南方红壤区冬季亚麻产业化关键技术研究
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摘要
亚麻(Linum usittatissiumum L.)为亚麻科(Linaceae)亚麻属(Linum)一年生草本纤维植物。亚麻栽培种有纤用型、油用型、油纤兼用型三种生态类型,其中,纤用型亚麻简称亚麻,油用型和兼用型亚麻合称为胡麻。亚麻为喜温凉湿润的长日性作物,主要分布于N 49～53°的高纬度国家和地区,它是当今世界的三大纤维作物和五大油料作物之一。本文针对亚麻南移冬季种植所引发的重大理论问题,特别是南方红壤区冬季亚麻高产优质栽培与脱胶制纤中存在的重大技术难题,全面系统地研究了该区冬季亚麻的生长发育规律及其生理特性、亚麻生态适应性及其生理机制、亚麻高产优质栽培的关键技术、亚麻韧皮剥制机械及其原麻脱胶技术等。主要试验结果如下:
1.南方红壤区冬季亚麻生长发育规律及其生理特性
通过亚麻主要生育期和根系重量、体积、表面积、吸收面积、活性吸收面积、根系氧化力等的动态观测,明确了亚麻南移冬种生育期比其在原产地夏季种植延长80 d以上;发现南方红壤区元月中旬低温期间,亚麻根系活性吸收面积急剧下降,根系氧化力趋近于零,生长发育处于停顿状态,导致该区冬季亚麻有冬季和春季两个生长高峰。通过茎高、茎粗、茎重及其茎中部韧皮细胞的观测,探明了南方红壤区冬季亚麻主茎生长及其韧皮纤维发育规律。通过单株叶片数量、叶重、叶面积、干物质积累及其分配的测定,明确了南方红壤区冬季亚麻叶片分化生长及其群体光合特性;通过根系、茎杆、叶片、花果中氮、磷、钾素含量和积累量的测定,揭示了南方红壤区冬季亚麻主要营养元素吸收与分配动态;通过亚麻单株与群体现蕾、开花数的观测和种子数量、重量、含油率的测定,明确了南方红壤区冬季亚麻的现蕾开花习性与种子发育规律,初步探明了该区冬季亚麻开花不结实的主要原因,提出了南方红壤区冬季亚麻不宜就地留种,应推行纤维生产与种子生产(良种繁育)分离的栽培新模式。
2.南方红壤区冬季亚麻生态适应性及其生理机制
通过周年分期播种试验,明确了亚麻对南方复合生态因子的适应性及其生育期特征,探明了亚麻的复合生态适应性与南方红壤区亚麻种植的最适季节。通过亚麻低温胁迫试验,探明了亚麻生育前中期的低温耐性,发现亚麻种子露白萌动与胚根生长期遇0℃低温不能出苗,幼苗期因表层土壤结成的冰柱将亚麻幼苗逐步拔出裸露于土表而死亡,枞形期可耐短期(12h)-5℃的低温,从理论上解决了亚麻南移冬种的安全越冬问题。通过光照长度对亚麻生长发育和纤维品质影响的研究,发现亚麻的光照长度适应性较强,可在日照长度9～18 h条件下正常开花结实,修正了短日照使亚麻纤维木质化的学术观点。通过亚麻生育前期、中期、后期干旱胁迫试验与相关生理指标的测定,进一步明确了亚麻不同生育阶段的水分适应性及其生理机制,发现亚麻耐旱性较强,既可在田间持水量55%的干旱条件下生存45d左右,又可在有一定渗漏量和低温条件下,亚麻长期土面淹没仍能正常生长发育。通过土壤适应性栽培试验,发现亚麻对南方红壤区主要土壤的适应性性较强,第四纪红土红壤最适合亚麻种植,而pH过高的石灰土和保水性过差的紫色土不宜种植冬季亚麻。
3.南方红壤区冬季亚麻高产优质高效栽培技术
从国内外亚麻高产优质品种中,筛选出适合南方红壤区冬季种植、可与双季稻配套的亚麻良种“阿丽亚娜”和“范妮”;针对南方红壤区土壤“粘、酸、旱、板、瘦”和水稻土翻耕困难、难以细碎的问题,研究出亚麻最佳播种期(10月底至11月初)、播种量(90 kg/hm~2)和以“倒茬、浅耕、撒播”为核心内容的高产优质播种技术。通过施氮量、施磷量、施钾量和氮肥施用期对亚麻生长发育、产量品质、种植效益影响的研究,提出了“控施氮肥、重施钾肥、重施冬肥,轻施春肥”的优质高效施肥技术:施氮量以75.0 kg/hm~2最佳、施用期以“60%基肥+40%苗肥”最好,施钾量以37.5～75.0kg/hm~2最好,施磷量以22.5 kg/hm~2最佳。根据亚麻田间杂草种类及其消长规律,通过除草剂种类及其组配方式的筛选与施用方法的比较研究,提出了南方红壤区冬季冬季亚麻“都尔芽前除草+高效盖草能茎叶除草”的安全高效化学除草技术。根据南方红壤区冬季亚麻倒伏的主要原因,研究出以亚麻化学杀雄控花、壮杆为主要特征的防倒新技术。
4.南方红壤区冬季亚麻韧皮剥制机械及其脱胶技术
利用亚麻韧皮部与木质部(麻骨)、韧皮纤维细胞与其周边细胞间机械物理性能的差异,研制出国内外首台家用型反拉式亚麻剥麻洗麻联合机。进而根据亚麻原麻的基本特征,发明了亚麻韧皮化学脱胶(碱液煮炼)、物理脱胶(高压蒸煮)和天然微生物脱胶(温水沤麻)技术,将国内外沿用了数千年的收获原茎改为收获原麻(韧皮),将原茎脱胶、干茎制纤的传统加工工艺,改为剥制韧皮后进行原麻脱胶的新工艺,从根本上解决了原茎长途运输困难、霉变腐烂现象、脱胶工艺烦琐,加工效益较低、生产环境差等一系列困扰亚麻产业持续高效发展的技术难题。
Flax(Linum usittatissiumum L.),an annual herbal fibrous plant in Linum,is one of the three major fibre crops and the five major oil crops in the world.There are three flax ecotypes, including cultivars for fibre(generally called flax),oil and both(also called benne).Flax is a long-day-plant which is fond of mild and humid environment,and distribute mainly in the high latitude countries and areas from northern latitude 39 to 53 degree in the world.To address the important theoretic problems on flax transplant from northern China area to southern China area in the winter,and the technical problems on planting as well as degumming during fiber-processing to yield higher fibre output and quality in the red soil zone of southern China,experiments were conducted to study the physiological characteristics of growth and development,ecological adaptability and its physiological mechanism,the key cultivation technique for high output and quality,the phloem peeling machine and degumming technique as well in this paper.The results are as follows:
1.The physiological characteristics of flax growth in the winter in red soil zone of southern China
It was found that the growth duration of flax planted in the winter(winter flax) in southern China is more than 80 days longer than flax planted in the summer(summer flax) in the native area through the dynamic observation of the change of root's weight,volume, surface area,absorbing area and also the oxidative activity of flax root system.It was also found that the absorption area of flax root reduced rapidly and the oxidative activity almost came down to zero in lower temperature stage of middle January,thus forms two rapid growth peaks during the whole growth duration,that is winter and spring growth peak for winter flax in red soil zone of southern china.The rules of flax stem growth and phloem fibre development were achieved by the systemic observation of stem height,size,weight,and the microscopic observation of the morphogenesis of phloem cell in middle part of flax stem. Leaf differentiation and population photosynthesis characteristics of flax and the dynamics of the absorption,distribution and accumulation of main nutritious element(mineral element), the flax bud beating,flower setting and seeds development were also discussed in this paper. The main reasons of seed-setting failure after flowering was found for winter flax in red soil zone of southern China and thus new culture mode for planting flax in winter of these area was proposed,that is to product fibre and seed in separate areas.
2.The ecological adaptability of winter flax and its physiological mechanism in red soil zone of southern China
The adaptability of flax to winter ecological factors and the best plant season in red soil zone of southern China was found by different planting time experiment in whole year.The tolerance of flax to low temperature during the early and middle stage of whole growth duration was tested under the stress of low temperature,it was found that the flax seed could not sprout out of the soil when the temperature came down to 0℃during the early stage of white-embryo and radicle development,and the flax seedlings would be pulled out gradually by the icicle formed on soil surface and die.But young seedling flax can bear short period of low temperature of-5℃for 12 hrs.This solves the surviving problem of transplant flax to the red soil hill zone of southern China in winter theoretically.The adaptability of flax to a wide spectrum of light length is rather high.It was found that flax was able to bear bud and flowering normally under the light length of 9～18 hrs per day,leading to revise the theory that short-day-light will cause fibre lignification.It was showed that flax had stronger tolerance to water stress,and could not only sustain for about 45 days under the water stress of 55%field water,but also grows normally under soil submergence at lower temperature and some degree of water leakage.Flax was also found to be strongly adaptable to red soil of southern China,the Quaternary red soil is the best suitable soil for flax growth,but limestone soil with high pH and purple soil with bad water maintenance is not suitable for the growth of winter flax.
