用户名: 密码: 验证码:
日光光谱与大气衰减影响下的建筑色彩定量方法研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
本文是国家自然科学基金《日光光谱与大气衰减影响下的建筑色彩控制研究》(批准号51078364)和2012年中央高校研究生科技创新基金自主研究项目(批准号CDJXS12190008)的资助项目。
     建筑色彩包含社会人文及科学技术两方面内容,长期以来建筑色彩设计多是从历史、文脉、习俗和审美等方面进行的定性研究,忽视了科学的定量研究,从而使建筑师对实际空间中应用的建筑物色彩变化情况(即建筑物色彩在空间中呈现的效果)不甚了解,无法对建筑色彩的设计进行准确的把握,导致设计色彩与实际建成色彩效果出现较大的偏差。建筑色彩是在城市空间中呈现出来的,必然会受到日光光谱、日光色温、大气衰减、观测距离和外饰面材料光反射特性等因素的影响,研究其影响和定量方法是建筑色彩设计不可缺少的科学技术基础。
     本文根据我国光气候分区图和城市地理分布(东南西北及中部)选取了昆明、西宁、北京、深圳、南京、南昌和重庆7个代表性城市,对其中心区域的代表性建筑进行色彩调查、拍照、取样、测量、分析等工作,掌握了这些城市中心区的建筑色彩现状及外饰面材料使用情况,为本项目研究奠定基础。
     本文研究了典型日光及相关理论,对不同标准照明体下建筑色彩样品色差进行了实验研究,得到了具有不同光谱功率分布的CIE标准照明体A、D50、D55、D75与D65下的色度差异;对不同天气和受光条件对建筑色彩的影响进行了实验研究,分析了晴天日光照度、亮度及色温的变化规律,得到了晴天受光、晴天背光、晴天阴影下和阴天与CIE标准照明体D65下的色度差异;对我国不同光气候分区的7个代表性城市一天中不同太阳高度角的日光光谱等进行跟踪测试,分析不同光气候分区日光光谱功率分布特性以及日光色温对建筑色彩的影响,得到了色温差|ΔK|与|Δa*|、|Δb*|和总色差ΔE的函数关系式。
     本文研究了空间颜色的衰减理论,包括大气衰减的朗伯定律、粒子散射原理等,并在不同大气能见度、不同观测距离条件下对大气对城市空间中建筑色彩的衰减规律进行了实验研究,确定了城市空间中建筑色彩各参量的衰减函数关系式。
     本文对常用建筑外饰面材料(涂料、面砖、铝塑板和大理石)的光反射特性进行了实验研究,得到不同入射/观测角度建筑外饰面材料的亮度和色度反射特性,并对其光泽度和光谱反射比进行测量,研究建筑外饰面材料光反射特性与光泽度、反射比之间的相关关系。
     根据以上的研究,通过计算机人工神经网络技术,选用普遍获得成功的三层BP网络作为基本结构形式,将日光光谱、日光色温、天气和受光条件、大气散射、大气能见度、观测距离、外饰面材料光反射特性、入射/观测角度、材质类型、光泽度、反射比等定量数据进行统一分析,确定了建筑色彩定量计算的控制指标和计算模型,开发了“建筑色彩定量计算”程序和“建筑色彩设计”软件,为建筑色彩设计提供科学技术基础支撑,解决了建筑色彩设计中的实际问题,具有很强的理论性与实用性。
     本文的主要创新点:
     1、首次提出用日光光谱和大气衰减理论来定量研究建筑空间色彩,为建筑色彩研究提供了一种新的方法。
     2、研究不同光气候分区的日光光谱功率分布特性,建立了建筑色彩参数与日光色温之间的函数关系。
     3、研究不同大气能见度、不同观测距离条件下大气对建筑空间色彩的衰减规律,建立了建筑色彩明度、饱和度的衰减函数关系。
     4、采用人工神经网络方法对建筑色彩定量化计算进行了结构设计,为建筑色彩设计软件编制提供了基础支撑。
This dissertation is a funding project of the NCFS subject “Architectural ColorControl Study on the Effect of the Daylight Spectrum and AtmosphericAttenuation”(Grant No51078364) and the university central graduate studentindependent research projects of science and technology innovationfund(Grant NoCDJXS12190008).
