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农药残留固化酶速测技术及应用研究
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摘要
植物酯酶(plant'esterase,P-E)与动物胆碱酯酶(choliniesterase,ChE)一样,酶活性可被有机磷(OP_5)和氨基甲酸酯农药所抑制,植物酯酶(P—E)可以水解醋酸萘酯为萘酚和醋酸,萘酚与显色剂固蓝B盐反应生成紫红色偶氮化合物,从而完成显色反应。一旦植物酯酶活性被农药所抑制,就不能完成显色反应,表明样品中含有农药。
     本研究使用固化的植物酯酶代替通常使用的动物胆碱酯酶。酶来源于市售面粉,向面粉中按1:5(w/v)比例加入蒸馏水,在振荡器上振荡30min,以5000r/min离心20min,上清液经滤纸过滤、滤液作为原酶液保存在4℃冰箱(或将酶液分装后在真空冷冻干燥机上冻干成酶干粉、冰冻保存),使用前稀释至一定倍数作为酶的工作液。取聚苯乙烯微孔反应板,用移液枪向每孔中加酶工作液20μL,使其均匀涂于孔壁,室温下(或4℃冰箱)自然凉干后用无离子水冲洗3次,凉干、室温干燥避光保存。微孔内壁固定有植物酯酶的塑料板称为农药酶检测器。
     采用梯度稀释法在蒸馏水中分别配制1000μg/L、100μg/L、50μg/L、10μg/L、1μg/L的系列浓度的农药标准溶液,在农药检测器上分别进行抑制试验,待反应完成后,用肉眼观察显色结果,确定可分辨出的最低标准溶液浓度结果证明灵敏度为10~100μg/L。
     称取不含农药的小白菜、苹果各2g,分别向其表面添加不同浓度农药,室温下凉干后,经20%甲醇提取后进行抑制试验,观察可分辨出的最低农药浓度,可得检出限为0.1~1.Omg/kg。
     将农药检测器、显色剂、基质等组装成农药残留检测试剂盒。试剂盒与同类方法比较最主要的区别有三点:一是试剂盒使用的是植物酯酶代替同类方法使用的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)或丁酰胆碱酯酶(BuchE),酶源广泛廉价易得:二是试剂盒使用的是固定化酶而不是同类方法使用的酶溶液,抗干扰力强;三是试剂盒使用20%甲醇作为蔬菜样品的提取溶液而不是磷酸缓冲液或水,提取效率有所提高。
     试剂盒只用于有机磷和氨基甲酸酯农药检测,检出结果只是反应出这两类农药的综合残毒指标。它检出的阴性样品不表示不含有其它农药或低于检测限的有机磷和/或氨基甲酸酯农药。
Same animal cbolinesterase, plant esterase ran also be inhibited by organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Plant-esterase can hydrolyze 1-Naphthyl acetate into naphthol and acetic acid . A color reaction can take place between naphthol and Fast Blue B and magenta will be seen. When the plant-esterase was inhibited by pesticides the color reaction can't happen.
    In the research we use plant esterase substitute animal cholinesterase, the planr-esterase can be extracted from wheat flour which is selled in market. Take 25 ml. distilled water into 5g wheat flour and shake 30min on a mechanical shaker and then centrifuge 20min at 5000rpm. The upper liquid layer was filtrated and conserved in a 4 C refrigerator. Before use, the slock solution will be diluted by phosphate buffer. Take 20p. L diluted stock esterase solution to a micro hole on a polystyrene sheet. When the phosphate buffer was evaporated the micro-hole will be rinsed 3 time by distilled water. Put the sheet in ambient temperature, when the water drying put the sheet in a desiccator in a dark ambient. We call the micro-hole polystyrene sheet as pesticides detector.
    Fortify distilled water with appropriate amount of pesticides into 1000ppb, 100ppb, 10ppb, 1ppb fortification solution respectively. An inhibition experiment was taken by the fortification solution and the result was recorded. The sensitivity in water was 10-100ppb.
    Fortify cabbage and apple with appropriate amount of pesticides into 1ppm,0.5ppm, 0.1ppm respectively and extract with 20% methanol. Then an inhibition experiment was taken by the 20% methanol extracting solution and the result was recorded. The detection limit in cabbage and apple was 0.1-1.0ppm.
    A pesticides residue detecting kit include pesticides detector, substrate, developer et al. Compared with other methods the kit have 3 differences: first, the kit use plant-esterase substitute the AchE or BuchE; Second, The kit use immobilized-esterase, other methods all use liquid esterase. Third, the kit use 20% methanol as the extract while others use phosphate buffer or water, the extract efficiency was improved.
    The kit only use to detect organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. The result is the summation of the two pesticides. It doesn' t suggestion there is no pesticides in the sample when the result is negative. Maybe , the content is below the detect limit.
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