3.Key techniques for high output and quality as well as economic efficiency for winter flax in red soil zone of southern China
Well-bred flax cultivars of "ALALINA and FANNI" were selected from many international and internal good cultivars.These two cultivars are suitable for growth in the red soil zone of southern China in winter,and could match better with the two- season- rice culture system.To overcome the main problem of soils in the red soil zone of southern China which are viscid,acidic,arid,stuffy,barren,and the paddy soil hard to plough and smash,it is suggested that the sowing time is from end of October to early of November,the best dosage of seeds is 90.0 kg/hm~2,and sowing technique should focused on "root digging, shallow ploughing,furrow irrigation" to raise the flax yield and fibre quality.
The best fertilization measures are suggested that the dosage of nitrogen should be controlled and potassium enhanced,and fertilizer should be used mainly in winter rather than in spring.The best dosage of nitrogen is 75.0Kg/hm~2 and the best fertilization combination is " 60%in sowing stage + 40%in seedling stage ",the dosage of potassium and phosphorus are 37.5～75.0 Kg/hm~2 and 22.5 Kg/hm~2 separately.Safety and high efficiency for winter flax in red soil zone of southern China is emphasized for pesticide combination and herbicide usage,that is,Du'er in germination stage and Gaoxiao Gaicaoneng in stem and leaf development stage.And new lodge prevention technique using chemical to kill pollen and strengthen the stem are also suggested according to the main factors for lodge of winter flax in red soil zone of southern China.
4.Phloem peeling machine and degumming technique for raw flax fibre in red soil zone of southern China
Based on the physical and mechanical characteristics differences between fresh tegument and stalk,bast fibre cell and nearby cell,a new type of combined peeling and washing machine was designed for the first time in the world.At present the machine is mini type and oriented in house use.New set of degurnming technique,which including chemical degumming to raw flax bast fibre(boiling in alkali solution),physical degumming(boiling and pressing under high presure),fermental degumming(retting in warm natural microbe solution),was also developed according to the basic characteristics of raw flax.In this new technique,the traditional long-used technique all over the world of raw stem harvest is changed to the technique of raw phloem harvest,so as to change the traditional craft lasting thousands of years of history,and thoroughly resolve a serial problems of long-distance transportation,flax mould and rotten,complex craft,lower efficiency and bad workshop environment,which are the bottle neck for sustainable and high efficiency development of flax industry.
1.南方红壤区冬季亚麻生长发育规律及其生理特性
通过亚麻主要生育期和根系重量、体积、表面积、吸收面积、活性吸收面积、根系氧化力等的动态观测,明确了亚麻南移冬种生育期比其在原产地夏季种植延长80 d以上;发现南方红壤区元月中旬低温期间,亚麻根系活性吸收面积急剧下降,根系氧化力趋近于零,生长发育处于停顿状态,导致该区冬季亚麻有冬季和春季两个生长高峰。通过茎高、茎粗、茎重及其茎中部韧皮细胞的观测,探明了南方红壤区冬季亚麻主茎生长及其韧皮纤维发育规律。通过单株叶片数量、叶重、叶面积、干物质积累及其分配的测定,明确了南方红壤区冬季亚麻叶片分化生长及其群体光合特性;通过根系、茎杆、叶片、花果中氮、磷、钾素含量和积累量的测定,揭示了南方红壤区冬季亚麻主要营养元素吸收与分配动态;通过亚麻单株与群体现蕾、开花数的观测和种子数量、重量、含油率的测定,明确了南方红壤区冬季亚麻的现蕾开花习性与种子发育规律,初步探明了该区冬季亚麻开花不结实的主要原因,提出了南方红壤区冬季亚麻不宜就地留种,应推行纤维生产与种子生产(良种繁育)分离的栽培新模式。
2.南方红壤区冬季亚麻生态适应性及其生理机制
