基于双向开关型的电力电子变换器研究
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摘要
电力电子装置在工业和生活中得到越来越广泛的应用,随之给人们也带来了一系列的新问题:无功和谐波问题日益严重,变换器效率仍然较低,电磁干扰依然严重,环境继续恶化等。在提倡节能降耗的背景下,电力电子双向开关在AC/AC和AC/DC单级变换器中的应用成为了近年来的研究热点之一。这种单级变换器具有高功率因数、能量可双向流动、变换效率高、节能效果明显、控制简单、性能优良以及对电网污染小等优点,具有广泛的应用前景。
本文紧紧围绕着电力电子双向开关在单级变换器中的应用及其控制系统展开研究,主要对交流直接变换器和三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的拓扑结构、数学模型、主电路设计、控制策略及系统性能改善等方面进行研究。本文的主要工作和取得的研究成果如下:
(1)将电力电子双向开关应用于传统的直流基本变换电路拓扑族,并以电力电子双向开关的多种电路形式为基础,将单管电力电子双向开关和双管电力电子双向开关结合进行电路拓扑改进,提出交流基本变换电路拓扑族。根据上述拓扑族的电路结构的差异,将现有的交流基本变换电路拓扑族分为电压源型交流基本变换电路拓扑族和电流源型交流基本变换电路拓扑族
(2)以上述的交流基本变换电路拓扑族为基础,对矩阵变换器的基于电压或电流方向的四步换流法进行分析,通过检测输入电压的极性方向预测续流电流的极性方向,提出基于电流预测方向和互补PWM合成的两步换流法。当实际续流电流的极性方向与电流预测的极性方向相同时,主控开关管和续流开关管将实现非互补的续流PWM控制,当实际续流电流的极性方向与电流预测的极性方向不同时,主控开关管和续流开关管将实现互补PWM控制。仿真分析验证了该电路拓扑和上述PWM换流方案的可行性。
(3)以Buck型交流斩波的正弦波调光模块为基础,为了减小交流双向开关的二极管反向恢复电流,对交流双向开关在电路中的应用进行了缓冲设计,减小了换流过渡过程中di/dt和dv/dt冲击问题。在双向开关器件之间提供低阻分流之路限制器件的浪涌电压,有效的保障了电路的工作安全,降低了开关损耗,提高系统效率。为了改善系统在轻载或空载情况下的振荡问题,对输出滤波器进行改进,在系统状态空间模型的基础上实现占空比前馈的双闭环控制,在实现稳态精度的前提下改善了系统的动态性能。对系统的磁性元件和EMI滤波器进行分析和设计,同时对多模块并联运行的控制系统进行设计和分析。最终通过仿真和实验结果验证了上述主电路设计和控制系统的可行性。
(4)对三相Buck电流型整流器(CSR)的电路拓扑进行分析,建立三相abc静止坐标系下和dq同步旋转坐标系下的数学模型,对三相电流型整流器模型进行静态特性、有功、无功功率以及系统的单位功率因数控制进行分析。在上述基础上,进行三相电流空间矢量PWM调制分析,并对电流变换器的SPWM和SVPWM的电流利用率进行讨论,阐述了电流控制的原理和方法,为后面的三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的系统设计提供了理论基础。
(5)以三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的工作原理和数学模型为基础,深入地对其三相PWM调制策略及换相进行分析,给出三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的主电路结构及硬件参数设计。以三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的数学模型为基础,给出了其双闭环数字控制系统,在输出直流电压控制的同时,实现输入侧的高功率因数和低输入电流电流谐波畸变率。本文从变压器的直流磁偏分析入手,提出基于电流峰值控制的数字化直流磁偏控制,并取得较好的直流磁偏控制效果。接着针对直流变换器的数字化控制中出现的数字极限环振荡现象,本文给出基于误差累积的数字PWM的数字抖动技术,减小数字极限环振荡影响,明显降低输出电压纹波,并针对DPWM数字抖动技术的应用效果进行量化分析。最后,论文通过仿真和实验研究,验证了上述方案的可行性和有效性。
With the widely development of industry and economy, a series of new problems emerges, such as reactive power and harmonic pollutions on electric grid, converter inefficiency, serious electromagnetic emission and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem, deteriorated environment, and energy crises. Under the background of energy saving and consumption reducing, employing power electronics bidirectional switch in AC/AC and AC/DC converter has become a hot topic in recent years. This system has several merits, for high power factor, energy bidirectional power flow, improving converter efficiency, high energy saving, simple control and low pollution of electric grid, and so on, with extensive application foreground.
The dissertation mainly focuses on the research of power electronics bidirectional switch application and its control system. The dissertation firstly discusses the topologies, mathematic model, system performance and control strategy of AC direct converter and three-phase isolated matrix converter separately. The studies carried out in the dissertation and the corresponding results are as follow:
(1) The dissertation proposes the AC/AC direct converter topology family using different forms of AC bi-directional power electronics switch in the DC direct base converter topology family to improve the performance of this converter. Based on the differences of the topologies, the operation principles and characteristics of a number of different types of converters: buck, boost, cuk, and so on.