     Architectural color includes contents about social humanity and scientifictechnology. For a long time, architectural color design has been analyzed fromhistorical, contextual, conventional, aesthetic and other aspects rather than a scientificquantitative research perspective. So that architects don’t know much about the changeof architectural color in actual space (the effect of the architectural color present in thespace). Then architects can’t accurately grasp the design of architectural color that leadto a larger deviation between design color and the actural color. Architectural color ispresented in urban space, being affected by sunlight spectrum, daylight colortemperature, atmospheric attenuation, observation distance, light reflectioncharacteristics of facing materials and other factors. To do research on the affect andquantitative methods is indispensable foundation of science and technology forarchitectural color design.
     According to China's different light climate zoning and city geographicaldistribution (East, South, West, North and Central), the dissertation chose sevenrepresentative cities including Kunming, Xining, Beijing, Shenzhen, Nanjing, Nanchangand Chongqing. For representative buildings of these cities’ key areas, the dissertationdid a series works such as color investigation, photographs, sampling, measurement,analysis and so on. Then these cities’ architectural color status and external decorativematerials usage could be known which laid a solid foundation for the research of thisproject.
     On the basis of analyzing the typical daylight and correlation theories, anexperiment research of color difference of specimen materials under different standardilluminants has been carried out, and the color difference between different CIEstandard illuminants withD65has been gotten. The dissertation analyzed change rule ofthe sunny sun illumination, brightness and color temperature. An experiment research ofthe influence of architectural color under different weather and light conditions has been carried out, and the color difference between D65with sunny clear light, sunny backlight,sunny shadow, cloudy day has been gotten. The dissertation did a tracking test ofdaylight spectrum characters in seven representative cities and analyzed the daylightspectrum characters of different light climate zoning. Analyzing the influence ofdaylight color temperature for architectural color, the functional relationships betweenthe color temperature difference|ΔK|with|Δa*|,|Δb*|, color difference ΔE have beengotten.
     This dissertation presented an analysis of the theory of spatial color decayincluding Lambert-Beer law of atmospheric decay theory, particle scattering theory andso on. By selecting different atmospheric visibilities and various observation distances,an experimental research has been conducted on architectural color decay law. Thisdissertation determined the attenuationfunctional relationship of architectural colorparameters in urban space.
     An experiment research of building facing materials reflection characteristicsunder different illumination/observation conditions has been carried out, and theluminance and chrominance reflection characteristics of these materials have beenresearched. This dissertation measured the glossiness and spectral reflectanceof facingmaterialsand the relationship between building facing material reflection characteristicswith glossiness, reflection coefficient has been gotten.
     Through the computer artificial neural network technology, this research chose thecommon success three layers BP network as the basic structure and uniformity analyzedsun light spectrum, daylight color temperature affection,weather and light conditions,atmospheric scattering, atmospheric visibilities, observation distances, material lightreflection characteristics, illumination/observation conditions,material type,glossiness,reflection coefficient. Then the control index and calculation model of building colorcalculation model has been determined, and the building color quantitative calculationprocedure and building color design computer software has been exploited. Theseresults could provide science and technology foundation support on building colordesign and solve the practical problems in the design of architectural color. Theseresults have strong theoretical property and practicability.
     The main innovation points of this paper:
     1、This dissertation first proposes using daylight spectrum and atmosphericattenuation theory to quantitative research space architectural color and provides a newmethod for architectural color research.
     2、This dissertation researches the daylight spectrum characters of different lightclimate zoning and the functional relationship between daylight color temperature witharchitectural colorparameters has been gotten.
     3、This dissertation analyzes atmospheric attenuation of architectural space colorwith different atmospheric visibilities and various observation distances and establishesthe attenuationfunctional relationship of architectural color brightness and saturation.
     4、 Through the computer artificial neural network technology, thisdissertationdesigns the structure for architectural color quantitative calculation andprovides foundation support on building color design computer software.
引文
[1]王占柱.对城市色彩规划的思考[J].同济大学学报(社会科学版),2010,21(4):31-37.
    [2]焦燕.建筑外观色彩的表现与设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003,6.
    [3]李亨.颜色视觉原理及其运用[M].北京:北京科学出版社,1994.
    [4]何国兴.颜色科学[M].上海:东南大学出版社,2004:2.
