泥蚶大规模死亡的病原生物学及其宿主血细胞免疫特性研究
|
摘要
泥蚶是重要的养殖经济贝类,但近年来泥蚶病害问题日益突出,大规模死亡频繁发生,造成较大损失。查明大规模死亡病因,加强泥蚶病害免疫预防研究,对促进泥蚶养殖业健康发展、丰富贝类免疫学理论具有重要意义。本研究采用光镜、电镜、流式细胞仪、分子生物学、细胞生物学、生物信息学等技术,对乐清湾泥蚶大规模死亡原因进行了流行病学调查,并对泥蚶血细胞免疫特性以及血淋巴中免疫相关的天冬氨酸消旋酶基因进行了研究。
1.2005年至2009年乐清湾养殖泥蚶多次发生大量死亡。一种专性寄生于细胞内的原核微生物,在濒死和死亡的泥蚶中多次被检测到。这些原核微生物通常呈圆形、椭圆形或哑铃形；大小在0.28μm和0.71μm之间；为三层细胞膜结构；具有横二分裂和出芽两种繁殖方式。这种原核微生物能形成细胞内嗜曙红性的包涵体。这些包涵体主要分布于外套膜、鳃、消化管的上皮组织和结缔组织中。根据生物学和形态学特点,推测该原核微生物属于立克次氏体科,定名为类立克次氏体(RLO)。这种RLO表现出较强的致病性。病理学检查发现被RLO感染的细胞呈现严重的病理变化；组织的破坏程度与RLO包涵体的数量正相关；细胞病变程度与细胞内RLO数量正相关；具有相似特征的RLO及其包涵体,在不同养殖场、不同发病时间所采集的泥蚶病样中都有发现；RLO感染强度与泥蚶死亡率正相关。为此,认为RLO感染与乐清湾养殖泥蚶大量死亡有密切联系。
2.根据细胞大小、形态结构、颗粒特点,光镜下可将泥蚶血细胞区分为红色颗粒细胞(占89.67%)、嗜碱性颗粒细胞(占7.05%)、透明细胞(占3.28%)三种主要类型。健康泥蚶血淋巴中血细胞平均密度为3.29±0.82×106cell/mL。透射电镜下观察到颗粒细胞Ⅰ型、颗粒细胞Ⅱ型、无颗粒细胞；扫描电镜观察下,细胞表面光滑,部分细胞表面有小的突起物。用流式细胞仪检测出P1(13.13%)和P2(78.83%)两个细胞亚群以及没有固定形态的细胞(近8%)。利用APIZYM试剂盒对健康泥蚶血细胞及血清中的19种酶进行检测,在血细胞中检测到11种酶,在血清中检测到了13种酶,经酵母聚糖刺激后,碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、类脂脂酶、N-乙酰葡萄糖胺酶在血细胞和血清中水平大幅升高。体外吞噬实验揭示红色颗粒细胞对酵母聚糖具有明显的吞噬能力,嗜碱性颗粒细胞和透明细胞吞噬作用不显著；在经嗜水气单胞杆菌刺激后,嗜碱性颗粒细胞出现大量聚集现象,透明细胞能吸附颗粒物。吞噬活性研究表明,温度、盐度对泥蚶血细胞的吞噬活性有显著的影响,在泥蚶适宜生长温度(13-30℃)区间和最适盐度(20.0-26.2ppt)区间,血细胞吞噬活性达到最高值。
3.从泥蚶血细胞中克隆出天冬氨酸消旋酶(AR)基因,泥蚶AR基因的ORF序列全长1017bp,编码338个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为37.1kDa,理论等电点为8.62,为碱性蛋白。序列分析发现,泥蚶氨基酸序列与魁蚶AR氨基酸序列的同源性达到93%,与海胆和海鞘的AR氨基酸序列同源性为51%和41%。聚类分析表明,泥蚶AR能与所有已报道的生物AR聚合在一起,表明成功克隆了泥蚶天冬氨酸消旋酶的基因。泥蚶AR含有5-磷酸毗哆醛(PLP)结合模序,提示其活性需要PLP的存在。AR基因在泥蚶血细胞中表达,表明AR和D型天冬氨酸可能参与泥蚶血细胞的免疫机制。
Blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, is an important economic shellfish. But diseases of blood clam have become increasingly severe issue. The mass mortalities occurred frequently in recent years and resulted in large losses. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the cause of mass mortalities and study immunological prevention for promoting the healthy development of the blood clam aquaculture. In this study, the causes of mass mortality of blood clam in the Yueqing Bay were investigated using epizoological survey methods and experimental study, and the immunological features of hemocyte cell from the blood clam were studied using light microscopy, electron microscopy, flow cytometry and enzyme technology. In addition, an aspartate racemase molecule was identified in the hemocyte cell of blood clam.
1. A series of mass mortalities of the cultured blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, occurred in the Yueqing Bay of China from2005to2009. An obligate intracellular prokaryote, designated as rickettsia-like organisms (RLO), was frequently found in the moribund or dead blood clam sample during ultrastructural examination. These organisms were usually round, ellipsoid or occasionally dumbbell-shaped, ranged from approximately0.28to0.71μm in size and had a trilaminar cell wall. Two reproductive modes of organisms, transverse binary fission and budding, were observed. The organisms are able to form eosinophilic inclusions. Most inclusions were found within epithelial and connective tissues of the mantle, gills and digestive tube. The biological and morphological characteristics indicate that these organisms may belong to the family Rickettsiaceae. RLOs exhibited significant pathogenicity. Cytopathological examinations revealed extensive necrosis and destruction in the infected cell. The degree of tissue destruction was positively related to the number of RLO inclusions in the tissues, and the cytopathological effects were positively related to the number of intracellular RLOs. RLOs and their inclusions were discovered throughout different epizoological areas and in different periods of time. The infection intensity of the RLOs was positively correlated with the mortality rate of clams. Therefore, RLO infection might be associated with mass mortalities of cultured blood clams in the Yueqing Bay.
2. Light, electron microscopics and flow cytometer studies were conducted to characterize morphology and structure and phagocytosis of haemocytes in blood clam Tegillarca granosa. Based on cell size, and microstructure and granular types of cell, blood clam haemocytes were divided into red granulocyte (89.67%), basophil granulocyte (7.05%) and hyalinocyte (3.28%), respectively under light microscopy. The haemocyte densities in healthy blood clam haemolymph were assessed3.29±0.82×106cell/mL. Three kinds of haemocytes were respectively recognized by transmission electron microscope:granulocyte type Ⅰ, granulocyte type Ⅱand agranulocyte. It was observed under scanning electron microscopy that haemocytes appear smooth-surface and some of them have knot-like projections in cell surface. APIZYM assays on enzymatic activities of19enzymes in haemolymph were performed and, of these,13and10enzymes were detected, respectively in serum and haemocyte cell. There were marked increases in the levels of ALP, ACP, ELIP (C8) and AGLA in serum and haemocytes after stimulated by zymosan. Observation of phagocytosis in vitro revealed that phagocytic response in red granulocyte to zymosan and there was no significant phagocytic response in basophil granulocyte and hyalinocyte. It was observed that basophilic granulocyte accumulation and hyalinocyte adsorption after stimulated by Aeromonas hydrophila. The study of environmental stress factors on phagocytosis activity revealed that the temperature and salinity have significant influence on phagocytosis activity. The phagocytosis percentage of blood clam reached the highest values with optimum growth temperature (13-30℃) and salinity (20.0-26.2ppt).
3. An aspartate racemase (AR) gene was cloned and identified from blood clam. ORF sequence length of blood clam AR gene is1017bp, encoding338amino acids, predicted molecular weight of37.1kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of8.62for the basic protein. Sequence analysis revealed homology of amino acid sequence between the blood clam AR and Burnt-end Ark AR. Compared with sea urchin and sea squirt AR, homology of amino acid sequence has reached51%and41%. Cluster analysis showed that blood clams AR is able to cluster all reported AR. Blood clam AR contains a5'sphate pyridoxal (PLP) binding motif. It is suggested that the role of this molecule requires the presence of PLP.
1.2005年至2009年乐清湾养殖泥蚶多次发生大量死亡。一种专性寄生于细胞内的原核微生物,在濒死和死亡的泥蚶中多次被检测到。这些原核微生物通常呈圆形、椭圆形或哑铃形；大小在0.28μm和0.71μm之间；为三层细胞膜结构；具有横二分裂和出芽两种繁殖方式。这种原核微生物能形成细胞内嗜曙红性的包涵体。这些包涵体主要分布于外套膜、鳃、消化管的上皮组织和结缔组织中。根据生物学和形态学特点,推测该原核微生物属于立克次氏体科,定名为类立克次氏体(RLO)。这种RLO表现出较强的致病性。病理学检查发现被RLO感染的细胞呈现严重的病理变化；组织的破坏程度与RLO包涵体的数量正相关；细胞病变程度与细胞内RLO数量正相关；具有相似特征的RLO及其包涵体,在不同养殖场、不同发病时间所采集的泥蚶病样中都有发现；RLO感染强度与泥蚶死亡率正相关。为此,认为RLO感染与乐清湾养殖泥蚶大量死亡有密切联系。
2.根据细胞大小、形态结构、颗粒特点,光镜下可将泥蚶血细胞区分为红色颗粒细胞(占89.67%)、嗜碱性颗粒细胞(占7.05%)、透明细胞(占3.28%)三种主要类型。健康泥蚶血淋巴中血细胞平均密度为3.29±0.82×106cell/mL。透射电镜下观察到颗粒细胞Ⅰ型、颗粒细胞Ⅱ型、无颗粒细胞；扫描电镜观察下,细胞表面光滑,部分细胞表面有小的突起物。用流式细胞仪检测出P1(13.13%)和P2(78.83%)两个细胞亚群以及没有固定形态的细胞(近8%)。利用APIZYM试剂盒对健康泥蚶血细胞及血清中的19种酶进行检测,在血细胞中检测到11种酶,在血清中检测到了13种酶,经酵母聚糖刺激后,碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、类脂脂酶、N-乙酰葡萄糖胺酶在血细胞和血清中水平大幅升高。体外吞噬实验揭示红色颗粒细胞对酵母聚糖具有明显的吞噬能力,嗜碱性颗粒细胞和透明细胞吞噬作用不显著；在经嗜水气单胞杆菌刺激后,嗜碱性颗粒细胞出现大量聚集现象,透明细胞能吸附颗粒物。吞噬活性研究表明,温度、盐度对泥蚶血细胞的吞噬活性有显著的影响,在泥蚶适宜生长温度(13-30℃)区间和最适盐度(20.0-26.2ppt)区间,血细胞吞噬活性达到最高值。
3.从泥蚶血细胞中克隆出天冬氨酸消旋酶(AR)基因,泥蚶AR基因的ORF序列全长1017bp,编码338个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为37.1kDa,理论等电点为8.62,为碱性蛋白。序列分析发现,泥蚶氨基酸序列与魁蚶AR氨基酸序列的同源性达到93%,与海胆和海鞘的AR氨基酸序列同源性为51%和41%。聚类分析表明,泥蚶AR能与所有已报道的生物AR聚合在一起,表明成功克隆了泥蚶天冬氨酸消旋酶的基因。泥蚶AR含有5-磷酸毗哆醛(PLP)结合模序,提示其活性需要PLP的存在。AR基因在泥蚶血细胞中表达,表明AR和D型天冬氨酸可能参与泥蚶血细胞的免疫机制。
Blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, is an important economic shellfish. But diseases of blood clam have become increasingly severe issue. The mass mortalities occurred frequently in recent years and resulted in large losses. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the cause of mass mortalities and study immunological prevention for promoting the healthy development of the blood clam aquaculture. In this study, the causes of mass mortality of blood clam in the Yueqing Bay were investigated using epizoological survey methods and experimental study, and the immunological features of hemocyte cell from the blood clam were studied using light microscopy, electron microscopy, flow cytometry and enzyme technology. In addition, an aspartate racemase molecule was identified in the hemocyte cell of blood clam.