(2) Based on the voltage-fed or current-fed AC/AC direct converter topology family, the dissertation analyzes the four-step current commutation method based on the voltage or current direction, and proposes the novel two-step commutation method of combining current forecasting with complementary PWM. On the conditions that the current direction of the converter is as same as the voltage direction, the un-complementary PWM is used to realize the current freewheeling, otherwise the converter works on the complementary PWM condition. The dissertation proposes the method of the current-forecasting combined complementary PWM in the control of the novel AC/AC direct converter. Under this condition of the real current direction different with the forecasting current direction, the main switch and freewheeling switch use complementary PWM.
(3) Based on the Buck AC/AC chopper for the sinusoidal-wave dipper module, the dissertation proposes the novel snubber circuit to reduce the reverse current of the diode in the bi-directional switches, then limits the di/dt and dv/dt. This novel sunnber circuit gives the low resistance passway to reduce the voltage spike and the switching loss, so as to add the total efficiency of the module. the paper proposes a novel LC filter to improve the performance of low or no load conditions, and also presents some improvements of main circuit design and the implementation of digital control scheme. Then the average-voltage and instantant-voltage dual-loop control system combined the duty cycle feedforward is proposed to improve the steady and dynamic performances of the whole system. And the simulation verifications are also carried out. The simulation results show the feasibility of the design and the control schme proposed in this paper.
(4) Based on the average state-space model of three-phase current-fed rectifier, the mathematic models in abc three-phase reference frame and dq three-phase reference frame are analyzed in details. Then the steady state operation principles, control strategy and design criteria of three-phase current-fed rectifier are discussed in details. This paper analyzes the three-phase current space vector PWM modulation, and discusses the current usage ratio of three-phase current-fed converter. The current-fed control principle and method are proposed and discussed in detail, so as to give the thoeretical base for three-phase high-frequency isolated Buck rectifier.
(5) The dissertation proposes and analyzes the parameter design of three-phase Buck bi-directional switches rectifier, based on the operation principle and mathtical model of three-phase Buck current-fed PWM rectifier.By using the state space averaging approach, the averaging model and control method are presented and deeply investigated. This dissertation proposed the whole digital control system, achieving the steady DC output voltage and good input current waveform with low current THD. This paper investigated the DC bias of the high-frequency transformer, firstly proposed the digital control of peak-current for balancing the magnetic DC bias of high-frequency transformer. Then the paper proposed digital dither method to reduce the steady output voltage ripples. The simulation and experiment testify the feasibility of the whole system.
本文紧紧围绕着电力电子双向开关在单级变换器中的应用及其控制系统展开研究,主要对交流直接变换器和三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的拓扑结构、数学模型、主电路设计、控制策略及系统性能改善等方面进行研究。本文的主要工作和取得的研究成果如下:
(1)将电力电子双向开关应用于传统的直流基本变换电路拓扑族,并以电力电子双向开关的多种电路形式为基础,将单管电力电子双向开关和双管电力电子双向开关结合进行电路拓扑改进,提出交流基本变换电路拓扑族。根据上述拓扑族的电路结构的差异,将现有的交流基本变换电路拓扑族分为电压源型交流基本变换电路拓扑族和电流源型交流基本变换电路拓扑族
(2)以上述的交流基本变换电路拓扑族为基础,对矩阵变换器的基于电压或电流方向的四步换流法进行分析,通过检测输入电压的极性方向预测续流电流的极性方向,提出基于电流预测方向和互补PWM合成的两步换流法。当实际续流电流的极性方向与电流预测的极性方向相同时,主控开关管和续流开关管将实现非互补的续流PWM控制,当实际续流电流的极性方向与电流预测的极性方向不同时,主控开关管和续流开关管将实现互补PWM控制。仿真分析验证了该电路拓扑和上述PWM换流方案的可行性。
(3)以Buck型交流斩波的正弦波调光模块为基础,为了减小交流双向开关的二极管反向恢复电流,对交流双向开关在电路中的应用进行了缓冲设计,减小了换流过渡过程中di/dt和dv/dt冲击问题。在双向开关器件之间提供低阻分流之路限制器件的浪涌电压,有效的保障了电路的工作安全,降低了开关损耗,提高系统效率。为了改善系统在轻载或空载情况下的振荡问题,对输出滤波器进行改进,在系统状态空间模型的基础上实现占空比前馈的双闭环控制,在实现稳态精度的前提下改善了系统的动态性能。对系统的磁性元件和EMI滤波器进行分析和设计,同时对多模块并联运行的控制系统进行设计和分析。最终通过仿真和实验结果验证了上述主电路设计和控制系统的可行性。
(4)对三相Buck电流型整流器(CSR)的电路拓扑进行分析,建立三相abc静止坐标系下和dq同步旋转坐标系下的数学模型,对三相电流型整流器模型进行静态特性、有功、无功功率以及系统的单位功率因数控制进行分析。在上述基础上,进行三相电流空间矢量PWM调制分析,并对电流变换器的SPWM和SVPWM的电流利用率进行讨论,阐述了电流控制的原理和方法,为后面的三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的系统设计提供了理论基础。
(5)以三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的工作原理和数学模型为基础,深入地对其三相PWM调制策略及换相进行分析,给出三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的主电路结构及硬件参数设计。以三相Buck型高频隔离双向开关整流器的数学模型为基础,给出了其双闭环数字控制系统,在输出直流电压控制的同时,实现输入侧的高功率因数和低输入电流电流谐波畸变率。本文从变压器的直流磁偏分析入手,提出基于电流峰值控制的数字化直流磁偏控制,并取得较好的直流磁偏控制效果。接着针对直流变换器的数字化控制中出现的数字极限环振荡现象,本文给出基于误差累积的数字PWM的数字抖动技术,减小数字极限环振荡影响,明显降低输出电压纹波,并针对DPWM数字抖动技术的应用效果进行量化分析。最后,论文通过仿真和实验研究,验证了上述方案的可行性和有效性。