通过周年分期播种试验,明确了亚麻对南方复合生态因子的适应性及其生育期特征,探明了亚麻的复合生态适应性与南方红壤区亚麻种植的最适季节。通过亚麻低温胁迫试验,探明了亚麻生育前中期的低温耐性,发现亚麻种子露白萌动与胚根生长期遇0℃低温不能出苗,幼苗期因表层土壤结成的冰柱将亚麻幼苗逐步拔出裸露于土表而死亡,枞形期可耐短期(12h)-5℃的低温,从理论上解决了亚麻南移冬种的安全越冬问题。通过光照长度对亚麻生长发育和纤维品质影响的研究,发现亚麻的光照长度适应性较强,可在日照长度9～18 h条件下正常开花结实,修正了短日照使亚麻纤维木质化的学术观点。通过亚麻生育前期、中期、后期干旱胁迫试验与相关生理指标的测定,进一步明确了亚麻不同生育阶段的水分适应性及其生理机制,发现亚麻耐旱性较强,既可在田间持水量55%的干旱条件下生存45d左右,又可在有一定渗漏量和低温条件下,亚麻长期土面淹没仍能正常生长发育。通过土壤适应性栽培试验,发现亚麻对南方红壤区主要土壤的适应性性较强,第四纪红土红壤最适合亚麻种植,而pH过高的石灰土和保水性过差的紫色土不宜种植冬季亚麻。
3.南方红壤区冬季亚麻高产优质高效栽培技术
从国内外亚麻高产优质品种中,筛选出适合南方红壤区冬季种植、可与双季稻配套的亚麻良种“阿丽亚娜”和“范妮”;针对南方红壤区土壤“粘、酸、旱、板、瘦”和水稻土翻耕困难、难以细碎的问题,研究出亚麻最佳播种期(10月底至11月初)、播种量(90 kg/hm~2)和以“倒茬、浅耕、撒播”为核心内容的高产优质播种技术。通过施氮量、施磷量、施钾量和氮肥施用期对亚麻生长发育、产量品质、种植效益影响的研究,提出了“控施氮肥、重施钾肥、重施冬肥,轻施春肥”的优质高效施肥技术:施氮量以75.0 kg/hm~2最佳、施用期以“60%基肥+40%苗肥”最好,施钾量以37.5～75.0kg/hm~2最好,施磷量以22.5 kg/hm~2最佳。根据亚麻田间杂草种类及其消长规律,通过除草剂种类及其组配方式的筛选与施用方法的比较研究,提出了南方红壤区冬季冬季亚麻“都尔芽前除草+高效盖草能茎叶除草”的安全高效化学除草技术。根据南方红壤区冬季亚麻倒伏的主要原因,研究出以亚麻化学杀雄控花、壮杆为主要特征的防倒新技术。
4.南方红壤区冬季亚麻韧皮剥制机械及其脱胶技术
利用亚麻韧皮部与木质部(麻骨)、韧皮纤维细胞与其周边细胞间机械物理性能的差异,研制出国内外首台家用型反拉式亚麻剥麻洗麻联合机。进而根据亚麻原麻的基本特征,发明了亚麻韧皮化学脱胶(碱液煮炼)、物理脱胶(高压蒸煮)和天然微生物脱胶(温水沤麻)技术,将国内外沿用了数千年的收获原茎改为收获原麻(韧皮),将原茎脱胶、干茎制纤的传统加工工艺,改为剥制韧皮后进行原麻脱胶的新工艺,从根本上解决了原茎长途运输困难、霉变腐烂现象、脱胶工艺烦琐,加工效益较低、生产环境差等一系列困扰亚麻产业持续高效发展的技术难题。
Flax(Linum usittatissiumum L.),an annual herbal fibrous plant in Linum,is one of the three major fibre crops and the five major oil crops in the world.There are three flax ecotypes, including cultivars for fibre(generally called flax),oil and both(also called benne).Flax is a long-day-plant which is fond of mild and humid environment,and distribute mainly in the high latitude countries and areas from northern latitude 39 to 53 degree in the world.To address the important theoretic problems on flax transplant from northern China area to southern China area in the winter,and the technical problems on planting as well as degumming during fiber-processing to yield higher fibre output and quality in the red soil zone of southern China,experiments were conducted to study the physiological characteristics of growth and development,ecological adaptability and its physiological mechanism,the key cultivation technique for high output and quality,the phloem peeling machine and degumming technique as well in this paper.The results are as follows:
1.The physiological characteristics of flax growth in the winter in red soil zone of southern China
It was found that the growth duration of flax planted in the winter(winter flax) in southern China is more than 80 days longer than flax planted in the summer(summer flax) in the native area through the dynamic observation of the change of root's weight,volume, surface area,absorbing area and also the oxidative activity of flax root system.It was also found that the absorption area of flax root reduced rapidly and the oxidative activity almost came down to zero in lower temperature stage of middle January,thus forms two rapid growth peaks during the whole growth duration,that is winter and spring growth peak for winter flax in red soil zone of southern china.The rules of flax stem growth and phloem fibre development were achieved by the systemic observation of stem height,size,weight,and the microscopic observation of the morphogenesis of phloem cell in middle part of flax stem. Leaf differentiation and population photosynthesis characteristics of flax and the dynamics of the absorption,distribution and accumulation of main nutritious element(mineral element), the flax bud beating,flower setting and seeds development were also discussed in this paper. The main reasons of seed-setting failure after flowering was found for winter flax in red soil zone of southern China and thus new culture mode for planting flax in winter of these area was proposed,that is to product fibre and seed in separate areas.