1. A series of mass mortalities of the cultured blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, occurred in the Yueqing Bay of China from2005to2009. An obligate intracellular prokaryote, designated as rickettsia-like organisms (RLO), was frequently found in the moribund or dead blood clam sample during ultrastructural examination. These organisms were usually round, ellipsoid or occasionally dumbbell-shaped, ranged from approximately0.28to0.71μm in size and had a trilaminar cell wall. Two reproductive modes of organisms, transverse binary fission and budding, were observed. The organisms are able to form eosinophilic inclusions. Most inclusions were found within epithelial and connective tissues of the mantle, gills and digestive tube. The biological and morphological characteristics indicate that these organisms may belong to the family Rickettsiaceae. RLOs exhibited significant pathogenicity. Cytopathological examinations revealed extensive necrosis and destruction in the infected cell. The degree of tissue destruction was positively related to the number of RLO inclusions in the tissues, and the cytopathological effects were positively related to the number of intracellular RLOs. RLOs and their inclusions were discovered throughout different epizoological areas and in different periods of time. The infection intensity of the RLOs was positively correlated with the mortality rate of clams. Therefore, RLO infection might be associated with mass mortalities of cultured blood clams in the Yueqing Bay.
2. Light, electron microscopics and flow cytometer studies were conducted to characterize morphology and structure and phagocytosis of haemocytes in blood clam Tegillarca granosa. Based on cell size, and microstructure and granular types of cell, blood clam haemocytes were divided into red granulocyte (89.67%), basophil granulocyte (7.05%) and hyalinocyte (3.28%), respectively under light microscopy. The haemocyte densities in healthy blood clam haemolymph were assessed3.29±0.82×106cell/mL. Three kinds of haemocytes were respectively recognized by transmission electron microscope:granulocyte type Ⅰ, granulocyte type Ⅱand agranulocyte. It was observed under scanning electron microscopy that haemocytes appear smooth-surface and some of them have knot-like projections in cell surface. APIZYM assays on enzymatic activities of19enzymes in haemolymph were performed and, of these,13and10enzymes were detected, respectively in serum and haemocyte cell. There were marked increases in the levels of ALP, ACP, ELIP (C8) and AGLA in serum and haemocytes after stimulated by zymosan. Observation of phagocytosis in vitro revealed that phagocytic response in red granulocyte to zymosan and there was no significant phagocytic response in basophil granulocyte and hyalinocyte. It was observed that basophilic granulocyte accumulation and hyalinocyte adsorption after stimulated by Aeromonas hydrophila. The study of environmental stress factors on phagocytosis activity revealed that the temperature and salinity have significant influence on phagocytosis activity. The phagocytosis percentage of blood clam reached the highest values with optimum growth temperature (13-30℃) and salinity (20.0-26.2ppt).
3. An aspartate racemase (AR) gene was cloned and identified from blood clam. ORF sequence length of blood clam AR gene is1017bp, encoding338amino acids, predicted molecular weight of37.1kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of8.62for the basic protein. Sequence analysis revealed homology of amino acid sequence between the blood clam AR and Burnt-end Ark AR. Compared with sea urchin and sea squirt AR, homology of amino acid sequence has reached51%and41%. Cluster analysis showed that blood clams AR is able to cluster all reported AR. Blood clam AR contains a5'sphate pyridoxal (PLP) binding motif. It is suggested that the role of this molecule requires the presence of PLP.
引文
[1]Abe, K., Takahashi, S., Muroki, Y., Kera, Y.,& Yamada, R. Cloning and expression of the pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent aspartate racemase gene from the bivalve mollusk scapharca broughtonii and characterization of the recombinant enzyme [J]. Journal of Biochemistry,2006,139(2),235.
[2]Allam B, Ashton-Alcox KA, Ford S E. Flow cytometric comparison of haemocytes from three species of bivalve molluscs [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2002,13(2):141-158.
[3]Anderson IG, Nash G, Nash M, Shariff M. Mortalities of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monodon, associated with Penaeus monodon baculovirus, cytoplasmic reo-like virus, rickettsial and bacterial infections, from Malaysian brackishwater ponds [J]. Asian Fisheries Science,1987,1:47-64.
[4]Azevedo C, Villalba A. Extracellular giant rickettsiae associated with bacteria in the gill of Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca, Bivalvia) [J]. J Invertebr Pathol, 1991,58(1):75-81.
[5]Bachere ED. Hervio&E.Mialhe. luminol-dependent chemiluminescence by hemocytes of two marine bivalves, Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas[J]. Disease Aquatic Organism.1991.11:173-180.
[6]Bayne CJ, Moore M N, Carefoot TH, et al. Hemolymph functions in Mytilus califomianus:the cytochemistry of hemocytes and their responses to foreign implants and hemolymph fetors in phagocytosis [J]. J Invertebr Pathol, 1979,34:1-20.
[7]Bayne CJ. The Mollusca. Academic Press [M].1983, Volume 5:407-500.
[8]Boone DR, Castenholz RW. Taxonomic Outline of the Archaea and Bacteria, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol.1,2nd Edition [M]. New York:Springer,2001,155-166.
[9]Bower S M, Meyer G R, Boutillier J A. Stained prawn disease (SPD) of Pandalus platyceros in British Columbia, Canada, caused by a rickettsial infection [J]. Dis Aquat Org,1996,24:41-54.
[10]Bravo S, Gutierrez S. Advances in the study of Coho salmon symdrome, Chile pesquero [J]..Santiago 1991,64:39-42.
[11]Buchanan JS. Cytological studies on a new species of rickettsia found in association with a phage in the digestive gland of the marine bivalve mollusks, Tellina tenuis (da Costa) [J]. Journal of Fish Diseases,1978,1(1):27-43.
[12]Caceres J, Martinez, Alvarez Tinajero C. Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes in cultured and natural populations of the red abalone Haliotis rufescens, blue abalone, Haliotis fulgens, the yellow abalone. California, Mexico [A]. The 4th International Abalone Symposium[C]. Cape Town:University Cape Town, 2000.38.
[13]Carballal ML, Lopec C, Azevedo C, et al. Enzyme involved in defense function of hermocytes Mussel Mytillus galloprovincialis [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1997,70:96-105.
[14]Carces L H, Larenas JJ, Smith PA, Sandino S, et al. Infectivity of a rickettsia isolated from coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch [J]. Dis. Aquat. Org.1991, 11:93-97.
[15]Chany, C., Cerutti, I. Aspartate-assisted immune stimulation:Its importance in antitumor and antiviral protection [J]. International Journal of Cancer,1986,38 (2):259-264.
[16]Chen SC, Wang PC, Tung MC, et al. A Piscirickettsia salmonis-like organism in grouper, Epinephelus melanostigma, in Taiwan[J]. J. Fish Dis.,2000, 23:415-418.
[17]Cheney DC A summary of invertebrate leucocyte morphology with emphasis on blood elements of the Manila clam, Tapes semidecussatus [J]. Biol Bull, 1971,140:353-368.
[18]Cheng TC, et al.Acid Phosphatase in the granulocytic capsutes form in strains of Biomphalaria glabrata totally and partially resistant to Schistosoma mansoni [J]. Int J Parasitol,1977,7:467-472.
[19]Cheng TC. et al. An eleetron mieroseoPe study of the fate of bacteria phagoeytized by granuloeyte of Crassostrea virginica [J]. Contemp Top Immunobiol,1974,4:25-35.
[20]Cheng TC. Bivalves. Invertebrate Blood Cells [M]. New York Academic Press, 1981,233-330.
[21]Cheng TC. Selective induction of release of hydrolasesfrom Crassostrea virginica hemocytes by certain bacteria [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1992, 59:197-200.
[22]Chern RS, Chao CB. Outbreaks of a disease caused by a rickettsia-like organism in cultured tilapias in Taiwan [J]. Fis Pathol,1994,29:61-71.
[23]Coles JA, Pipe RK. phenoloxidase activity in the haemolymph and haemocytes of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis [J]. Fish&Shellfish Immunology,1994,4:337-352.
[24]Comps M, Bonami JR, Vago C. Rickettsial infection in oysters [J]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci, Ser D,1977,285(4):427-429.
[25]Comps M, Deltreil JP. A rickettsia-type microorganism in the Portuguese oyster, Crassostrea angulata Lmk [J]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci, Ser D, 1979,289 (2):169-171.
[26]Comps M, Tige G. Procaryotic infections in the mussel Mytilus galloprovinciallis and in its parasite the turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae [J]. Dis Aquat Organ,1999,38 (3):211-217.
[27]Comps M. Morphological study of a rickettsial infection of Asari clam Ruditapes philippinarum Adam and Reeves [J].Revue des Travaux de 1' Institut des Peches Maritimes Nantes,1982,46 (2):141-145.
[28]Comps M. Morphological study of a rickettsial infection of Asari clam Ruditapes philippinarum Adam and Reeves [J]. Revue des Travaux del' Institut des Peches Maritimes Nantes,1982,46(2):141-145.
[29]Cvitanich JD, Garate NO, Silva PC, et al. Isolation of a new rickettsia-like organism from Atlantic salmon in Chile [J]. AFS/FHS Newsletter,1995,23: 1-3.
[30]Dai W, Guo Y, Wang XM. RFLP Analysis of the Ribosomal DNA ITS Region of three Geographical Populations of Tegillarca granosa [J]. Agricultural Science & Technology,2010,11(2):92-94.
[31]Dyrynda EA, Pipe RK, Ratcliffe NA. Host defence mechanisms in marine invertebrate larvae [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,1995,5(8):569-580.
[32]Dyrynda EA, Pipe RK, Ratcliffe NA. Sub-populations of haemocytes in the adult and developing marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, identified by use of monoclonal antibodies [J].Cell Tissue Res,1997,289(3):527-536.
[33]Elston R. Occurrence of branchial rickettsiales-like infections in two bivalve molluscs, Tapesjaponica and Patinopecten yessoensis, with comments on their significance [J]. J Fish Dis,1986,9 (1):69-71.
[34]Elston RA, Peacock MG. A rickettsiales-like infection in the Pacific razor clam, Siliqua patula [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1984,44 (1):84-96.
[35]Federici BA, Hazard El, Anthony DW. Rickettsia-like organism causing disease in a crangonid amphipod from Florida [J]. Appl Microbiol,1974, 28:885-886.
[36]Feng SY, Feng JS, Burke CN, Khairallah LH. Light and electron microscopy of the leucocytes of Crassostrea virginica (Mollusca:Pelecypoda) [J]. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat,1971,120(2):222-45.
[37]Finley CA, Friedman CS. Examination of the geographic distribution of a Rickettsia-like prokaryote in red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, in Northern California [J]. J Shellfish Research,2000,19 (1):512-513.
[38]Finley CA, Wendell F, Friedman CS. Geographic distribution of Candidat us Xenohaliotis californiensis in northern California abalone [A]. Book of Abstract of World Aquaculture[C]. Florida:Lake Buena Vista,2001.225.