With the widely development of industry and economy, a series of new problems emerges, such as reactive power and harmonic pollutions on electric grid, converter inefficiency, serious electromagnetic emission and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem, deteriorated environment, and energy crises. Under the background of energy saving and consumption reducing, employing power electronics bidirectional switch in AC/AC and AC/DC converter has become a hot topic in recent years. This system has several merits, for high power factor, energy bidirectional power flow, improving converter efficiency, high energy saving, simple control and low pollution of electric grid, and so on, with extensive application foreground.
The dissertation mainly focuses on the research of power electronics bidirectional switch application and its control system. The dissertation firstly discusses the topologies, mathematic model, system performance and control strategy of AC direct converter and three-phase isolated matrix converter separately. The studies carried out in the dissertation and the corresponding results are as follow:
(1) The dissertation proposes the AC/AC direct converter topology family using different forms of AC bi-directional power electronics switch in the DC direct base converter topology family to improve the performance of this converter. Based on the differences of the topologies, the operation principles and characteristics of a number of different types of converters: buck, boost, cuk, and so on.
(2) Based on the voltage-fed or current-fed AC/AC direct converter topology family, the dissertation analyzes the four-step current commutation method based on the voltage or current direction, and proposes the novel two-step commutation method of combining current forecasting with complementary PWM. On the conditions that the current direction of the converter is as same as the voltage direction, the un-complementary PWM is used to realize the current freewheeling, otherwise the converter works on the complementary PWM condition. The dissertation proposes the method of the current-forecasting combined complementary PWM in the control of the novel AC/AC direct converter. Under this condition of the real current direction different with the forecasting current direction, the main switch and freewheeling switch use complementary PWM.
(3) Based on the Buck AC/AC chopper for the sinusoidal-wave dipper module, the dissertation proposes the novel snubber circuit to reduce the reverse current of the diode in the bi-directional switches, then limits the di/dt and dv/dt. This novel sunnber circuit gives the low resistance passway to reduce the voltage spike and the switching loss, so as to add the total efficiency of the module. the paper proposes a novel LC filter to improve the performance of low or no load conditions, and also presents some improvements of main circuit design and the implementation of digital control scheme. Then the average-voltage and instantant-voltage dual-loop control system combined the duty cycle feedforward is proposed to improve the steady and dynamic performances of the whole system. And the simulation verifications are also carried out. The simulation results show the feasibility of the design and the control schme proposed in this paper.
(4) Based on the average state-space model of three-phase current-fed rectifier, the mathematic models in abc three-phase reference frame and dq three-phase reference frame are analyzed in details. Then the steady state operation principles, control strategy and design criteria of three-phase current-fed rectifier are discussed in details. This paper analyzes the three-phase current space vector PWM modulation, and discusses the current usage ratio of three-phase current-fed converter. The current-fed control principle and method are proposed and discussed in detail, so as to give the thoeretical base for three-phase high-frequency isolated Buck rectifier.
(5) The dissertation proposes and analyzes the parameter design of three-phase Buck bi-directional switches rectifier, based on the operation principle and mathtical model of three-phase Buck current-fed PWM rectifier.By using the state space averaging approach, the averaging model and control method are presented and deeply investigated. This dissertation proposed the whole digital control system, achieving the steady DC output voltage and good input current waveform with low current THD. This paper investigated the DC bias of the high-frequency transformer, firstly proposed the digital control of peak-current for balancing the magnetic DC bias of high-frequency transformer. Then the paper proposed digital dither method to reduce the steady output voltage ripples. The simulation and experiment testify the feasibility of the whole system.
引文
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