鱼类栖息迁徒习性及其监测技术研究
摘要
本文基于当前河流健康评估以理化监测指示为主的现实,提出以鱼类作为河流生态健康的指示生物的思路,并通过河流数值模拟、室内实体物理模型进行鱼类栖息习性监测试验、室外自然水域进行鱼类迁移轨迹监测试验,借助HTI水下声学追踪系统以及BP神经网络算法拟合等方式,对鱼类栖息迁移等习性进行监测研究。得出以下几点结论：(1)所构建的漓江、左右江流域一、二维水动力水质数学模型模拟效果良好,可用于对鱼类监测试验的辅助与修正研究。(2)调查显示：当前漓江鱼类资源遭受季节性枯水和人为的电、毒、炸等非法捕捞活动影响已处极度枯竭状态。(3)实验表明：草鱼活动范围较大,常活跃于河流中下游深水区；鲫鱼常活跃于河道干流水流相对缓慢的深水区；鲢鱼活动范围相对草鱼和鲫鱼较小,主要活动于河流下游河道中央深水区；其对其他水流因子,水深对鱼类避藏形为具有更大的影响；试验未显示鱼类活跃程度与溶解氧的分布有明显的相关关系；除了水文情势以及生化指标外,环境噪声、场地光照、振动等对鱼类的避藏形为具有显著的影响。(4)试验表明：经归一化处理后,鱼类迁徙轨迹拟合相关系数均所有提高,拟合效果更佳；BP神经网络算法对实验鱼平面迁徙轨迹的拟合效果较好,但在垂向移动轨迹拟合的效果欠佳,其原因可能是与拟合所采用的Z值未考虑与河底地形之间的距离有关。
We proposed the idea of fish as a river ecosystem health indicator organism, considering the current river health assessment which depend on physical and chemical monitoring. Depending on numerical simulation, physical model test of fish habitat monitoring, fish migration trajectory monitoring test in natural lake, HTI acoustic Tag System and neural network algorithm fitting, we conduct some research in fish habitat and migration monitoring.And draw the following conclusions:(1) It was been comfirmed really that the mathematical model of1D-2D Lijiang&Zuoyoujiang basin hydraulic&water quality simulation models had a good result and they can be used for auxiliary and correction of the fish monitoring tests.(2) Lijiang River fish resources suffer from seasonal low water and man-made electricity, poison or explosives etc, those illegal fishing activities at the extreme depletion.(3) The experimental results show that:the range of grass carp, often active in the middle and deep river, while the carp often active in the main stream and relatively slow deepwater area of river, relative grass carp and silver carp range, the main activities of chub in the river range of downstream and deep water area. Comparing from other flow factors, the depth of the water for fish to fish shelter have a greater effect.The test did not show that there had a clear relationship between fish actives and dissolved oxygen. Addition to the hydrological regime and biochemical indicators, environmental noise, site lighting, vibration ect. have a significant impact from fish shelter activities.(4) The experiments show that:by the normalization processing, fish migration trajectory fitting correlation coefficients were all improve the fit better; BP neural network algorithm fitting better from tracking the plane of the experimental fish migration, but in the fitting of the vertical movement locus is ineffective, the reason may be that, it had not been considered from the distance between the bottom of the river topographic Z value.
We proposed the idea of fish as a river ecosystem health indicator organism, considering the current river health assessment which depend on physical and chemical monitoring. Depending on numerical simulation, physical model test of fish habitat monitoring, fish migration trajectory monitoring test in natural lake, HTI acoustic Tag System and neural network algorithm fitting, we conduct some research in fish habitat and migration monitoring.And draw the following conclusions:(1) It was been comfirmed really that the mathematical model of1D-2D Lijiang&Zuoyoujiang basin hydraulic&water quality simulation models had a good result and they can be used for auxiliary and correction of the fish monitoring tests.(2) Lijiang River fish resources suffer from seasonal low water and man-made electricity, poison or explosives etc, those illegal fishing activities at the extreme depletion.(3) The experimental results show that:the range of grass carp, often active in the middle and deep river, while the carp often active in the main stream and relatively slow deepwater area of river, relative grass carp and silver carp range, the main activities of chub in the river range of downstream and deep water area. Comparing from other flow factors, the depth of the water for fish to fish shelter have a greater effect.The test did not show that there had a clear relationship between fish actives and dissolved oxygen. Addition to the hydrological regime and biochemical indicators, environmental noise, site lighting, vibration ect. have a significant impact from fish shelter activities.(4) The experiments show that:by the normalization processing, fish migration trajectory fitting correlation coefficients were all improve the fit better; BP neural network algorithm fitting better from tracking the plane of the experimental fish migration, but in the fitting of the vertical movement locus is ineffective, the reason may be that, it had not been considered from the distance between the bottom of the river topographic Z value.
引文
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[10]PASTERNACK G B, BOUNRISAVONG M K, PARIKH K K. Backwater control on riffle-pool hydraulics, fish habitat quality, and sediment transport regime in gravel-bed rivers[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2008,357(1):125-139.
[11]易雨君,王兆印,陆永军.长江中华鲟栖息地适合度模型研究[J].水科学进展,2007,18(4)：538-543.
[12]易雨君,王兆印,姚仕明.栖息地适合度模型在中华鲟产卵场适合度中的应用[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2008,48(3).
[13]王晓刚,严忠民.河道汇流口水力特性对鱼类栖息地的影响[J].天津大学学报.2008,41(2)：204-208.
[14]石瑞花,许士国.河流生物栖息地调查及评估方法[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(9)：2081-2086.
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