[39]Friedman CS, Mcdowell T, Groff JM, et al. Presence of Bonamia ostreae among populations of the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis Linne, in California, USA [J]. J Shellfish Research,1989,8 (1):133-137.
[40]Friedman CS, Andree KB, Beauchamp KA, et al. "Candidalus Xenohaliotis californiensis",a newly described pathogen of abalone, Haliotis spp..along the west coast of North America [J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2000,50:847-855.
[41]Fries CR, Grant DM. Ehrlichia-like microorganisms in hemocytes in the gills of the marine bivalve, Mercenaria mercenaria [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1992, 59(2):210-211.
[42]Fries CR, Grant DM. Rickettsiae in gill epithelial cells of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria [J]. J Invertebr. Pathol.1991,57:166-171.
[43]Fries CR, Grau SB, Tripp MR. Rickettsiae in the cytoplasm of gill epithelial cells of the soft-shelled clam, Mya arenaria [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1991, 57(3):443-445.
[44]Fryer JL, Lannan CN, Garces LH, et al. Isolation of a rickettsiales-like organism from diseased coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Chile [J]. Fish Pathol,1990,25:107-114.
[45]Fryer JL, Lannan CN, Giovannoni SJ, et al. Piscirickettsia salmonid gen, the causative agent of an epizootic disease in samonid fishes [J]. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol,1992,42:120-126.
[46]Fryer JL, Lannan CN. Rickettsial and chlamydial infections of freshwater and marine fishes, bivalves, and crustaceans [J]. Zool. Stud.,1994.33:95-107.
[47]Gardner GR, Harshbarger JC, Lake JL, et al. Association of prokaryotes with symptomatic appearance of withering syndrome in black abalone Haliotis cracherodii [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1995,66 (2):111-120.
[48]Goggin CL, Lester RJ. Rickettsiales-like infection in the gills of Tridacna crocea from the Great Barrier Reef [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1990,56 (1):135-138.
[49]Gulka G, Chang PW, Marti K A. Prokaryotic infection associated with a mass mortality of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus [J].. J. Fish Dis.,1983, 6:355-364.
[50]Gulka G, Chang PW. Pathogenicity and infectivity of a rickettsia-like organism in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus [J]. J. Fish Dis.,1985, 8:309-318.
[51]Harshbarger JC, Chang SC, Otto SV. Chlamydiae (with phages), mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae in Chesapeake Bay bivalves [J]. Science, 1977,196 (4290):666-668.
[52]Ketterer PJ, Taylor DJ, Prior HC. Systemic rickettsialike infection in farmed freshwater crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. In:Shariff M, Subasinghe RP, Arthur JR (eds) Diseases in Asian aquaculture 1. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila,1992:173-179.
[53]Khoo I, Dennis PH, Lewbar GA. Rickettsia-like organisms in the blue-eyed plecostomus, Panaque suttoni (Eigenmann & Eigenmann) [J]. J Fish Dis 1995, 18:157-164.
[54]Kim, PM, Duan X., Huang AS, Liu CY, Ming G, Song H, et al. Aspartate racemase, generating neuronal D-aspartate, regulates adult neurogenesis [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2010,107(7):3175-3179.
[55]Krol R M, Hawkins W E, Overstreet R M. Rickettsial and mollicute infections in hepatopancreatic cells of cultured Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) [J]. J Invertebr Pathol 1991,57:362-370.
[56]Kuzyk MA, Burian J, Thornton JC, et al. OspA, a lipoprotein antigen of the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis [J]. J Mol Micro Biotechnol 2001; 3 (1):83-93.
[57]Kuzyk MA, Thorton JC, Kay WW. Antigenic characterization of the salmonid pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis [J]. Infect Immun,1996,64 (12):5205-5210.
[58]Lackie AM.Invertebrate immunity [J]. Parasitology,1980,80:393-412.
[59]Lamont HC, Staudenbauer WL, Strominger JL. Partial purification and characterization of an aspartate racemase from streptococcus faccalis [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1972,247(16):5103.
[60]Lannan CN, Fryer JL. Extracellular survival of Piscirickettsia salmonis [J]. J Fish Dis,1994,17:545-548.
[61]Lannan CN, Fryer JL. Recommended methods for inspection of fish for salmonid rickettsia [J]. Bull Eur Ass Fish Path,1991,11:135-136.
[62]Lannan CN, Winton JR, Fryer JL. Fish cell lines:establishment and characterization of nine cell lines from salmonids [J]. In Vitro,1984, 20:671-676.
[63]Larenas JJ, Bartholomew J, Troncosol O, et al. Experimental vertical transmission of Piscirickettsia salmonis and in vitro study of attachment and mode of entrance into the fish ovum [J]. Dis Aqu Organ,2003,56:25-30.
[64]Legall G, Chagot D, Mialhe E, et al. Branchial rickettsiales-like infection associated with a mass mortality of sea scallop, Pecten maximus [J]. Dis Aquat Org,1988,4 (3):229-232.
[65]Long, Z., Lee, J. A., Okamoto, T., Sekine, M., Nimura, N., Imai, K., et al. Occurrence of-amino acids and a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent aspartate racemase in the acidothermophilic archaeon, thermoplasma acidophilum [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2001,281(2): 317-321.
[66]Lopez C, Carballal M J, Azevedo C, et.el.. Enzyme characterization of the circulating haemocytes of the carpet shell clam, Ruditapes decussates (Mollusca bivalvia) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Research,1997b,7:595-608.
[67]Maria JC, Hemolymph cell types of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis [J].Disease of aquatic organisms,1997,29:127-135.
[68]Martello LB, Friedman CS, Tjeerdema RS. Combined effects of pentachlorophenol and salinity stress on phagocytic and chemotactic function in two species of abalone [J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2000,49,213-225.
[69]Masters, PM., Bada JL, Zigler JS. Aspartic acid racemisation in the human lens during ageing and in cataract formation [J]. Nature,1977,268 (5615):71-3.
[70]Matsumoto M., Homma H., Long Z, Imai K, lida T., Maruyama T, et al. Occurrence of free D-amino acids and aspartate racemases in hyperthermophilic archaea [J]. Journal of Bacteriology,1999,181(20),6560.
[71]Mauel MJ, Giovannoni SJ, Fryer JL. Phylogenetic analysis of Piscirickettsia salmonis by 16S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 23S ribosomal DNA sequencing [J]. Dis Aquat Org,1999,35:115-123.
[72]Mauel MJ, Miller DL. Piscirickettsiosis and piscirickettsiosis-like infecions in fish:a review [J]. Veterinary Microb,2002,87:279-289.
[73]Meyers TR, Short S, Eaton W. Summer mortalities and incidental parasitisms of cultured Pacific oysters in Alaska [J]. J Aquat Animal Health,1990, 2(3):172-176.
[74]Meyers TR. Endemic disease of cultured shellfish of Long Island, New York: adult and juvenile American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) [J]. Aquaculture,1981,22:305-330.
[75]Mialhe E, Chagot D, Boulo V, et al. An infection of Ruditapes decussat us (Bivalvia) by Rickettsia [J]. Aquaculture,1987,67 (1):258-259.
[76]Moore JD, Cherr GN, Friedman CS. Detection of 'Candidatus xenohaliotis californiensis' (Rickettsiales-like prokaryote) inclusions in tissue squashes of abalone (Haliotis spp.) gastrointestinal epithelium using a nucleic acid fluorochrome [J]. Dis Aquat Org.,2001,46 (2):147-152.
[77]Moore JD, Robbins TT, Friedman CS. The role of a Rickettsia-like prokaryote in withering syndrome in California red abalone, Haliotis rufescens [J]. J Shellfish Res,2000,19 (1):525-526.
[78]Moore MN, Lowe DM. The cytology and cytochemistry of the hemocytes of Mytilus edulis and their responses to experimentally injected carbon particles [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1977,29(1):18-30.
[79]Morrison C, Schum G. Rickettsias in the kidney of the bay scallop argopecten irradians (Lamarck) [J]. J Fish Diseases,1983,6(6):537-541.
[80]Mouton JD, A. Health management and disease surveillance in abalone, Haliotis midae, in South Africa [J]. J Shellfish Research,2000.19 (1):526.
[81]Nakayama K, Nomoto A M, Nishijima M, et al. Morphological and functional characterization of hemocytes in the giant clam Tridacna crocea [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1997,69:105-111.
[82]Noel D; Pipe, R;. Elston R, et al. Antigenic characterization of hemocyte subpopulations in the mussel Mytilus edulis by means of monoclonal antibodies [J]. Marine Biology,1994,119 (4):549-556.
[83]Norton H, Shepherd MA, Long HM, et al. Parasites of the giant clams (Tridacnidae) [A]. Biology and mariculture of giant clams[C]. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,1993.18-23.
[84]Norton JH, Shepherd MA, Abdon-Naguit MR, et al. Mortalities in the giant clam Hippopus hippopus associated with rickettsiales-like organisms [J]. J. Invertebr. Pathol.,1993.62:207-209.
[85]Norton JH, Shepherd MA, Prior HC. Intracellular bacteria associated with winter mortality in juvenile giant clams, Tridacna gigas [J]. J Invertebr Pathol., 1993,62:204-206.
[86]Ohtaki, A., Nakano, Y., lizuka, R., Arakawa, T., Yamada, K., Odaka, M., et al. Structure of aspartate racemase complexed with a dual substrate analogue, citric acid, and implications for the reaction mechanism [J]. Proteins:Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics,2008,70(4):1167-1174.
[87]Olsen AB, Melby HP, Speilberg L, et al. Piscirickettsia salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway--epidemiological, pathological and microbiological findings [J]. Dis. Aquat. Org.,1997,31:35-48.
[88]Ottaviani E, Franchini A, Franceschi C. Presence of several cytokinelike molecules in molluscan hemocytes [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,1993,195:984-988.
[89]Paperna I. Epitheliocystis disease in wild and cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata, Sparidae) and grey mullets (liza ramada, Mugilidae). Aquaculture, 1977,10:169-176.
[90]Pipe R K. Lectin binding characteristics of hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Cell Tissue Res.1990,26 (2):261-268.
[91]Pipe R K. Lectin binding characteristics of hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Cell Tissue Res.1990,26 (2):261-268.
[92]Pipe R K., Porte C, Livingstone D R. Antioxidant enzymes associated with the blood cells and haemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,1993,3(3):221-233.
[93]Renaul TT, Cochennec N. Rickettsia-like organisms in the cytoplasm of gill epithelial cells of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas [J]. J Invertebr Pathol, 1994,64(2):160-162.
[94]Renault T, Xue.QG, Chilmonczyk S. Flow cytometric nanlysis of European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, haemocytes using a monoclonal antibody specific for granulocytes [J]. Fish shellfish Immumol,2001,11(3):269-274.
[95]Romero X, Turnbull J F, Jimenez R. Ultrastructure and Cytopathology of a Rickettsia-like Organism (RLO) causing Systemic Infection in the Redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in Ecuador. J Invertebr Pathol.,2000, 76:95-104.
[96]Ruddell CL. The fine structure of the granular amebocytes of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1971,18(2): 269-275.
[97]Russell-Pinto F., R. Reimao. Distinct cell types engage in different responses to sheep erythrocyte [J]. Fish& Shellfish Immunology,1994,4 (5):387-397.
[98]SAS Institute.2000. SAS/STAT User's Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
[99]Schmid LS. Chemotaxis of hemocytes from the snail Viviparus malleatus [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1975,25(1):125-131.