    [5] CIE124-1997Technical Report.CIE Collection in Color and Vision1997[S].法国:CIE,1997.
    [6]李勤.CIELAB之后色差公式的新进展[J].染料工业,1997,34(3):30-37.
    [7] Smith N S,Whitfield TWA,Wiltshire TJ.A color notation conversion program [J].ColorResearch and Application,1990,15(6):338-343.
    [8] GB/T7921-2008.均匀色空间和色差公式[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
    [9] Ikeda,Koichi,Nakayama,Masaharu.Prediction of color differences in uniform color spacesand color appearance models[C].Proceedings of CIE-26th Session of the CIE,2007.
    [10] Dogniaux R,Lemoine M.按大气层透明度的不同指数对辐射位置的分类,日光与建筑译文集[M].肖辉乾,林若燕,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988:19-29.
    [11]张青文.重庆地区的天然光和日辐射观测站[J].重庆建筑工程学院学报,1994,16(1):68-73.
    [12]喻柏林,荆其诚.光源的色温和CIE标准光源[J].国外计量,1977,(1):41-49.
    [13] Nayatani Y,Wyszecki G.Color of daylight from north sky[J].JOSA,1963,53(5):626-629.
    [14] Chambeilin G J,Lawrence A,Belbin A A.Observations on the related colour temperature ofnorth daylight in Southern England[J].Light and Lighting,1963,(3):70.
    [15] Judd D B,Macadam D L,Wyszecki G,et al.Spectral distribution of typical daylight as afunction of correlated color temperature[J].JOSA,1964,54(8):1031-1040.
    [16]梁树英,杨春宇,张青文,翁季.日光色温及显色性实验研究[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2013,35(5):112-117.
    [17]陈仲林,奚于成.天空亮度分布研究[J].重庆建筑工程学院学报,1993,15(2):22-28.
    [18] Hernández-Andrés J,Romero J,Nieves J L,Lee R L.Color and spectral analysis of daylightin southern Europe[J].JOSA A,2001,18(6):1325-1335.
    [19] Myers D R.Direct beam and hemispherical terrestrial solar spectral distributions derived frombroadband hourly solar radiation data[J].Solar Energy,2012,86(9):2771-2782.
    [20] Minemoto T,Nakada Y,Takahashi H,Takakura H.Uniqueness verification of solar spectrumindex of average photon energy for evaluating outdoor performance of photovoltaicmodules[J].Solar Energy,2009,83(8):1294-1299.
    [21] Kambezidis H D.The solar resource[J].Comprehensive Renewable Energy,2012,3:27-84.
    [22] Chance K,Kurucz R L.An improved high-resolution solar reference spectrum for earth'satmosphere measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared[J]. Journal ofQuantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,2010,111(9):1289-1295.
    [23] Eltbaakh Y A,Ruslan M H,Alghoul M A,et al.Measurement of total and spectral solarirradiance: Overview of existing research[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2011,15(3):1403-1426.
    [24] Schanda J,Kránicz B.Possible re-definition of the CIE standard daylight illuminant spectralpower distribution[J].Color Research and Application,1996,21(6):473-475.
    [25] KosztyánZ,Schanda J.Smoothing spectral power distribution of daylights[J].Color Researchand Application,2013,38(5):316-321.
    [26] BergerA,Strocka D.Quantitative assessment of artificial light sources for the best fit tostandard illuminant D65[J].Applied Optics,1973,12(2):338-348.
    [27] Mori L,Akiyama J,Ichijo T.Development of a practical simulator of the standard illuminantd65using fluorescent lamps and its assessment with observer metamerism[C].Light andLighting '83,Proceedings20th Session-Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage,1983:D111.1-D111.4.
    [28] Hu N C,Wu C C,Chen S F,Hsiao H C.Implementing dynamic daylight spectra withlight-emitting diodes[J].Applied Optics,2008,47(19):3423-3432.
    [29] Kim J T,Todorovic M S.Tuning control of buildings glazing's transmittance dependence onthe solar radiation wavelength to optimize daylighting and building's energyefficiency[J].Energy And Buildings,2013,63:108-118.
    [30] Muhs J D, Earl D D. Full-spectrum solar energy systems for use in commercialbuildings[C]. Proceedings of the36th Intersociety Energy Conversion EngineeringConference,2001:631-635.
