《大戴礼记补注》训诂研究
摘要
孔广森的《大戴礼记补注》,是清人训解古书的典范之作,具有极高的训诂学研究价值。我们以孔广森的《大戴礼记补注》为材料,以训诂学理论为基础,来总结分析其训诂内容、方法和特色。传统的训诂学著作对训诂内容的划分并不统一,我们在吸收借鉴前人成果的基础上,从注音、释义、校勘三个角度研究《大戴礼记补注》的训诂内容和训诂方法,并在此基础上探讨其训诂特色。
《大戴礼记补注》中的注音有以下几类：给古今异音字注音,给古今字注音,给难字、僻字注音,给易讹字注音,给多音字注音,给通假字注音。注音方法有直音法、读若法、反切法。《大戴礼记补注》训诂内容十分广泛：其一,对异体字、古今字、通假字、正俗字等用字现象均予以辨析；其二,解释词的本义与引申义；其三,在解释字词的基础上,进一步明确句子的意思；其四,总结概括一句或几句甚至全章的大意；其五,分析篇章结构层次；其六,解释篇题；其七,在容易产生歧义处注明句读；其八,阐明语法,既有对名词、动词、形容词、虚词等词类的明确表述,又有对使动用法、意动用法的探究,对一些语序问题也予以了说明；其九,对比喻、互文、谦辞、借代、重言、变言等修辞现象都进行了揭示；其十,根据古诗文多押韵的规律阐明押韵；其十一,解说礼制,辨析名物,阐发礼义等。孔广森注释《大戴礼记》,既注重词义的训诂,又注重阐发经义,如阐述儒家伦理观念和易学思想等。孔广森的《大戴礼记补注》,典范地使用了各种训诂方法：同音为训、音近为训是其中运用因声求义方法释义的两种基本形式；其运用直训方法释义,主要是使用了同义词释义、义界法释义、描述性状释义等几种训诂方法；通过分析汉字的形体结构来探求或证明古代文献中的词义,也是其常用的释义方法；此外,孔广森有时根据具体的语境考察字词的含义,如根据上下文意、时代背景、历史事实等理解文义。从校勘方面看,《大戴礼记补注》的校勘内容有改正讹字、纠正倒文、查明脱衍、校正错筒等。孔氏充分运用“本校法”、“对校法”、“他校法”、“理校法”校正《大戴礼记》中的讹误,他广罗异本,以“本校法”、“对校法”、“他校法”作为最基本的校勘方法,在无他书可证时,则采用理校法,如依据上下文意、音韵学知识、修辞、古文字知识、史实、目验等进行校勘。《大戴礼记补注》的训诂特色十分鲜明：其一,汉宋兼采、破除门户之见；其二,博稽群书,参会众说；其三,广罗异本,择善而从；其四,因声求义,不限形体。
总而言之,孔广森的《大戴礼记补注》是一本充满真知灼见的著作,它不拘泥于一种方法,综合运用多种版本及各种材料,将注音、释义、校勘融为一体,训诂内容丰富,训诂方法科学,论证非常严密,不仅是清代学者辉煌训诂成就的集中体现,也为今天的古籍研究提供了宝贵的经验。
"Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu", which was written by Kong Guangsen, is a masterpiece of Qing Dynasty. This book has a very high value of exegesis. We take it as the material of our research and take exegesis theory as the basis of our research, the approach allow us to review and analyze the interpretations of contents, methods and characteristics of the book. In the past, the interpretations of the contents is not uniform, based on the research of our predecessors, the interpretations of the contents was divided into phonetic notation, interpretation, collation of three parts by us, and we analyzed and summarized their main contents and methods, on this basis to explore the characteristics of this book.
From the phonetic side, the Phonetic contents of this book include the following kinds:The chinese character which is pronounced differently in the past and the present, ancient and modern chinese character, difficult words and unfamiliar words, the chinese character which could be easily mistaken by us, polyphone, borrowed words. The method of phonetic notation include "zhi yin", "du ruo" and "fan qie". From the interpretation of view, it covers a wide range, it is mainly reflected in the following facts:Analysis of archaic and modern words, borrowed words, variant unorthographical character; Not only to explain the original meaning of the word, but also to explain the meaning of words extended; Not only to explain the meaning of words, but also to explain the meaning of the sentence; Summarized the meaning of the article; Analysis of discourse structure; To explain the meaning of chapter title, add punctuation to the sentence that is ambiguous; Explain the grammar rules, clearly stated nouns, verbs, adjectives, function words and other parts of speech, analysis of the usage of imperative sentences and conative sentences; Reveals the rhetorical phenomenon, such as metaphor, intertext, honorific terms, metonymy and tautology; To clarify the phenomenon of rhyme according to the law of ancient poetry rhyme; Commentary etiquette, analysis of nominal; For some content, not to explain its inherent meaning, but to explain the reasons for the situation of the text appears; Not only focus on the interpretations of meaning, but also pay attention to the confucian classics argumentation, such as illustrates confucian ethical concepts and yi-ology thoughts. With regard to the interpretation of the method, the interpretation of the method is summed up as "Xing Xun", "Sheng Xun", "Zhi Xun" and "Jing Xun" by Mr sun Yongxuan and Kan Jingzhong in their book "Xun Gu Xue Gang Yao", on the basis of their theory, the interpretation methods of "Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu" was summarized in the following areas by us:To understand the meaning of words through the homophone and to understand the meaning of words through the similar pronunciation of the words are two basic forms of "Yin Xun" in "Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu"; By analyzing the physical structure of chinese characters is also a way to explore the meaning of chinese characters; In addition, Kong Guangsen sometimes depending on the context to understand the meaning of words, such as according to the contents of the artical, historical background, historical facts to understand the context. From the collation of view, the collation of this book includes corrections of false words, corrections of inverted text, the identification of missing words and superfluous words, corrections of the incorrect sequence. Kong Guangsen applied "Dui Jiao", "Ben Jiao", "Ta Jiao" and "Li Jiao" approaches in "Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu" which is proposed by Chen Yuan to correct mistakes in his book. He collected a large number of versions, "Dui Jiao", "Ben Jiao", "Ta Jiao" is his basic approach to collate, when there is no other materials, he often used the method of "Li Jiao", for example, based on the content of the meaning of the article, phonology knowledge, rhetoric, knowledge of ancient writing, the facts of history and so on. Finally, based on the above study, we summarized the characteristics of this book:Get rid of sectarianism, adopted the exegesis method of Han Dynasty and the Song Dynasty; Reference to a large number of books, reference to various views of others; Reference to a large number of versions and then select one of the correct point of view; Not only through the shape of chinese characters to explore the meaning of the word, but also through the voices of characters to explore the meaning of the word.
In short, "Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu" is a book full of insights, it does not rigidly adhere to a method, but rather integrated use of various versions and a variety of materials. In the Qing Dynasty propriety areas of research, this book occupies an important position. It is rich in content of explanation, the method is highly scientific, subtle in its reasoning. It's not only reflects the brilliant achievements of the Qing Dynasty scholar but also provides valuable experience for today's ancient study.
《大戴礼记补注》中的注音有以下几类：给古今异音字注音,给古今字注音,给难字、僻字注音,给易讹字注音,给多音字注音,给通假字注音。注音方法有直音法、读若法、反切法。《大戴礼记补注》训诂内容十分广泛：其一,对异体字、古今字、通假字、正俗字等用字现象均予以辨析；其二,解释词的本义与引申义；其三,在解释字词的基础上,进一步明确句子的意思；其四,总结概括一句或几句甚至全章的大意；其五,分析篇章结构层次；其六,解释篇题；其七,在容易产生歧义处注明句读；其八,阐明语法,既有对名词、动词、形容词、虚词等词类的明确表述,又有对使动用法、意动用法的探究,对一些语序问题也予以了说明；其九,对比喻、互文、谦辞、借代、重言、变言等修辞现象都进行了揭示；其十,根据古诗文多押韵的规律阐明押韵；其十一,解说礼制,辨析名物,阐发礼义等。孔广森注释《大戴礼记》,既注重词义的训诂,又注重阐发经义,如阐述儒家伦理观念和易学思想等。孔广森的《大戴礼记补注》,典范地使用了各种训诂方法：同音为训、音近为训是其中运用因声求义方法释义的两种基本形式；其运用直训方法释义,主要是使用了同义词释义、义界法释义、描述性状释义等几种训诂方法；通过分析汉字的形体结构来探求或证明古代文献中的词义,也是其常用的释义方法；此外,孔广森有时根据具体的语境考察字词的含义,如根据上下文意、时代背景、历史事实等理解文义。从校勘方面看,《大戴礼记补注》的校勘内容有改正讹字、纠正倒文、查明脱衍、校正错筒等。孔氏充分运用“本校法”、“对校法”、“他校法”、“理校法”校正《大戴礼记》中的讹误,他广罗异本,以“本校法”、“对校法”、“他校法”作为最基本的校勘方法,在无他书可证时,则采用理校法,如依据上下文意、音韵学知识、修辞、古文字知识、史实、目验等进行校勘。《大戴礼记补注》的训诂特色十分鲜明：其一,汉宋兼采、破除门户之见；其二,博稽群书,参会众说；其三,广罗异本,择善而从；其四,因声求义,不限形体。
总而言之,孔广森的《大戴礼记补注》是一本充满真知灼见的著作,它不拘泥于一种方法,综合运用多种版本及各种材料,将注音、释义、校勘融为一体,训诂内容丰富,训诂方法科学,论证非常严密,不仅是清代学者辉煌训诂成就的集中体现,也为今天的古籍研究提供了宝贵的经验。
"Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu", which was written by Kong Guangsen, is a masterpiece of Qing Dynasty. This book has a very high value of exegesis. We take it as the material of our research and take exegesis theory as the basis of our research, the approach allow us to review and analyze the interpretations of contents, methods and characteristics of the book. In the past, the interpretations of the contents is not uniform, based on the research of our predecessors, the interpretations of the contents was divided into phonetic notation, interpretation, collation of three parts by us, and we analyzed and summarized their main contents and methods, on this basis to explore the characteristics of this book.
From the phonetic side, the Phonetic contents of this book include the following kinds:The chinese character which is pronounced differently in the past and the present, ancient and modern chinese character, difficult words and unfamiliar words, the chinese character which could be easily mistaken by us, polyphone, borrowed words. The method of phonetic notation include "zhi yin", "du ruo" and "fan qie". From the interpretation of view, it covers a wide range, it is mainly reflected in the following facts:Analysis of archaic and modern words, borrowed words, variant unorthographical character; Not only to explain the original meaning of the word, but also to explain the meaning of words extended; Not only to explain the meaning of words, but also to explain the meaning of the sentence; Summarized the meaning of the article; Analysis of discourse structure; To explain the meaning of chapter title, add punctuation to the sentence that is ambiguous; Explain the grammar rules, clearly stated nouns, verbs, adjectives, function words and other parts of speech, analysis of the usage of imperative sentences and conative sentences; Reveals the rhetorical phenomenon, such as metaphor, intertext, honorific terms, metonymy and tautology; To clarify the phenomenon of rhyme according to the law of ancient poetry rhyme; Commentary etiquette, analysis of nominal; For some content, not to explain its inherent meaning, but to explain the reasons for the situation of the text appears; Not only focus on the interpretations of meaning, but also pay attention to the confucian classics argumentation, such as illustrates confucian ethical concepts and yi-ology thoughts. With regard to the interpretation of the method, the interpretation of the method is summed up as "Xing Xun", "Sheng Xun", "Zhi Xun" and "Jing Xun" by Mr sun Yongxuan and Kan Jingzhong in their book "Xun Gu Xue Gang Yao", on the basis of their theory, the interpretation methods of "Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu" was summarized in the following areas by us:To understand the meaning of words through the homophone and to understand the meaning of words through the similar pronunciation of the words are two basic forms of "Yin Xun" in "Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu"; By analyzing the physical structure of chinese characters is also a way to explore the meaning of chinese characters; In addition, Kong Guangsen sometimes depending on the context to understand the meaning of words, such as according to the contents of the artical, historical background, historical facts to understand the context. From the collation of view, the collation of this book includes corrections of false words, corrections of inverted text, the identification of missing words and superfluous words, corrections of the incorrect sequence. Kong Guangsen applied "Dui Jiao", "Ben Jiao", "Ta Jiao" and "Li Jiao" approaches in "Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu" which is proposed by Chen Yuan to correct mistakes in his book. He collected a large number of versions, "Dui Jiao", "Ben Jiao", "Ta Jiao" is his basic approach to collate, when there is no other materials, he often used the method of "Li Jiao", for example, based on the content of the meaning of the article, phonology knowledge, rhetoric, knowledge of ancient writing, the facts of history and so on. Finally, based on the above study, we summarized the characteristics of this book:Get rid of sectarianism, adopted the exegesis method of Han Dynasty and the Song Dynasty; Reference to a large number of books, reference to various views of others; Reference to a large number of versions and then select one of the correct point of view; Not only through the shape of chinese characters to explore the meaning of the word, but also through the voices of characters to explore the meaning of the word.
In short, "Da Dai Li Ji Bu Zhu" is a book full of insights, it does not rigidly adhere to a method, but rather integrated use of various versions and a variety of materials. In the Qing Dynasty propriety areas of research, this book occupies an important position. It is rich in content of explanation, the method is highly scientific, subtle in its reasoning. It's not only reflects the brilliant achievements of the Qing Dynasty scholar but also provides valuable experience for today's ancient study.
引文
[1]阮元.石揅经室集[M].北京：中华书局,1993.
[2]孔广森.大戴礼记补注[M].续修四库全书[Z].上海：上海古籍出版社,1995.
[3]姚鼐.惜抱轩全集[M].北京：中国书店,1991.
[4]许慎.说文解字[M].北京：中华书局,1991.
[5]王聘珍.大戴礼记解诂[M].北京：中华书局,1983.
[6]郭锡良.汉字古音手册[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1986
[7]段玉裁.说文解字注[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1981.
[8]孙诒让.墨子问诂[M].诸子集成[C].北京：团结出版社,1996.
[9]王树楠.校正孔氏大戴礼记补注[M].续修四库全书[Z]上海：上海古籍出版社,1995.
[10]黄怀信.大戴礼记汇校集注[M].西安：三秦出版社,2005.
[11]陆德明撰,黄焯汇校,黄延祖重辑.经典释文汇校[M].北京：中华书局,2006.
[12]孙诒让.大戴礼记(?)补[M].济南：齐鲁书社,1988.
[13]梁启超.中国历史研究法五种[M].台湾：里仁书局,1982.
[14]高明.大戴礼记今注今译[M].台湾：台湾商务印书馆,1977.
[15]孙永选阚景忠.新编训诂学纲要[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2007.
[16]韩非著,秦惠彬校点.韩非子[M].沈阳：辽宁教育出版社,1997.
[17]左丘明著,蒋冀骋校点.左传[M].长沙：岳麓书社,2006.
[18]谢贵安.《大戴礼记》经文校正[A].中华书局编辑部编.文史第三十九辑[C].北京：中
华书局,1998.
[19]杨伯峻.孟子译注[M].北京：中华书局,1962.
[20]张磊.《大戴礼记》曾子十篇研究[D].曲阜师范大学,2004.
[21]陈垣.校勘学释例[M].北京：中华书局,1959.
[22]王引之.经义述闻[M].上海：江苏古籍出版社,1985.
[23]方向东.大戴礼记历代校释辨误[A].中国历史文献研究会26届年会论文集[C],2005.
[24]支伟成.清代朴学大师列传[M].长沙：岳麓书社,1998.
[25]庄存与.味经斋遗书[M].续修四库全书[Z].上海：上海古籍出版社,1995.
[26]陈其泰.清代公羊学[M].北京：东方出版社,1997.
[27]黄佳骏.孔广森《大戴礼记补注》的思想取向[D].国立彰化师范大学,2008.
[28]孔广森.诗声类[M].续修四库全书[Z].上海：上海古籍出版社,1995.
[2]孔广森.大戴礼记补注[M].续修四库全书[Z].上海：上海古籍出版社,1995.
[3]姚鼐.惜抱轩全集[M].北京：中国书店,1991.
[4]许慎.说文解字[M].北京：中华书局,1991.
[5]王聘珍.大戴礼记解诂[M].北京：中华书局,1983.
[6]郭锡良.汉字古音手册[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1986
[7]段玉裁.说文解字注[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1981.
[8]孙诒让.墨子问诂[M].诸子集成[C].北京：团结出版社,1996.
[9]王树楠.校正孔氏大戴礼记补注[M].续修四库全书[Z]上海：上海古籍出版社,1995.
[10]黄怀信.大戴礼记汇校集注[M].西安：三秦出版社,2005.
[11]陆德明撰,黄焯汇校,黄延祖重辑.经典释文汇校[M].北京：中华书局,2006.
[12]孙诒让.大戴礼记(?)补[M].济南：齐鲁书社,1988.
[13]梁启超.中国历史研究法五种[M].台湾：里仁书局,1982.
[14]高明.大戴礼记今注今译[M].台湾：台湾商务印书馆,1977.
[15]孙永选阚景忠.新编训诂学纲要[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2007.
[16]韩非著,秦惠彬校点.韩非子[M].沈阳：辽宁教育出版社,1997.
[17]左丘明著,蒋冀骋校点.左传[M].长沙：岳麓书社,2006.
[18]谢贵安.《大戴礼记》经文校正[A].中华书局编辑部编.文史第三十九辑[C].北京：中
华书局,1998.
[19]杨伯峻.孟子译注[M].北京：中华书局,1962.
[20]张磊.《大戴礼记》曾子十篇研究[D].曲阜师范大学,2004.
[21]陈垣.校勘学释例[M].北京：中华书局,1959.
[22]王引之.经义述闻[M].上海：江苏古籍出版社,1985.
[23]方向东.大戴礼记历代校释辨误[A].中国历史文献研究会26届年会论文集[C],2005.
[24]支伟成.清代朴学大师列传[M].长沙：岳麓书社,1998.
[25]庄存与.味经斋遗书[M].续修四库全书[Z].上海：上海古籍出版社,1995.
[26]陈其泰.清代公羊学[M].北京：东方出版社,1997.
[27]黄佳骏.孔广森《大戴礼记补注》的思想取向[D].国立彰化师范大学,2008.
[28]孔广森.诗声类[M].续修四库全书[Z].上海：上海古籍出版社,1995.
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