[100]Shibata, K., Watanabe, T., Yoshikawa, H., Abe, K., Takahashi, S., Kera, Y., et al. Purification and characterization of aspartate racemase from the bivalve mollusk scapharca broughtonii. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2003,134(2):307-314.
[101]Sminia T, and van der Knaap W P W. Immunorecognition invertebrates with special reference to mollusks. In Immunity in invertebrates [J],1986,112-114.
[102]Sparks AK. Synopsis of Invertebrate Pathology Exclusive of Insects [M]. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985.
[103]Sun JF, Wu XZ, Zhang WZ. Morphological, structural and functional characteristics of the hemocytes of the oyster, crassostrea ariakensis [J]. Journal of Shellfish Research,2006,25(1):55-64.
[104]Sun JF, Wu XZ. Histology, ultrastructure and morphogenesis of a rickettsia-like organism causing disease in the oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis Gould [J]. Journa of Invertebr Pathol,2004,86:77-86.
[105]Sun JF, Wu XZ. Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion Generation in Hemocytes of Crassostrea ariakensis Stimulated with Rickettsia-Like Organisms and Zymosan [J]. Journal of Shellfish Research,2009,28(4):821-826.
[106]Tan CK, Owens L. Infectivity, transmission and 16SrRNA sequencing of a rickettsia, Coxiella cheraxi sp. nov., from the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus [J]. Dis Aquat Org,2000,41:115-122.
[107]Vilalba A, Lopez C, Carballal MJ, et al. Branchial rickettsial infection associated with clam, Venerupis rhomboids (Pennant), mortality [A].8th International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish[C]. Edinburgh:Eur Assoc Fish Pathol,1997.14-19.
[108]Villalba A, Carballal MJ, Lopez C, et al. Branchial rickettsia-like infection associated with clam Venerupis rhomboids mortality. Dis Aquat Org.,1999, 36(1):53-60.
[109]Wang L, Ota N., Romanova EV., Sweedler JV, A novel pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent amino acid racemase in the aplysia californica central nervous system [J]. J Biol Chem.,2011,286(15):13765-13774.
[110]Watanabe T., Shibata K., Kera Y, Yamada RH.. Occurrence of freed-aspartate and aspartate racemase in the blood shell Scapharca broughtonii [J]. Amino Acids,1998,14(4):353-360.
[111]Wen CM, Kou GH, Chen SN. Rickettsiaceae-like microorganisms in the gill and digestive gland of the hard clam, Meretrix lusoria Rooding. J Invertebr Pathol.,1994,64:138-142.
[112]Wilhelm V, Huaracan B, Martinez R, et al. Cloning and expression of the coding regions of the heat shock proteins Hsp10 and Hsp16 from Piscirickettsia salmonis [J]. Biol Res 2003,36:421-428.
[113]Wilhelm V, Soza C, Martinez R, et al. Producction and immune response of recombinant Hsp60 and Hsp70 from the salmon pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis[J]. Biol Res 2005,38:69-82.
[114]Woolf CJ, Thompson SWN. The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states [J]. Pain,1991,44(3),293-299.
[115]Wootton EC, Dyrynda EA, Ratcliffe NA. Bivalve immunity:comparison between the marine mussel (Mytilus edulis),the edible cockle(Cerastoderma edule) and the razorshell (Ensis siliqua) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2003,5:195-210.
[116]Wu XZ and Pan JP. An intracellular prokaryotic microorganism associated with lesions in the oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis Gould. J Fish Dis.2000,23: 409-414.
[117]Wu XZ and Pan JP. Studies on rickettsia-like organism disease of tropical marine peal oyster:I. The fine structure and morphogenesis of Pinctada maxima pathogen rickettsia-like organism [J]. J Invertebr Pathol.,1999a, 73:162-172.
[118]Wu XZ and Pan JP. Studies on rickettsia-like organism disease of tropical marine peal oyster, Pinctada maxima and P. fucata:Ⅳ. On histo-cytopathology of RLO diseases [J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1999b, 21:93-98.
[119]Wu XZ, Sun JF, Zhang WZ, et al. Purification and antigenic characteristics of a rickettsia-like organism from the oyster Crassostrea ariakensis [J]. Dis Aquat Organ 2005,67:149-154.
[120]Wu XZ. Advances in the research of marine-cultured animal diseases in China. In:Lee, C.S. (Ed.), Andria Ventura. Status of Aquaculture in China. The Oceanic Institute, Hawaii, USA in Honolulu,2003b. pp.29-54.
[121]Wu XZ. Rickettsiae infection in farmed abalone, Haliotis diversicolor Reeve (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Daya Bay, Guangdong in China [A]. Proceedings of the Third World Fisheries Congress[C]. Bethesda:American Fisheries Society,2003a.221.
[122]Xing J, Zhan WB, Li Zhou et al. Endoenzymes associated with haemocyte types in the scallop (Chlamys farreri) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2002,13(4):271-278.
[123]Xue QG, Renault T. Enzymatic Activities in European Flat Oyster, Ostrea edulis, and Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, Hemolymph [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,2000,76(3):155-163.
[124]Yohda M., Endo I., Abe Y, Ohta T, Iida T, Maruyama T, et al.. Gene for aspartate racemase from the sulfur-dependent hyperthermophilic archaeum, desulfurococcus strain SY [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1996,271(36), 22017.
[125]Yohda, M., Okada, H., & Kumagai, H. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the aspartate racemase gene from lactic acid bacteria streptococcus thermophilus [J]. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression,1991,1089(2),234-240.
[126]Zhu ZW, Xu T, He ZY, et al. Rickettsia-like organism infection associated with mass mortalities of blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, in Yueqing Bay, China[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2011.(in press)
[127]宝福凯,柳爱华.立克次体目微生物的系统分类进展[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2007,23(12)：1262-1264.
[128]蔡英亚,才张英,魏若飞.贝类学概论[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1995.204-206.
[129]曹华,蒋建斌,曹红军.泥蚶人工育苗及滩涂养成技术研究[J].齐鲁渔业,2006,23(4)：1-5.
[130]柴雪良,吕振明,方军,林志华,李太武.泥蚶三倍体诱导研究[J].浙江海洋大学学报,2002,21(1)：16-19.
[131]柴雪良.浙江乐清湾泥蚶的繁殖习性和生长特性[J].动物学杂志,2004,39(3)：47-50.
[132]陈爱华,王亮晖.乳山首个国家级水产种质资源保护区获批[J].齐鲁渔业.2010,27(2)：58-58.
[133]陈爱华.单胞藻铒料在泥蚶人工育苗中的应用研究[J].水产养殖,2002(1)：28-29,32.
[134]陈朝晖,周志明.泥蚶工厂化育苗技术的研究[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1996,26(1)：25-30.
[135]陈全震.杨俊毅,等.皱纹盘鲍血细胞的亚显微结构及分类研究[J].水产学报,2001,6：492-494.
[136]陈寅山,柯佳颖,饶小珍.泥蚶((?)regillarca granosa Linnaeus)血淋巴液凝集素的分离纯化及其性质研究[J].分子细胞生物学报,2006,39(5)：453-461.
[137]陈振英,王宜艳,孙虎山.甲硫氨酸脑啡肽对栉孔扇贝血细胞吞噬和包囊化作用的影响[J].水产科学,2005,24(5)：8-10.
[138]陈政良,朱锡华.天然免疫系统的分子模式识别作用及其免疫生物学意义[J].免疫学杂志.2000,16(3)：161-165.
[139]陈志明,黄培.高潮区滩涂低坝蓄水养殖泥蚶技术.科学养角.2002(11)：19.
[140]杜丽,张巍 陆逵 王凤阳 王爱民.贝类免疫机制研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2008,29(3)：77-81.
[141]范秀萍,吴红棉,王娅楠,黎少萍,胡雪琼.4种贝类糖胺聚糖体外清除自由基活性的比较[J].食品科技,2008,2：165-167.
[142]方建光,孙慧玲,等.泥蚶幼虫滤水率和摄食率的研究.海洋与湖沼.1999,30(2)：167-171.
[143]费志清,尢仲杰,徐善良,等.泥蚶多倍体胚胎的激发诱导[J].宁波大学学报,1999,12(3)：33-37.
[144]郭磊,盛军庆,洪一江,等.池蝶蚌(贝)血细胞显微观察[J].水生生物学报,2008,32(6)：839-844.
[145]何斌,周旭,等.永嘉县市售泥蚶不同季节的染菌情况调查[J].浙江预防医学,2004,16(2)：42,48.
[146]贺静静,李晔,李太武,等.泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)cDNA文库的构建及铁结合蛋白基因(Ferritin)序列分析[J].海洋与湖沼,2009,40(3)：289-295.
[147]贾守菊,张永普,陈艳乐,等.不同种群泥蚶的5种同工酶研究[J].东海海洋,2003,21(3)：34—41.
[148]贾守菊,张永普,陈艳乐,等.不同种群泥蚶的三种同工酶变异[J].河南科学,2004,22(2)：119-202.
[149]贾玉海.中国海洋湖沼药物学[M].北京：学苑出版社.1996.128.
[150]解家松许婷刘玮,等.泥蚶金属硫蛋白的鉴定、原核重组表达及其组织细胞分布.中国水产科学,2011,5：955-964
[151]金珊,赵青松,王达根,沈杰.虾塘养殖泥蚶大规模死亡原因及防治对策[J].水 产科学.2002a,21(6)：31-32.
[152]金珊,赵青松.泥蚶育苗常见病害及其防治[J].海洋渔业.2002b,24(3)：139-140.
[153]柯佳颖,陈寅山,戴聪杰.泥蚶凝集素的抑菌作用和免疫学研究[J].海洋科学,2010a,34(11)：35-40.
[154]柯佳颖,陈寅山,戴聪杰.泥蚶血清及血细胞免疫功能研究[J].水生态学杂志,2010b,3(3)：80-84.
[155]孔慧玲,方建光,王清印,等.泥蚶受精过程的细胞学荧光显微观察[J].水产学报,2000,24(2)：104—107.
[156]李成华,李太武,宋林生,等.福建南北泥蚶种内分化的RAPD分析[J].动物学研究.2003,24(5)：362—366.
[157]李登峰.扇贝病原生物学、病原分子生物学及宿主免疫相关功能基因研究[D].广州,中国科学院南海海洋研究所,博士生学位论文,2004.
[158]李静,石安静.圆背角无齿蚌损伤后血细胞的吞噬活性[J].水产学报,2000,24(5)：399-402.
[159]李胜宽,高永刚,肖晓卫,王远洋,李静.泥蚶、河豚与南美白对虾混养技术[J].中国水产,2003(1)：59.
[160]李太武,李成华,宋林生,等.5个泥蚶群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析[J].生物多样性.2003,11(2)：118—124.
[161]李太武,张健,丁明进,王素洁,史平,相建海,刘瑞玉.皱纹盘鲍脓疱病的组织学和超微结构研究[J].动物学报,1997,43(3)：238-242.
[162]林晓婷,汪岷.鱼类立克次体研究进展[J].中国水产科学.2005,12(6)：807-817.
[163]林志强,汪德清,徐桂仙,等.泥蚶人工育苗试验报告[J].浙南水产科学,1980(1)：1-11,14.
[164]刘东武,王宜艳,孙虎山.菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、文蛤和紫石房蛤血细胞的分类研究[J].水产科学,2005,24(10)：5-7.
[165]刘端炜,王学勃,刘正佑.虾池底播缢蛏泥蚶混养[J].中国水产,2002(4)：54.
[166]刘世良,麦康森.贝类免疫系统和机理的研究进展[J].海洋学报,2003,25(2)：95-105.
