org/publications/penngtn. pdf
[33] USAMRMC Military Operational Medicine Research Program Overview http://www. momrp. org/po overview. jsp
[34] USAMRMC Military Operational Medicine Research Program Lab Locations and Capabilities http://www. momrp. org/po labs. jsp
[35] USAMRMC Military Operational Medicine Research Program Environmental Medicine and Bioenergetics http://www. momrp. org/po_erb. jsp
[36] USAMRMC Military Operational Medicine Research Program Injury Sciences and Systems Hazards http://www. momrp. org/po is. jsp
[37] USAMRMC Military Operational Medicine Research Program Neuropsychological Stress and Performance http://www.momrp.org/po nsp.jsp
[38] Warfighter Physiological Status Monitoring http://www. momrp. org/publications/WPSM. pdf
[39] Rapid Analysis of Food and Water for Select Chemical and Microbial Contaminants http://www.momrp. org/po_erb_rapidanalysis. jsp
[40] Fusion of Warfighter Performance, Environmental, and Physiologic Models http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_fusion. jsp
[41] erformance Enhancement and Injury Prevention in Hot Environments http://www/momrp. org/po_erb_hotenv. jsp
[42] Innovative Strategies to Assess Health Risks from Environmental Exposures to Toxic Chemicals http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_toxicchemicals. jsp
[43] Physical Training Interventions to Enhance Military Task Performance & Reduce Musculoskeletal Injuries http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_training. jsp
[44] Metabolic Regulators to Optimize Warfighter Performance in Adverse Environments http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_metabolic. jsp
[45] Cold Injury Protection http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_coldinj. jsp
[46] Sustainment in Mountainous Terrain http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_mountain.jsp
[47] Neurophysiological Stress and Performance http://www. momrp. org/po_erb_nsp. jsp
[48] Pharmacological Strategies to Enhance Mental Performance in Fatigued Soldiers http://www.momrp.org/ponspmentalfatigue.jsp
[49] Interventions to Enhance Psychological Resilience and Prevent Psychiatric Casualties http://www. momrp. org/po_nsp_psychiatric. jsp
[50] Cognitive Overload and Situational Awareness: Strategies to Define, Predict and Prevent Cognitive Overload and Performance Decrements http://www.momrp. org/po_nsp_cognitive.jsp
[51] Soldier and Unit Performance Readiness Models http://www.momrp. org/po_nsp_readiness. jsp
[52] Sleep Physiology and SUSOPS Cognitive Performance http://www.momrp. org/po_nsp_sussops.jsp
[53] Nutritional Optimization of Warfighter Mental Status http://www. momrp, org/po_nsp_nutrition.jsp
[54] Injury Sciences and Systems Hazards http://www. momrp. org/po_is. jsp
[55] Optimization of Visual Performance with Optical and Electro-optical Systems and Materials http://www. momrp. org/po_is_visual. jsp
[56] Injury Prevention and Restraint Technologies for ground Vehicles and Helicopters http://www. momrp. org/po is gvh. jsp
[57] Inhalation Injury and Toxicology Models http://www. momrp. org/po_is_inhalation. jsp
[58] Head-supported Mass (HSM): Warfighter health and Performance http://www.momrp. org/po_is_hsm. jsp
[59] Medical Countermeasures for Laser Eye Injury http://www.momrp. org/po_is_lasereye. jsp
[60] Body Armor Blunt Trauma Assessment http://www.momrp. org/po is bodyarmor. jsp
[61] Biomedical Design Criteria for Helicopter Auditory Displays http://www. momrp. org/po_is_heliad. jsp
[62] Biomechanics and Survival in Helicopter and Airborne Operations http://www.momrp. org/po_is_airborne.jsp
[63] Non-thermal Bioeffects of Radio Frequency Radiation http://www. momrp. org/po_is_rfradiation. jsp
[64] Technologies for Metabolic Monitoring (TMM) and Julia Weaver Fund (JWF) Research Program http://www. momrp.org/tmm. jsp
[65] Office of Naval Research Summer Faculty Research Program and Sabbatical Leave Program http://www.nhrc. navy. mil/
[66] Military Applied Physiology http://www. usuhs.mil/mim/map. htm
[67] Deployment Toxicology Research, Development, Testing and Evaluation http://usacehr. detrick. army. mil/deptox/
[68] United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research http://usacehr. detrick. army. mil/
[69] AD-A261392 Nutrition for Health and Performance, 2001
[70] 王松俊，吴乐山．论新军事革命及其对军事医学的影响．解放军卫勤杂志，2003，(5)：284-287
[71] 武士华．美军作业医学研究课题设置．军事医学动态，1998年1月5日第1期，1-4
[72] 张明华，吴乐山．美军军事医学透视与启示．军事医学科学院院刊，2003，27(3)：230-233
[73] 朱联辉，武士华．酪氨酸提高军事作业效率的研究进展．解放军预防医学杂志，1999，17(4)：307
[74] 陈春荣，牛健港．国外战争精神疾病的概况．解放军健康，2003：(1)：13
[75] 赵汉清，刘桂永．战争与精神疾病．国外医学精神病学分册，2003；30(1)：1-4
[76] 高钰琪，黄缄等．高原军事医学基础研究进展．西南国防医药，2003：13(5)：561-564
[77] 张晓丽，陈立明．高技术战争条件下军事预防医学培训探讨．卫生软科学，2003；17(2)：35-37
[78] 张荔子．海湾风云与军事医学—程天民院士谈现代战争带来的伤害．解放军健康，2003；(3)：16
[79] 章新华．纳米技术及其在军事上的应用．电子产品世界，2003：(3／下半月)：61-62
[80] 刘洪涛，马强，张娜．军事作业医学研究现状及展望．解放军预防医学杂志，2003；21(5)：313-315
[81] 张晓丽，陈立明．高技术战争对军事预防医学训练的要求及对策．解放军预防医学杂志，2003：21(2)：79-81
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