    [31] Muhs J D.Design and analysis of hybrid solar lighting and full-spectrum solar energysystems[C].ASES SOLAR2000,2001:10.
    [32] Wood B D,Muhs J D.Adaptive full-spectrum solar energy systems. cross-cutting r&d onadaptive full-spectrum solar energy systems for more efficient and affordable use of solarenergy in buildings and hybrid photobioreactors[R].United States:University of Nevada,2004.
    [33]宋正方.应用大气光学基础[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.
    [34] LeeJS,KimCS,YimOY,Lee D H.Measurement of area effect by the color panelsize[J].SPIE4421,9th Congress of the International Colour Association,2002,24-29.
    [35]日本照明学会.照明手册[M].李农,杨燕,译.北京:科学出版社,2005.
    [36] Henry R C,Mahadev S,Urquijo S,et al.Color perception through atmospheric haze[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America A,2000,17(5):831-835.
    [37] Narasimhan S G,Nayar S K.Chromatic framework for vision in bad weather [C].ComputerVision and Pattern Recognition.New York:IEEE,2000:598-605.
    [38] Ilit S.Characteristics of light reflection properties of building material surfaces according tothe criteria of geometric conditions[J].1969,17(6):462-475.
    [39] Shuba Y A,Sidorovskii N V.Reflection indicatrices as basic characteristics of the opticalproperties of a material[J].Journal of Optical Technology,1998,65(9):724-727.
    [40] Ed taverne.The color of the city[M].Longman,1992:73.
    [41]崔唯.城市环境色彩规划与设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006:117.
    [42]苟爱萍.建筑色彩的空间逻辑——Werner Spillmann和德国小镇Kirchsteigfeld色彩计划[J].建筑学报,2007(01):77-79.
    [43] Jean-philippe Lenclos,DominiqueLenclos.Couleurs de la France[M].Paris:Editions duMoniteur,1990.
    [44]尹思谨.城市色彩景观规划设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2004.
    [45] GB/T15608-2006.中国颜色体系[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
    [46]王大珩,荆其诚,孙秀如,等.中国颜色体系研究[J].心理学报,1997,29(3):225-233.
    [47] GB/T18922-2002.建筑颜色的表示方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
    [48] GB7705-87.平版装潢印刷品[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1987.
    [49]汤顺清.色度学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1990.
    [50]赵晓艳,龚敏,何捷,等.成都地区天空光光谱的测量与分析[J].光散射学报,2007,19(2):202-205.
    [51]曹婷婷,罗时荣,赵晓艳,等.太阳直射光谱和天空光谱的测量与分析[J].物理学报,2007,56(9):5554-5557.
    [52]杨希峰,刘涛,赵友博,等.太阳光和天空光的光谱测量分析[J].南开大学学报(自然科学版),2004,37(4):69-74.
    [53] Zhang T,Zeng H,Song Y D,Yang G N.Application of linear programming in simulatingD65illuminant[J].Optical Technique,1993,(2):43-45.
    [54]李兴国,田敬.电视照明[M].北京:中国广播电视出版社,1997.
    [55]郑志雄.日光和天光在部分云彩之下的综合色温[J].感光材料,1984(6):33.
    [56]喻柏林,荆其诚.光源的色温和CIE标准光源[J].国外计量,1977(1):41-49.
    [57] Xu H,Luo M R,Rigg B.Evaluation of daylight simulators. Part1: Colorimetric and spectralvariations [J].Coloration Technology,2003,119(2):56-69.
    [58] Yu B,Lee Y K.Difference in opalescence of restorative materials by the illuminant[J].DentalMaterials,2009,25(8):1014-1021.
    [59]杨春宇,梁树英,张青文.城市色彩的观测方法与影响因素研究[J].灯与照明,2011,35(4):1-5.
    [60]杨春宇,梁树英,张青文.观测条件对城市建筑色彩测量的影响实验研究[J].灯与照明,2012,36(3):1-5.
    [61]陈永敢.基于颜色科学的城市建筑色彩定量方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2008.
    [62]胡云.266nm激光大气散射特性研究[J].中国科技信息,2007(11):296-297.
    [63]王勇俞,梅志斌,邹方勇,等.基于粒子受激散射的烟与气溶胶粒子属性识别[J].消防科学与技术,2007(1):26-29.