[167]刘文伟,沈晓盛,刘承初.茶多酚对泥蚶中副溶血性弧菌的抑制效果[J].食品与发酵工业.2010,36(5)：41-44.
[168]刘燕明.立克次体：一类重要的病原微生物[J].中国兽医科技,1987,4：49-51.
[169]刘志鸿、张士璀、杨爱国,等.毛蚶血细胞的形态观察及吞噬性能研究[J],高技术通讯,2003,13(10)：94-96.
[170]陆彤霞,竺俊全,於宏.泥蚶精母细胞与精细胞的超微结构[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2002,22(1)：12-14.
[171]马洪明,麦康森.贝类血细胞的吞噬作用和非我识别[J].海洋科学,2003,27(2)：16-18.
[172]马子川,张英锋,郑晓珍等.N-乙酰葡萄糖胺的性质、制备及用途[J].化学教育,2010,31(7)：3,49.
[173]潘沙芳,李太武,苏秀榕.泥蚶血细胞耐饥饿及抗菌力特性的研究[J].水产科学,2007,26(1)：22-25.
[174]沙爱龙.贝类血细胞分类技术[J].生命科学仪器.2007,5(4)：1 9-22.
[175]孙长森,林志华,董迎辉,肖国强,柴雪良.泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)主要经济性状遗传参数的估算.海洋与湖沼.2010,(6)：907-913.
[176]孙虎山李光友.栉孔扇贝血细胞的吞噬作用及其扫描电镜研究.高技术通讯.2001,11(4)16-19.
[177]孙敬锋,吴信忠,温博海,等.近江牡蛎类立克次体在BALB/c小鼠中传代研究[J].高技术通讯,2004,4：20-24.
[178]孙敬锋,吴信忠.贝类血细胞及其免疫功能研究进展[J].水生生物学报,2006a,30(5)：601-607.
[179]孙敬锋,吴信忠.海洋贝类类立克次体的感染[J].海洋环境科学,2006b,25(1)：94-100.
[180]孙敬锋.近江牡蛎类立克次体病及宿主细胞免疫学研究[J].广州,中国科学院南海海洋研究所,博士生学位论文,2004.
[181]王凤岗,王同水,邢克敏,等.泥蚶人工育苗技术[J].齐鲁渔业，1991(2)：8-12.
[182]王江勇,郭志勋,冯娟等.杂色鲍血细胞免疫特点及免疫功能的研究[J]. 热带海洋学报.2010,29(3)：71-76.
[183]王进科,朱顺清,周刚,等.中华绒螯蟹感染类立克次体微生物的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报2003；9(3)：273-278.
[184]王日听,李太武,吕振明,等.泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)不同地理居群同工酶变异及遗传分化的研究[J].海洋与湖沼.2005,36(3)：227-234.
[185]王如才,王昭萍,张建中.海水贝类养殖学[M].青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社,1993.275-290.
[186]王文,徐在宽,等.患颤抖病中华绒螯蟹体内类立克次体侵染的光镜和电镜观察[J].中国水产科学,2001；8(4)：32-35.
[187]王贞丽,初晓,杨秀,陈守国,王春波.泥蚶提取物抗肿瘤作用的实验研究[J].山东医药,2006,46(3)：15-17.
[188]魏利平,孙尽善,马绍正.乳山湾泥蚶繁殖期及蚶苗的生长与分布.水产学报,1986,10(1)：87-93.
[189]吴洪喜,柴雪良,等.浙江乐清弯泥蚶的繁殖习性和生长特性[J],动物学杂志,2004,39(3)：47-50.
[190]吴洪喜,柴雪良,吴建波,沈志坚.乐清湾泥蚶j(?)egillarca granosa(linnaesus)核型的初步研究[J].浙江海洋学院学报,2001,20(3)：189-191,194.
[191]吴信忠,潘金培.热带海洋珍珠贝类立克次体病研究-大珍珠病原RLO包涵体的组织学及超微结构研究[J].海洋与湖沼1999a,30：73-80.
[192]吴信忠,潘金培.热带海洋珍珠贝类立克次体病研究V--超微病理学及致病机理研究[J].海洋学报,1999b,21：93-98.
[193]徐义平,孙开练,鲍宝龙,等.温州乐清湾三个泥蚶群体遗传多样性的初步研究[J].上海水产大学学报,2006,15(2)：234-238.
[194]许秀芹,王宜艳,孙虎山.流式细胞术比较研究4种双壳贝类血细胞的分群[J].海洋湖沼通报,2006,(1)：46-50.
[195]杨受保.近江牡蛎天然免疫相关蛋白的分子生物学及功能研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,博士生学位论文,2009.
[196]杨星星,管嘉兴.乐清湾泥蚶、缢蛏体内及养殖水环境细菌菌群的初步调查[J].海洋渔业,2003,(2)：73-76.
[197]姚韩韩,林志华,董迎辉,等.泥蚶受精和早期卵裂过程核行为的细胞学观察[J].上海海洋大学学报,2010,19(5)：596-600.
[198]姚如永,初晓,陈守国,等.海洋泥蚶多肽抗肿瘤作用的实验研究[J].中国药学杂志,2006,41(11)：868-870.
[199]尤仲杰,徐善良,边平江,等.海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响[J].海洋学报,2001,23(6)：108-113.
[200]于瑜海,等.泥蚶亲贝室内蓄养促熟技术研究[J].齐普渔业,1999,16(3)：15-17.
[201]余燕萍,石安静.贝类血细胞研究进展[J].动物学杂志,1998,33(5)：40-44.
[202]余燕萍,石安静.圆背角无齿蚌血细胞在体内和体外损伤修复过程中的功能[J].水生生物学报,2000,24(3)：234-239.
[203]喻子牛,孔晓瑜,杨锐,等.泥蚶等位基因酶遗传变异研究[J].中国水产科学,1997,4(5)：15—21.
[204]翟玉梅,丁秀云,李光友.软体动物血细胞及体液免疫研究进展[J].海洋与湖沼,1998,29(5)：558-562.
[205]张春丹,李明云.泥蚶苗种生产技术[J].河北渔业,2005,140(2)：23-24.
[206]张丽娟,付秀萍,范明远.我国立克次体研究与立克次体病的流行现状[J].热带病与寄生虫学,2005,3(1)：37-42.
[207]张维翥,吴信忠,李登峰等.栉孔扇贝血液细胞的免疫功能[J].动物学报.2005,51(4)：669-677.
[208]张维翥,吴信忠,汗明.海湾扇贝血细胞的表面结构及超微结构[J].动物学报,2005,51(3)：486-494.
[209]张永娟,吕学军,张大勇.泥蚶总蛋白抗疲劳作用研究[J].食品研究与开发.2010,31(8)：183-185.
[210]张永普,林志华,应雪萍.不同地理种群泥蚶的形态差异与判别分析.水产学,2004a,28(3)：399-342.
[211]张永普,应雪萍,贾守菊.泥蚶肥满度、含水量和生化成分的周年变化.河南科学.2004b,22(1)：57-59.
[212]郑家声,王梅林,郭丹红,等.3种蚶染色体组型的比较研究[J].海洋科 学,1996,18(3)：78-85.
[213]郑清梅,吴锐全,叶星.水生动物溶菌酶的研究进展[J].上海水产大学学报.2006,15(4)：483-387.
[214]朱保健.近江牡蛎类立克次体与宿主相互作用的分子生物学研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,博士生学位论文,2008.
[215]竺俊全,丁理法,焦海峰,王跃斌.环境因子变化对泥蚶精子活力的影响[J].海洋科学.2006,30(2)：65-68.
[216]竺俊全,杨万喜,石钢德.泥蚶精子的超微结构[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2002,29(3)：324-328.
[217]邹慧斌.栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝G型溶菌酶基因及栉孔扇贝硒结合蛋白基因的克隆和表达研究[D].中国海洋大学硕士论文,2005.
[2]Allam B, Ashton-Alcox KA, Ford S E. Flow cytometric comparison of haemocytes from three species of bivalve molluscs [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2002,13(2):141-158.
[3]Anderson IG, Nash G, Nash M, Shariff M. Mortalities of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monodon, associated with Penaeus monodon baculovirus, cytoplasmic reo-like virus, rickettsial and bacterial infections, from Malaysian brackishwater ponds [J]. Asian Fisheries Science,1987,1:47-64.
[4]Azevedo C, Villalba A. Extracellular giant rickettsiae associated with bacteria in the gill of Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca, Bivalvia) [J]. J Invertebr Pathol, 1991,58(1):75-81.
[5]Bachere ED. Hervio&E.Mialhe. luminol-dependent chemiluminescence by hemocytes of two marine bivalves, Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas[J]. Disease Aquatic Organism.1991.11:173-180.
[6]Bayne CJ, Moore M N, Carefoot TH, et al. Hemolymph functions in Mytilus califomianus:the cytochemistry of hemocytes and their responses to foreign implants and hemolymph fetors in phagocytosis [J]. J Invertebr Pathol, 1979,34:1-20.
[7]Bayne CJ. The Mollusca. Academic Press [M].1983, Volume 5:407-500.
[8]Boone DR, Castenholz RW. Taxonomic Outline of the Archaea and Bacteria, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol.1,2nd Edition [M]. New York:Springer,2001,155-166.
[9]Bower S M, Meyer G R, Boutillier J A. Stained prawn disease (SPD) of Pandalus platyceros in British Columbia, Canada, caused by a rickettsial infection [J]. Dis Aquat Org,1996,24:41-54.
[10]Bravo S, Gutierrez S. Advances in the study of Coho salmon symdrome, Chile pesquero [J]..Santiago 1991,64:39-42.
[11]Buchanan JS. Cytological studies on a new species of rickettsia found in association with a phage in the digestive gland of the marine bivalve mollusks, Tellina tenuis (da Costa) [J]. Journal of Fish Diseases,1978,1(1):27-43.
[12]Caceres J, Martinez, Alvarez Tinajero C. Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes in cultured and natural populations of the red abalone Haliotis rufescens, blue abalone, Haliotis fulgens, the yellow abalone. California, Mexico [A]. The 4th International Abalone Symposium[C]. Cape Town:University Cape Town, 2000.38.
[13]Carballal ML, Lopec C, Azevedo C, et al. Enzyme involved in defense function of hermocytes Mussel Mytillus galloprovincialis [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1997,70:96-105.
[14]Carces L H, Larenas JJ, Smith PA, Sandino S, et al. Infectivity of a rickettsia isolated from coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch [J]. Dis. Aquat. Org.1991, 11:93-97.
[15]Chany, C., Cerutti, I. Aspartate-assisted immune stimulation:Its importance in antitumor and antiviral protection [J]. International Journal of Cancer,1986,38 (2):259-264.
[16]Chen SC, Wang PC, Tung MC, et al. A Piscirickettsia salmonis-like organism in grouper, Epinephelus melanostigma, in Taiwan[J]. J. Fish Dis.,2000, 23:415-418.
[17]Cheney DC A summary of invertebrate leucocyte morphology with emphasis on blood elements of the Manila clam, Tapes semidecussatus [J]. Biol Bull, 1971,140:353-368.
[18]Cheng TC, et al.Acid Phosphatase in the granulocytic capsutes form in strains of Biomphalaria glabrata totally and partially resistant to Schistosoma mansoni [J]. Int J Parasitol,1977,7:467-472.
[19]Cheng TC. et al. An eleetron mieroseoPe study of the fate of bacteria phagoeytized by granuloeyte of Crassostrea virginica [J]. Contemp Top Immunobiol,1974,4:25-35.