2.The ecological adaptability of winter flax and its physiological mechanism in red soil zone of southern China
The adaptability of flax to winter ecological factors and the best plant season in red soil zone of southern China was found by different planting time experiment in whole year.The tolerance of flax to low temperature during the early and middle stage of whole growth duration was tested under the stress of low temperature,it was found that the flax seed could not sprout out of the soil when the temperature came down to 0℃during the early stage of white-embryo and radicle development,and the flax seedlings would be pulled out gradually by the icicle formed on soil surface and die.But young seedling flax can bear short period of low temperature of-5℃for 12 hrs.This solves the surviving problem of transplant flax to the red soil hill zone of southern China in winter theoretically.The adaptability of flax to a wide spectrum of light length is rather high.It was found that flax was able to bear bud and flowering normally under the light length of 9～18 hrs per day,leading to revise the theory that short-day-light will cause fibre lignification.It was showed that flax had stronger tolerance to water stress,and could not only sustain for about 45 days under the water stress of 55%field water,but also grows normally under soil submergence at lower temperature and some degree of water leakage.Flax was also found to be strongly adaptable to red soil of southern China,the Quaternary red soil is the best suitable soil for flax growth,but limestone soil with high pH and purple soil with bad water maintenance is not suitable for the growth of winter flax.
3.Key techniques for high output and quality as well as economic efficiency for winter flax in red soil zone of southern China
Well-bred flax cultivars of "ALALINA and FANNI" were selected from many international and internal good cultivars.These two cultivars are suitable for growth in the red soil zone of southern China in winter,and could match better with the two- season- rice culture system.To overcome the main problem of soils in the red soil zone of southern China which are viscid,acidic,arid,stuffy,barren,and the paddy soil hard to plough and smash,it is suggested that the sowing time is from end of October to early of November,the best dosage of seeds is 90.0 kg/hm~2,and sowing technique should focused on "root digging, shallow ploughing,furrow irrigation" to raise the flax yield and fibre quality.
The best fertilization measures are suggested that the dosage of nitrogen should be controlled and potassium enhanced,and fertilizer should be used mainly in winter rather than in spring.The best dosage of nitrogen is 75.0Kg/hm~2 and the best fertilization combination is " 60%in sowing stage + 40%in seedling stage ",the dosage of potassium and phosphorus are 37.5～75.0 Kg/hm~2 and 22.5 Kg/hm~2 separately.Safety and high efficiency for winter flax in red soil zone of southern China is emphasized for pesticide combination and herbicide usage,that is,Du'er in germination stage and Gaoxiao Gaicaoneng in stem and leaf development stage.And new lodge prevention technique using chemical to kill pollen and strengthen the stem are also suggested according to the main factors for lodge of winter flax in red soil zone of southern China.
4.Phloem peeling machine and degumming technique for raw flax fibre in red soil zone of southern China
Based on the physical and mechanical characteristics differences between fresh tegument and stalk,bast fibre cell and nearby cell,a new type of combined peeling and washing machine was designed for the first time in the world.At present the machine is mini type and oriented in house use.New set of degurnming technique,which including chemical degumming to raw flax bast fibre(boiling in alkali solution),physical degumming(boiling and pressing under high presure),fermental degumming(retting in warm natural microbe solution),was also developed according to the basic characteristics of raw flax.In this new technique,the traditional long-used technique all over the world of raw stem harvest is changed to the technique of raw phloem harvest,so as to change the traditional craft lasting thousands of years of history,and thoroughly resolve a serial problems of long-distance transportation,flax mould and rotten,complex craft,lower efficiency and bad workshop environment,which are the bottle neck for sustainable and high efficiency development of flax industry.
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