    [64]杨祖贵,陈仲林.大气散射方向指数函数研究[J].照明工程学报,1998,9(2):27-32.
    [65]李炳华,马名东,李战增,等.大气吸收系数的研究与应用[J].建筑电气,2006(1):22-27.
    [66]杨春宇,张青文.建筑材料反射光亮度实验与照明计算方法[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2009,37(8):1019-1023.
    [67]杨春宇,陈永敢,张青文.建筑饰面材料色度反射性能测量及方法[J].重庆大学学报,32(07):834-838.
    [68]俞丽华,罗红.人工神经网络理论在体育照明设计中的应用[J].照明工程学报,1995,6(2):35-41.
    [69]王爱英.人工神经网络用于导光管照明计算[J].照明工程学报,2000,11(1):21-24.
    [70]王爱英.导光管绿色照明[D].重庆:重庆大学,1999.
    [71]戴瑜兴,杨家红,汪鲁才.改进型BP算法在商业照明设计中应用的研究[J].照明工程学报,2001,12(3):31-35.
    [72]萧弘清,陈智宏.以类神经网络发展室内照明品质整体评价技术应用研究[C].首届室内外环境照明工程与技术研讨会专题报告文集(中国照明学会),2001:53-67.
    [73]杨春宇.建筑物立面泛光照明亮度值确定方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2004.
    [74]吴伟.城市风貌规划——城市色彩专项规划[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2009:2-13.
    [75]吴松涛.城市色彩规划控制研究——以哈尔滨城市色彩规划研究为例[C].色彩科学应用与发展——中国科协2005年学术年会论文集,2005:147-151.
    [76]安平.城市色彩景观规划研究——以中国天津中心城区为例[D].天津:天津大学,2010.
    [77]张楠楠.杭州城市色彩规划与管理探索[J].规划师,2009,(1):48-52.
    [78] GB/T50033-2001.建筑采光设计标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2001.
    [79]朱才斌,林坚.现代城市中心区功能特征与启示[J].城市发展研究,2000:47-50.
    [80]于伟,代合治,周晓辉.90年代以来国内城市中心区研究述评[J].山东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,22(2):99-102.
    [81] GB/T18922-2008.建筑颜色的表示方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
    [82][日]中岛龙兴,近田玲子,面出薰.照明设计入门[M].马俊,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
    [83] GB/T3979-2008.物体色的测量方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
    [84]戴牧.宋建明的彩色之城[N].美术报,2004,12,23.
    [85] Lois Swirnoff.城市色彩:一个国际化视角[M].屠苏南,黄勇忠,译.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
    [86]地面气象观察规范[S].北京:气象出版社,2003.
    [87]姚建铨,于意仲.光电子技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
    [88] Magatti D,Ferri F,Ragazzi P,et al.Colors of transparent submicron suspensions onapproaching the Rayleigh regime[J].Applied Optics,2012,51(12):2183-2191.
    [89]郑刚,蔡小舒,王乃宁.Mie散射的数值计算[J].应用激光,1992,12(5):220-222.
    [90]范红,陈桂林.应用米氏散射理论选择气溶胶的探测波段[C].第十四届全国遥感技术学术交流会,2003:15.
    [91] McCartney EJ.Optics of the atmosphere: scattering by molecules and particles[M].NewYork:John Wiley and Sons,1976.
    [92] Romero J,Luzón-González R,Nieves J L,et al.Color changes in objects in natural scenesas a function of observation distance and weather conditions[J].Applied Optics,2011,50(28):112-120.
    [93]侯俊峰.如何正确识别烟、霾、轻雾[J].山西气象,2002(4):42.
    [94]柳孝图.建筑物理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.
    [95]杨春宇,梁树英,张青文.建筑物色彩在城市空间中的衰变规律[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(11):1682-1687.
    [96]熊明.城市设计学——理论框架与应用纲要[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.
    [97]杨春宇,陈仲林,黄彦.建筑立面泛光照明亮度主观量因素评价研究[J].照明工程学报,2005(2):15-17.
    [98]杨春宇,梁树英,冯凯.日光光谱及大气衰减对建筑色彩设计的影响——引入人工神经网络算法研究[J].灯与照明,2012,36(4):29-32.
    [99]周春光,梁艳春.计算智能人工神经网络·模糊系统·进化计算[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,2009.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700