[20]Cheng TC. Bivalves. Invertebrate Blood Cells [M]. New York Academic Press, 1981,233-330.
[21]Cheng TC. Selective induction of release of hydrolasesfrom Crassostrea virginica hemocytes by certain bacteria [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1992, 59:197-200.
[22]Chern RS, Chao CB. Outbreaks of a disease caused by a rickettsia-like organism in cultured tilapias in Taiwan [J]. Fis Pathol,1994,29:61-71.
[23]Coles JA, Pipe RK. phenoloxidase activity in the haemolymph and haemocytes of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis [J]. Fish&Shellfish Immunology,1994,4:337-352.
[24]Comps M, Bonami JR, Vago C. Rickettsial infection in oysters [J]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci, Ser D,1977,285(4):427-429.
[25]Comps M, Deltreil JP. A rickettsia-type microorganism in the Portuguese oyster, Crassostrea angulata Lmk [J]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci, Ser D, 1979,289 (2):169-171.
[26]Comps M, Tige G. Procaryotic infections in the mussel Mytilus galloprovinciallis and in its parasite the turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae [J]. Dis Aquat Organ,1999,38 (3):211-217.
[27]Comps M. Morphological study of a rickettsial infection of Asari clam Ruditapes philippinarum Adam and Reeves [J].Revue des Travaux de 1' Institut des Peches Maritimes Nantes,1982,46 (2):141-145.
[28]Comps M. Morphological study of a rickettsial infection of Asari clam Ruditapes philippinarum Adam and Reeves [J]. Revue des Travaux del' Institut des Peches Maritimes Nantes,1982,46(2):141-145.
[29]Cvitanich JD, Garate NO, Silva PC, et al. Isolation of a new rickettsia-like organism from Atlantic salmon in Chile [J]. AFS/FHS Newsletter,1995,23: 1-3.
[30]Dai W, Guo Y, Wang XM. RFLP Analysis of the Ribosomal DNA ITS Region of three Geographical Populations of Tegillarca granosa [J]. Agricultural Science & Technology,2010,11(2):92-94.
[31]Dyrynda EA, Pipe RK, Ratcliffe NA. Host defence mechanisms in marine invertebrate larvae [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,1995,5(8):569-580.
[32]Dyrynda EA, Pipe RK, Ratcliffe NA. Sub-populations of haemocytes in the adult and developing marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, identified by use of monoclonal antibodies [J].Cell Tissue Res,1997,289(3):527-536.
[33]Elston R. Occurrence of branchial rickettsiales-like infections in two bivalve molluscs, Tapesjaponica and Patinopecten yessoensis, with comments on their significance [J]. J Fish Dis,1986,9 (1):69-71.
[34]Elston RA, Peacock MG. A rickettsiales-like infection in the Pacific razor clam, Siliqua patula [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1984,44 (1):84-96.
[35]Federici BA, Hazard El, Anthony DW. Rickettsia-like organism causing disease in a crangonid amphipod from Florida [J]. Appl Microbiol,1974, 28:885-886.
[36]Feng SY, Feng JS, Burke CN, Khairallah LH. Light and electron microscopy of the leucocytes of Crassostrea virginica (Mollusca:Pelecypoda) [J]. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat,1971,120(2):222-45.
[37]Finley CA, Friedman CS. Examination of the geographic distribution of a Rickettsia-like prokaryote in red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, in Northern California [J]. J Shellfish Research,2000,19 (1):512-513.
[38]Finley CA, Wendell F, Friedman CS. Geographic distribution of Candidat us Xenohaliotis californiensis in northern California abalone [A]. Book of Abstract of World Aquaculture[C]. Florida:Lake Buena Vista,2001.225.
[39]Friedman CS, Mcdowell T, Groff JM, et al. Presence of Bonamia ostreae among populations of the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis Linne, in California, USA [J]. J Shellfish Research,1989,8 (1):133-137.
[40]Friedman CS, Andree KB, Beauchamp KA, et al. "Candidalus Xenohaliotis californiensis",a newly described pathogen of abalone, Haliotis spp..along the west coast of North America [J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2000,50:847-855.
[41]Fries CR, Grant DM. Ehrlichia-like microorganisms in hemocytes in the gills of the marine bivalve, Mercenaria mercenaria [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1992, 59(2):210-211.
[42]Fries CR, Grant DM. Rickettsiae in gill epithelial cells of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria [J]. J Invertebr. Pathol.1991,57:166-171.
[43]Fries CR, Grau SB, Tripp MR. Rickettsiae in the cytoplasm of gill epithelial cells of the soft-shelled clam, Mya arenaria [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1991, 57(3):443-445.
[44]Fryer JL, Lannan CN, Garces LH, et al. Isolation of a rickettsiales-like organism from diseased coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Chile [J]. Fish Pathol,1990,25:107-114.
[45]Fryer JL, Lannan CN, Giovannoni SJ, et al. Piscirickettsia salmonid gen, the causative agent of an epizootic disease in samonid fishes [J]. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol,1992,42:120-126.
[46]Fryer JL, Lannan CN. Rickettsial and chlamydial infections of freshwater and marine fishes, bivalves, and crustaceans [J]. Zool. Stud.,1994.33:95-107.
[47]Gardner GR, Harshbarger JC, Lake JL, et al. Association of prokaryotes with symptomatic appearance of withering syndrome in black abalone Haliotis cracherodii [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1995,66 (2):111-120.
[48]Goggin CL, Lester RJ. Rickettsiales-like infection in the gills of Tridacna crocea from the Great Barrier Reef [J]. J Invertebr Pathol,1990,56 (1):135-138.
[49]Gulka G, Chang PW, Marti K A. Prokaryotic infection associated with a mass mortality of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus [J].. J. Fish Dis.,1983, 6:355-364.
[50]Gulka G, Chang PW. Pathogenicity and infectivity of a rickettsia-like organism in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus [J]. J. Fish Dis.,1985, 8:309-318.
[51]Harshbarger JC, Chang SC, Otto SV. Chlamydiae (with phages), mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae in Chesapeake Bay bivalves [J]. Science, 1977,196 (4290):666-668.
[52]Ketterer PJ, Taylor DJ, Prior HC. Systemic rickettsialike infection in farmed freshwater crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. In:Shariff M, Subasinghe RP, Arthur JR (eds) Diseases in Asian aquaculture 1. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila,1992:173-179.
[53]Khoo I, Dennis PH, Lewbar GA. Rickettsia-like organisms in the blue-eyed plecostomus, Panaque suttoni (Eigenmann & Eigenmann) [J]. J Fish Dis 1995, 18:157-164.
[54]Kim, PM, Duan X., Huang AS, Liu CY, Ming G, Song H, et al. Aspartate racemase, generating neuronal D-aspartate, regulates adult neurogenesis [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2010,107(7):3175-3179.
[55]Krol R M, Hawkins W E, Overstreet R M. Rickettsial and mollicute infections in hepatopancreatic cells of cultured Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) [J]. J Invertebr Pathol 1991,57:362-370.
[56]Kuzyk MA, Burian J, Thornton JC, et al. OspA, a lipoprotein antigen of the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis [J]. J Mol Micro Biotechnol 2001; 3 (1):83-93.
[57]Kuzyk MA, Thorton JC, Kay WW. Antigenic characterization of the salmonid pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis [J]. Infect Immun,1996,64 (12):5205-5210.
[58]Lackie AM.Invertebrate immunity [J]. Parasitology,1980,80:393-412.
[59]Lamont HC, Staudenbauer WL, Strominger JL. Partial purification and characterization of an aspartate racemase from streptococcus faccalis [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1972,247(16):5103.
[60]Lannan CN, Fryer JL. Extracellular survival of Piscirickettsia salmonis [J]. J Fish Dis,1994,17:545-548.
[61]Lannan CN, Fryer JL. Recommended methods for inspection of fish for salmonid rickettsia [J]. Bull Eur Ass Fish Path,1991,11:135-136.
[62]Lannan CN, Winton JR, Fryer JL. Fish cell lines:establishment and characterization of nine cell lines from salmonids [J]. In Vitro,1984, 20:671-676.
[63]Larenas JJ, Bartholomew J, Troncosol O, et al. Experimental vertical transmission of Piscirickettsia salmonis and in vitro study of attachment and mode of entrance into the fish ovum [J]. Dis Aqu Organ,2003,56:25-30.
[64]Legall G, Chagot D, Mialhe E, et al. Branchial rickettsiales-like infection associated with a mass mortality of sea scallop, Pecten maximus [J]. Dis Aquat Org,1988,4 (3):229-232.
[65]Long, Z., Lee, J. A., Okamoto, T., Sekine, M., Nimura, N., Imai, K., et al. Occurrence of-amino acids and a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent aspartate racemase in the acidothermophilic archaeon, thermoplasma acidophilum [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2001,281(2): 317-321.
[66]Lopez C, Carballal M J, Azevedo C, et.el.. Enzyme characterization of the circulating haemocytes of the carpet shell clam, Ruditapes decussates (Mollusca bivalvia) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Research,1997b,7:595-608.
[67]Maria JC, Hemolymph cell types of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis [J].Disease of aquatic organisms,1997,29:127-135.
[68]Martello LB, Friedman CS, Tjeerdema RS. Combined effects of pentachlorophenol and salinity stress on phagocytic and chemotactic function in two species of abalone [J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2000,49,213-225.
[69]Masters, PM., Bada JL, Zigler JS. Aspartic acid racemisation in the human lens during ageing and in cataract formation [J]. Nature,1977,268 (5615):71-3.
[70]Matsumoto M., Homma H., Long Z, Imai K, lida T., Maruyama T, et al. Occurrence of free D-amino acids and aspartate racemases in hyperthermophilic archaea [J]. Journal of Bacteriology,1999,181(20),6560.
[71]Mauel MJ, Giovannoni SJ, Fryer JL. Phylogenetic analysis of Piscirickettsia salmonis by 16S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 23S ribosomal DNA sequencing [J]. Dis Aquat Org,1999,35:115-123.
[72]Mauel MJ, Miller DL. Piscirickettsiosis and piscirickettsiosis-like infecions in fish:a review [J]. Veterinary Microb,2002,87:279-289.
[73]Meyers TR, Short S, Eaton W. Summer mortalities and incidental parasitisms of cultured Pacific oysters in Alaska [J]. J Aquat Animal Health,1990, 2(3):172-176.
[74]Meyers TR. Endemic disease of cultured shellfish of Long Island, New York: adult and juvenile American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) [J]. Aquaculture,1981,22:305-330.
[75]Mialhe E, Chagot D, Boulo V, et al. An infection of Ruditapes decussat us (Bivalvia) by Rickettsia [J]. Aquaculture,1987,67 (1):258-259.
[76]Moore JD, Cherr GN, Friedman CS. Detection of 'Candidatus xenohaliotis californiensis' (Rickettsiales-like prokaryote) inclusions in tissue squashes of abalone (Haliotis spp.) gastrointestinal epithelium using a nucleic acid fluorochrome [J]. Dis Aquat Org.,2001,46 (2):147-152.
[77]Moore JD, Robbins TT, Friedman CS. The role of a Rickettsia-like prokaryote in withering syndrome in California red abalone, Haliotis rufescens [J]. J Shellfish Res,2000,19 (1):525-526.
[78]Moore MN, Lowe DM. The cytology and cytochemistry of the hemocytes of Mytilus edulis and their responses to experimentally injected carbon particles [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1977,29(1):18-30.
[79]Morrison C, Schum G. Rickettsias in the kidney of the bay scallop argopecten irradians (Lamarck) [J]. J Fish Diseases,1983,6(6):537-541.
[80]Mouton JD, A. Health management and disease surveillance in abalone, Haliotis midae, in South Africa [J]. J Shellfish Research,2000.19 (1):526.
[81]Nakayama K, Nomoto A M, Nishijima M, et al. Morphological and functional characterization of hemocytes in the giant clam Tridacna crocea [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1997,69:105-111.
[82]Noel D; Pipe, R;. Elston R, et al. Antigenic characterization of hemocyte subpopulations in the mussel Mytilus edulis by means of monoclonal antibodies [J]. Marine Biology,1994,119 (4):549-556.
[83]Norton H, Shepherd MA, Long HM, et al. Parasites of the giant clams (Tridacnidae) [A]. Biology and mariculture of giant clams[C]. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,1993.18-23.
[84]Norton JH, Shepherd MA, Abdon-Naguit MR, et al. Mortalities in the giant clam Hippopus hippopus associated with rickettsiales-like organisms [J]. J. Invertebr. Pathol.,1993.62:207-209.
[85]Norton JH, Shepherd MA, Prior HC. Intracellular bacteria associated with winter mortality in juvenile giant clams, Tridacna gigas [J]. J Invertebr Pathol., 1993,62:204-206.
[86]Ohtaki, A., Nakano, Y., lizuka, R., Arakawa, T., Yamada, K., Odaka, M., et al. Structure of aspartate racemase complexed with a dual substrate analogue, citric acid, and implications for the reaction mechanism [J]. Proteins:Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics,2008,70(4):1167-1174.
[87]Olsen AB, Melby HP, Speilberg L, et al. Piscirickettsia salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway--epidemiological, pathological and microbiological findings [J]. Dis. Aquat. Org.,1997,31:35-48.
[88]Ottaviani E, Franchini A, Franceschi C. Presence of several cytokinelike molecules in molluscan hemocytes [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,1993,195:984-988.
[89]Paperna I. Epitheliocystis disease in wild and cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata, Sparidae) and grey mullets (liza ramada, Mugilidae). Aquaculture, 1977,10:169-176.
[90]Pipe R K. Lectin binding characteristics of hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Cell Tissue Res.1990,26 (2):261-268.
[91]Pipe R K. Lectin binding characteristics of hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Cell Tissue Res.1990,26 (2):261-268.
[92]Pipe R K., Porte C, Livingstone D R. Antioxidant enzymes associated with the blood cells and haemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,1993,3(3):221-233.
[93]Renaul TT, Cochennec N. Rickettsia-like organisms in the cytoplasm of gill epithelial cells of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas [J]. J Invertebr Pathol, 1994,64(2):160-162.
[94]Renault T, Xue.QG, Chilmonczyk S. Flow cytometric nanlysis of European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, haemocytes using a monoclonal antibody specific for granulocytes [J]. Fish shellfish Immumol,2001,11(3):269-274.
[95]Romero X, Turnbull J F, Jimenez R. Ultrastructure and Cytopathology of a Rickettsia-like Organism (RLO) causing Systemic Infection in the Redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in Ecuador. J Invertebr Pathol.,2000, 76:95-104.
[96]Ruddell CL. The fine structure of the granular amebocytes of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1971,18(2): 269-275.
[97]Russell-Pinto F., R. Reimao. Distinct cell types engage in different responses to sheep erythrocyte [J]. Fish& Shellfish Immunology,1994,4 (5):387-397.
[98]SAS Institute.2000. SAS/STAT User's Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
[99]Schmid LS. Chemotaxis of hemocytes from the snail Viviparus malleatus [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,1975,25(1):125-131.
[100]Shibata, K., Watanabe, T., Yoshikawa, H., Abe, K., Takahashi, S., Kera, Y., et al. Purification and characterization of aspartate racemase from the bivalve mollusk scapharca broughtonii. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2003,134(2):307-314.
[101]Sminia T, and van der Knaap W P W. Immunorecognition invertebrates with special reference to mollusks. In Immunity in invertebrates [J],1986,112-114.
[102]Sparks AK. Synopsis of Invertebrate Pathology Exclusive of Insects [M]. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985.
[103]Sun JF, Wu XZ, Zhang WZ. Morphological, structural and functional characteristics of the hemocytes of the oyster, crassostrea ariakensis [J]. Journal of Shellfish Research,2006,25(1):55-64.
[104]Sun JF, Wu XZ. Histology, ultrastructure and morphogenesis of a rickettsia-like organism causing disease in the oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis Gould [J]. Journa of Invertebr Pathol,2004,86:77-86.
[105]Sun JF, Wu XZ. Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion Generation in Hemocytes of Crassostrea ariakensis Stimulated with Rickettsia-Like Organisms and Zymosan [J]. Journal of Shellfish Research,2009,28(4):821-826.
[106]Tan CK, Owens L. Infectivity, transmission and 16SrRNA sequencing of a rickettsia, Coxiella cheraxi sp. nov., from the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus [J]. Dis Aquat Org,2000,41:115-122.
[107]Vilalba A, Lopez C, Carballal MJ, et al. Branchial rickettsial infection associated with clam, Venerupis rhomboids (Pennant), mortality [A].8th International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish[C]. Edinburgh:Eur Assoc Fish Pathol,1997.14-19.
[108]Villalba A, Carballal MJ, Lopez C, et al. Branchial rickettsia-like infection associated with clam Venerupis rhomboids mortality. Dis Aquat Org.,1999, 36(1):53-60.
[109]Wang L, Ota N., Romanova EV., Sweedler JV, A novel pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent amino acid racemase in the aplysia californica central nervous system [J]. J Biol Chem.,2011,286(15):13765-13774.
[110]Watanabe T., Shibata K., Kera Y, Yamada RH.. Occurrence of freed-aspartate and aspartate racemase in the blood shell Scapharca broughtonii [J]. Amino Acids,1998,14(4):353-360.
[111]Wen CM, Kou GH, Chen SN. Rickettsiaceae-like microorganisms in the gill and digestive gland of the hard clam, Meretrix lusoria Rooding. J Invertebr Pathol.,1994,64:138-142.
[112]Wilhelm V, Huaracan B, Martinez R, et al. Cloning and expression of the coding regions of the heat shock proteins Hsp10 and Hsp16 from Piscirickettsia salmonis [J]. Biol Res 2003,36:421-428.
[113]Wilhelm V, Soza C, Martinez R, et al. Producction and immune response of recombinant Hsp60 and Hsp70 from the salmon pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis[J]. Biol Res 2005,38:69-82.
[114]Woolf CJ, Thompson SWN. The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states [J]. Pain,1991,44(3),293-299.
[115]Wootton EC, Dyrynda EA, Ratcliffe NA. Bivalve immunity:comparison between the marine mussel (Mytilus edulis),the edible cockle(Cerastoderma edule) and the razorshell (Ensis siliqua) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2003,5:195-210.
[116]Wu XZ and Pan JP. An intracellular prokaryotic microorganism associated with lesions in the oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis Gould. J Fish Dis.2000,23: 409-414.
[117]Wu XZ and Pan JP. Studies on rickettsia-like organism disease of tropical marine peal oyster:I. The fine structure and morphogenesis of Pinctada maxima pathogen rickettsia-like organism [J]. J Invertebr Pathol.,1999a, 73:162-172.
[118]Wu XZ and Pan JP. Studies on rickettsia-like organism disease of tropical marine peal oyster, Pinctada maxima and P. fucata:Ⅳ. On histo-cytopathology of RLO diseases [J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1999b, 21:93-98.
[119]Wu XZ, Sun JF, Zhang WZ, et al. Purification and antigenic characteristics of a rickettsia-like organism from the oyster Crassostrea ariakensis [J]. Dis Aquat Organ 2005,67:149-154.
[120]Wu XZ. Advances in the research of marine-cultured animal diseases in China. In:Lee, C.S. (Ed.), Andria Ventura. Status of Aquaculture in China. The Oceanic Institute, Hawaii, USA in Honolulu,2003b. pp.29-54.
[121]Wu XZ. Rickettsiae infection in farmed abalone, Haliotis diversicolor Reeve (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Daya Bay, Guangdong in China [A]. Proceedings of the Third World Fisheries Congress[C]. Bethesda:American Fisheries Society,2003a.221.
[122]Xing J, Zhan WB, Li Zhou et al. Endoenzymes associated with haemocyte types in the scallop (Chlamys farreri) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2002,13(4):271-278.
[123]Xue QG, Renault T. Enzymatic Activities in European Flat Oyster, Ostrea edulis, and Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, Hemolymph [J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,2000,76(3):155-163.
[124]Yohda M., Endo I., Abe Y, Ohta T, Iida T, Maruyama T, et al.. Gene for aspartate racemase from the sulfur-dependent hyperthermophilic archaeum, desulfurococcus strain SY [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1996,271(36), 22017.
[125]Yohda, M., Okada, H., & Kumagai, H. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the aspartate racemase gene from lactic acid bacteria streptococcus thermophilus [J]. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression,1991,1089(2),234-240.
[126]Zhu ZW, Xu T, He ZY, et al. Rickettsia-like organism infection associated with mass mortalities of blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, in Yueqing Bay, China[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2011.(in press)
[127]宝福凯,柳爱华.立克次体目微生物的系统分类进展[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2007,23(12)：1262-1264.
[128]蔡英亚,才张英,魏若飞.贝类学概论[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1995.204-206.
[129]曹华,蒋建斌,曹红军.泥蚶人工育苗及滩涂养成技术研究[J].齐鲁渔业,2006,23(4)：1-5.
[130]柴雪良,吕振明,方军,林志华,李太武.泥蚶三倍体诱导研究[J].浙江海洋大学学报,2002,21(1)：16-19.
[131]柴雪良.浙江乐清湾泥蚶的繁殖习性和生长特性[J].动物学杂志,2004,39(3)：47-50.
[132]陈爱华,王亮晖.乳山首个国家级水产种质资源保护区获批[J].齐鲁渔业.2010,27(2)：58-58.
[133]陈爱华.单胞藻铒料在泥蚶人工育苗中的应用研究[J].水产养殖,2002(1)：28-29,32.
[134]陈朝晖,周志明.泥蚶工厂化育苗技术的研究[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1996,26(1)：25-30.
[135]陈全震.杨俊毅,等.皱纹盘鲍血细胞的亚显微结构及分类研究[J].水产学报,2001,6：492-494.
[136]陈寅山,柯佳颖,饶小珍.泥蚶((?)regillarca granosa Linnaeus)血淋巴液凝集素的分离纯化及其性质研究[J].分子细胞生物学报,2006,39(5)：453-461.
[137]陈振英,王宜艳,孙虎山.甲硫氨酸脑啡肽对栉孔扇贝血细胞吞噬和包囊化作用的影响[J].水产科学,2005,24(5)：8-10.
[138]陈政良,朱锡华.天然免疫系统的分子模式识别作用及其免疫生物学意义[J].免疫学杂志.2000,16(3)：161-165.
[139]陈志明,黄培.高潮区滩涂低坝蓄水养殖泥蚶技术.科学养角.2002(11)：19.
[140]杜丽,张巍 陆逵 王凤阳 王爱民.贝类免疫机制研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2008,29(3)：77-81.
[141]范秀萍,吴红棉,王娅楠,黎少萍,胡雪琼.4种贝类糖胺聚糖体外清除自由基活性的比较[J].食品科技,2008,2：165-167.
[142]方建光,孙慧玲,等.泥蚶幼虫滤水率和摄食率的研究.海洋与湖沼.1999,30(2)：167-171.
[143]费志清,尢仲杰,徐善良,等.泥蚶多倍体胚胎的激发诱导[J].宁波大学学报,1999,12(3)：33-37.
[144]郭磊,盛军庆,洪一江,等.池蝶蚌(贝)血细胞显微观察[J].水生生物学报,2008,32(6)：839-844.
[145]何斌,周旭,等.永嘉县市售泥蚶不同季节的染菌情况调查[J].浙江预防医学,2004,16(2)：42,48.
[146]贺静静,李晔,李太武,等.泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)cDNA文库的构建及铁结合蛋白基因(Ferritin)序列分析[J].海洋与湖沼,2009,40(3)：289-295.
[147]贾守菊,张永普,陈艳乐,等.不同种群泥蚶的5种同工酶研究[J].东海海洋,2003,21(3)：34—41.
[148]贾守菊,张永普,陈艳乐,等.不同种群泥蚶的三种同工酶变异[J].河南科学,2004,22(2)：119-202.
[149]贾玉海.中国海洋湖沼药物学[M].北京：学苑出版社.1996.128.
[150]解家松许婷刘玮,等.泥蚶金属硫蛋白的鉴定、原核重组表达及其组织细胞分布.中国水产科学,2011,5：955-964
[151]金珊,赵青松,王达根,沈杰.虾塘养殖泥蚶大规模死亡原因及防治对策[J].水 产科学.2002a,21(6)：31-32.
[152]金珊,赵青松.泥蚶育苗常见病害及其防治[J].海洋渔业.2002b,24(3)：139-140.
[153]柯佳颖,陈寅山,戴聪杰.泥蚶凝集素的抑菌作用和免疫学研究[J].海洋科学,2010a,34(11)：35-40.
[154]柯佳颖,陈寅山,戴聪杰.泥蚶血清及血细胞免疫功能研究[J].水生态学杂志,2010b,3(3)：80-84.
[155]孔慧玲,方建光,王清印,等.泥蚶受精过程的细胞学荧光显微观察[J].水产学报,2000,24(2)：104—107.
[156]李成华,李太武,宋林生,等.福建南北泥蚶种内分化的RAPD分析[J].动物学研究.2003,24(5)：362—366.
[157]李登峰.扇贝病原生物学、病原分子生物学及宿主免疫相关功能基因研究[D].广州,中国科学院南海海洋研究所,博士生学位论文,2004.
[158]李静,石安静.圆背角无齿蚌损伤后血细胞的吞噬活性[J].水产学报,2000,24(5)：399-402.
[159]李胜宽,高永刚,肖晓卫,王远洋,李静.泥蚶、河豚与南美白对虾混养技术[J].中国水产,2003(1)：59.
[160]李太武,李成华,宋林生,等.5个泥蚶群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析[J].生物多样性.2003,11(2)：118—124.
[161]李太武,张健,丁明进,王素洁,史平,相建海,刘瑞玉.皱纹盘鲍脓疱病的组织学和超微结构研究[J].动物学报,1997,43(3)：238-242.
[162]林晓婷,汪岷.鱼类立克次体研究进展[J].中国水产科学.2005,12(6)：807-817.
[163]林志强,汪德清,徐桂仙,等.泥蚶人工育苗试验报告[J].浙南水产科学,1980(1)：1-11,14.
[164]刘东武,王宜艳,孙虎山.菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、文蛤和紫石房蛤血细胞的分类研究[J].水产科学,2005,24(10)：5-7.
[165]刘端炜,王学勃,刘正佑.虾池底播缢蛏泥蚶混养[J].中国水产,2002(4)：54.
[166]刘世良,麦康森.贝类免疫系统和机理的研究进展[J].海洋学报,2003,25(2)：95-105.
[167]刘文伟,沈晓盛,刘承初.茶多酚对泥蚶中副溶血性弧菌的抑制效果[J].食品与发酵工业.2010,36(5)：41-44.
[168]刘燕明.立克次体：一类重要的病原微生物[J].中国兽医科技,1987,4：49-51.
[169]刘志鸿、张士璀、杨爱国,等.毛蚶血细胞的形态观察及吞噬性能研究[J],高技术通讯,2003,13(10)：94-96.
[170]陆彤霞,竺俊全,於宏.泥蚶精母细胞与精细胞的超微结构[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2002,22(1)：12-14.
[171]马洪明,麦康森.贝类血细胞的吞噬作用和非我识别[J].海洋科学,2003,27(2)：16-18.
[172]马子川,张英锋,郑晓珍等.N-乙酰葡萄糖胺的性质、制备及用途[J].化学教育,2010,31(7)：3,49.
[173]潘沙芳,李太武,苏秀榕.泥蚶血细胞耐饥饿及抗菌力特性的研究[J].水产科学,2007,26(1)：22-25.
[174]沙爱龙.贝类血细胞分类技术[J].生命科学仪器.2007,5(4)：1 9-22.
[175]孙长森,林志华,董迎辉,肖国强,柴雪良.泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)主要经济性状遗传参数的估算.海洋与湖沼.2010,(6)：907-913.
[176]孙虎山李光友.栉孔扇贝血细胞的吞噬作用及其扫描电镜研究.高技术通讯.2001,11(4)16-19.
[177]孙敬锋,吴信忠,温博海,等.近江牡蛎类立克次体在BALB/c小鼠中传代研究[J].高技术通讯,2004,4：20-24.
[178]孙敬锋,吴信忠.贝类血细胞及其免疫功能研究进展[J].水生生物学报,2006a,30(5)：601-607.
[179]孙敬锋,吴信忠.海洋贝类类立克次体的感染[J].海洋环境科学,2006b,25(1)：94-100.
[180]孙敬锋.近江牡蛎类立克次体病及宿主细胞免疫学研究[J].广州,中国科学院南海海洋研究所,博士生学位论文,2004.
[181]王凤岗,王同水,邢克敏,等.泥蚶人工育苗技术[J].齐鲁渔业，1991(2)：8-12.
[182]王江勇,郭志勋,冯娟等.杂色鲍血细胞免疫特点及免疫功能的研究[J]. 热带海洋学报.2010,29(3)：71-76.
[183]王进科,朱顺清,周刚,等.中华绒螯蟹感染类立克次体微生物的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报2003；9(3)：273-278.
[184]王日听,李太武,吕振明,等.泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)不同地理居群同工酶变异及遗传分化的研究[J].海洋与湖沼.2005,36(3)：227-234.
[185]王如才,王昭萍,张建中.海水贝类养殖学[M].青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社,1993.275-290.
[186]王文,徐在宽,等.患颤抖病中华绒螯蟹体内类立克次体侵染的光镜和电镜观察[J].中国水产科学,2001；8(4)：32-35.
[187]王贞丽,初晓,杨秀,陈守国,王春波.泥蚶提取物抗肿瘤作用的实验研究[J].山东医药,2006,46(3)：15-17.
[188]魏利平,孙尽善,马绍正.乳山湾泥蚶繁殖期及蚶苗的生长与分布.水产学报,1986,10(1)：87-93.
[189]吴洪喜,柴雪良,等.浙江乐清弯泥蚶的繁殖习性和生长特性[J],动物学杂志,2004,39(3)：47-50.
[190]吴洪喜,柴雪良,吴建波,沈志坚.乐清湾泥蚶j(?)egillarca granosa(linnaesus)核型的初步研究[J].浙江海洋学院学报,2001,20(3)：189-191,194.
[191]吴信忠,潘金培.热带海洋珍珠贝类立克次体病研究-大珍珠病原RLO包涵体的组织学及超微结构研究[J].海洋与湖沼1999a,30：73-80.
[192]吴信忠,潘金培.热带海洋珍珠贝类立克次体病研究V--超微病理学及致病机理研究[J].海洋学报,1999b,21：93-98.
[193]徐义平,孙开练,鲍宝龙,等.温州乐清湾三个泥蚶群体遗传多样性的初步研究[J].上海水产大学学报,2006,15(2)：234-238.
[194]许秀芹,王宜艳,孙虎山.流式细胞术比较研究4种双壳贝类血细胞的分群[J].海洋湖沼通报,2006,(1)：46-50.
[195]杨受保.近江牡蛎天然免疫相关蛋白的分子生物学及功能研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,博士生学位论文,2009.
[196]杨星星,管嘉兴.乐清湾泥蚶、缢蛏体内及养殖水环境细菌菌群的初步调查[J].海洋渔业,2003,(2)：73-76.
[197]姚韩韩,林志华,董迎辉,等.泥蚶受精和早期卵裂过程核行为的细胞学观察[J].上海海洋大学学报,2010,19(5)：596-600.
[198]姚如永,初晓,陈守国,等.海洋泥蚶多肽抗肿瘤作用的实验研究[J].中国药学杂志,2006,41(11)：868-870.
[199]尤仲杰,徐善良,边平江,等.海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响[J].海洋学报,2001,23(6)：108-113.
[200]于瑜海,等.泥蚶亲贝室内蓄养促熟技术研究[J].齐普渔业,1999,16(3)：15-17.
[201]余燕萍,石安静.贝类血细胞研究进展[J].动物学杂志,1998,33(5)：40-44.
[202]余燕萍,石安静.圆背角无齿蚌血细胞在体内和体外损伤修复过程中的功能[J].水生生物学报,2000,24(3)：234-239.
[203]喻子牛,孔晓瑜,杨锐,等.泥蚶等位基因酶遗传变异研究[J].中国水产科学,1997,4(5)：15—21.
[204]翟玉梅,丁秀云,李光友.软体动物血细胞及体液免疫研究进展[J].海洋与湖沼,1998,29(5)：558-562.
[205]张春丹,李明云.泥蚶苗种生产技术[J].河北渔业,2005,140(2)：23-24.
[206]张丽娟,付秀萍,范明远.我国立克次体研究与立克次体病的流行现状[J].热带病与寄生虫学,2005,3(1)：37-42.
[207]张维翥,吴信忠,李登峰等.栉孔扇贝血液细胞的免疫功能[J].动物学报.2005,51(4)：669-677.
[208]张维翥,吴信忠,汗明.海湾扇贝血细胞的表面结构及超微结构[J].动物学报,2005,51(3)：486-494.
[209]张永娟,吕学军,张大勇.泥蚶总蛋白抗疲劳作用研究[J].食品研究与开发.2010,31(8)：183-185.
[210]张永普,林志华,应雪萍.不同地理种群泥蚶的形态差异与判别分析.水产学,2004a,28(3)：399-342.
[211]张永普,应雪萍,贾守菊.泥蚶肥满度、含水量和生化成分的周年变化.河南科学.2004b,22(1)：57-59.
[212]郑家声,王梅林,郭丹红,等.3种蚶染色体组型的比较研究[J].海洋科 学,1996,18(3)：78-85.
[213]郑清梅,吴锐全,叶星.水生动物溶菌酶的研究进展[J].上海水产大学学报.2006,15(4)：483-387.
[214]朱保健.近江牡蛎类立克次体与宿主相互作用的分子生物学研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,博士生学位论文,2008.
[215]竺俊全,丁理法,焦海峰,王跃斌.环境因子变化对泥蚶精子活力的影响[J].海洋科学.2006,30(2)：65-68.
[216]竺俊全,杨万喜,石钢德.泥蚶精子的超微结构[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2002,29(3)：324-328.
[217]邹慧斌.栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝G型溶菌酶基因及栉孔扇贝硒结合蛋白基因的克隆和表达研究[D].中国海洋大学硕士论文,2005.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |