利用堆肥处理规模化猪场粪污实现零排放研究
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摘要
在冬季和夏季分别进行了以玉米秆、稻草、麦秆三种秸秆为载体处理猪粪水及猪粪水厌氧消化液的堆肥试验。研究结果表明这种堆肥工艺能够消耗掉大量的粪水，用此堆肥工艺处理规模化猪场粪污，可以实现粪污零排放；并且具有良好的环境效益和社会效益；同时为规模化养殖场的粪污处理提供了一个经济可行的处理模式。试验结果如下：
1．在每天洒加粪水的高湿条件下(含水量80％)的堆肥仍然能够顺利进行，并能维持较长的高温期(50℃以上的温度)；洒加猪粪水的处理高温期比洒加猪粪水厌氧消化液的处理长；以玉米秆、稻草为载体的处理高温期比以麦秆为载体的处理长；鼓风的通风方式对堆肥供氧及温度控制效果最好，而翻堆较差；气温对堆肥温度变化有较大影响，夏季堆肥温度明显高于冬季。
2．以玉米秆、稻草为载体的堆肥，有一个pH下降的酸化过程，随后上升至8以上趋于稳定；以麦秆为载体的堆肥同样也有一个酸化过程，之后上升幅度较小，最后稳定在6～7之间。
3．夏季堆肥各处理的微生物以细菌数量最多，变化幅度也最大；霉菌次之，酵母菌较少，而放线菌很少。纤维素酶初期增加，然后逐渐降低；过氧化氢酶初期较高，随后迅速降低，并维持在较低水平；脲酶活性前期较低，在70天后迅速上升。
4．各堆肥处理的C/N比从堆肥前的32～54下降至堆肥结束时的10～20，T值小于0.5，说明堆肥腐熟。堆肥过程中氮、磷、钾含量呈增加趋势，冬季堆肥后，各处理全氮含量为1.73～1.92％，全磷含量0.60～0.85％，全钾含量1.81～2.71％，氮、磷、钾总量4.22～5.31％；夏季堆肥后，各处理全氮含量为2.71～3.04％，全磷含量达0.73～1.75％，全钾含量达1.89～2.98％，氮、磷、钾总量5.66～7.25％。含稻草的堆肥处理，钾的含量明显高于其它处理；添加猪粪水的处理，其氮、磷、钾含量高于添加猪粪水厌氧消化液的处理。堆肥后所获得的堆肥产品氮、磷、钾含量均高于大多数的普通堆肥。
5．堆肥过程对蛔虫卵100％杀灭。除冬季的麦秆堆肥和夏季添加猪粪水厌氧消化液堆肥的粪大肠菌值超标外，其它卫生指标均达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准》(GB7959-87)。冬季堆肥除Pb和Cd的含量超过《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB8172-87)外，其他有害重金属含量均不超标；夏季各堆肥处理的有害重金属含量均在控制标准之内。
6．秸秆对粪水的消耗率(单位质量秸秆消耗水分量kg/kg)冬季为5.94～6.65，夏季为9.23～9.62。堆肥过程中干物质损失率达65～69％，减重83～86％以上，减容大约86％。
Trials about compost with maize-straw, rice-straw and wheat-straw were executed to treat pig wastewater and anaerobically digested effluent in winter and summer. The compost technology can consume large amount of pig wastewater, which showed that it is possible to make industrialized pig farm not to discharge piggery wastes. So the technology has good environmental benefits and social benefits, and the most important is that it offers an economic feasible model of piggery wastes treatment.
The results as follow:
The composts kept longer high-temperature duration even under the condition of high moisture content (80%) than those conventional composts. The treatments added pig wastewater kept longer high-temperature duration than the treatments added anaerobically digested effluent. The composts with the maize-straw and the rice-straw had longer high-temperature duration than the composts with the wheat-straw. Blast was the best way to provide oxygen for compost and control temperature of compost among blast, turnover and blast+turnover, while turnover was the worst. Temperature of composts in summer was higher than that in winter, which indicated that circumstance temperature had obvious influence on the temperature of composts.
There was an acidification phase in early period of composts with maize-straw and rice-straw, after that pH rose to more than 8. However, composts with wheat-straw were in acid state during the whole composting course in winter.
The amount of bacteria was dominant, followed by mildew, yeasts and actinomyces during composting in summer. Cellulose decomposing enzyme activity increased in early period and decreased gradually later. The catalase kept at a higher activity in early period and decreased quickly later, then kept at a lower activity stably. The urease kept at a lower
activity in early period and increase quickly after 70 days.
In the end of compost, the C/N rations of different treatments were dropped from 32-54 to 10~20, and T values of composts were less than 0.5, so composts were mature. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were increasing continuously during composting, in the end, the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium reached 1.73-1.92%, 0.60-0.85%, 1.81-2.71% respectively in winter, and reached 2.71-3.04%, 0.73-1.75%, 1.89-2.98% respectively in summer. The total contents of nitrogen, phospHors and potassium added up to 4.22-5.31% in winter and 5.66-7.25% in summer. The potassium contents of composts containing rice-straw were higher than those of treatments without rice-straw. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of treatments added pig wastewater were higher than those of treatments added anaerobically digested effluent. And the contents of nitrogen, phosphors, and potassium were higher than that of most other conventional composts.
All parasite eggs were killed in every treatment. Sanitation index of treatments met the national standard of China Sanitary standard for the non-hazardous treatment of night soil (GB7959-87), except the colititer of composts with wheat-straw in winter and the compost added anaerobically digested effluent in summer. With the exception of Pb and Cd contents, heavy metal contents of treatments in winter met the national standard of China Control standard for wastes for agricultural use (GB8172-87), while all heavy metal contents of treatments in summer met the standard.
The wastewater consumption rates during composting were 5.94-6.65 in winter and 9.23-9.62 in summer. The rates of dry matter loss were 65-69% during composting. The composting process reduced the mass and the volume of materials by more than 83-86% and 86% or so respectively. This composting method had a good effect on reducing of the mass and volume of materials, and condensing the pig wastewater.
1．在每天洒加粪水的高湿条件下(含水量80％)的堆肥仍然能够顺利进行，并能维持较长的高温期(50℃以上的温度)；洒加猪粪水的处理高温期比洒加猪粪水厌氧消化液的处理长；以玉米秆、稻草为载体的处理高温期比以麦秆为载体的处理长；鼓风的通风方式对堆肥供氧及温度控制效果最好，而翻堆较差；气温对堆肥温度变化有较大影响，夏季堆肥温度明显高于冬季。
2．以玉米秆、稻草为载体的堆肥，有一个pH下降的酸化过程，随后上升至8以上趋于稳定；以麦秆为载体的堆肥同样也有一个酸化过程，之后上升幅度较小，最后稳定在6～7之间。
3．夏季堆肥各处理的微生物以细菌数量最多，变化幅度也最大；霉菌次之，酵母菌较少，而放线菌很少。纤维素酶初期增加，然后逐渐降低；过氧化氢酶初期较高，随后迅速降低，并维持在较低水平；脲酶活性前期较低，在70天后迅速上升。
4．各堆肥处理的C/N比从堆肥前的32～54下降至堆肥结束时的10～20，T值小于0.5，说明堆肥腐熟。堆肥过程中氮、磷、钾含量呈增加趋势，冬季堆肥后，各处理全氮含量为1.73～1.92％，全磷含量0.60～0.85％，全钾含量1.81～2.71％，氮、磷、钾总量4.22～5.31％；夏季堆肥后，各处理全氮含量为2.71～3.04％，全磷含量达0.73～1.75％，全钾含量达1.89～2.98％，氮、磷、钾总量5.66～7.25％。含稻草的堆肥处理，钾的含量明显高于其它处理；添加猪粪水的处理，其氮、磷、钾含量高于添加猪粪水厌氧消化液的处理。堆肥后所获得的堆肥产品氮、磷、钾含量均高于大多数的普通堆肥。
5．堆肥过程对蛔虫卵100％杀灭。除冬季的麦秆堆肥和夏季添加猪粪水厌氧消化液堆肥的粪大肠菌值超标外，其它卫生指标均达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准》(GB7959-87)。冬季堆肥除Pb和Cd的含量超过《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB8172-87)外，其他有害重金属含量均不超标；夏季各堆肥处理的有害重金属含量均在控制标准之内。
6．秸秆对粪水的消耗率(单位质量秸秆消耗水分量kg/kg)冬季为5.94～6.65，夏季为9.23～9.62。堆肥过程中干物质损失率达65～69％，减重83～86％以上，减容大约86％。
Trials about compost with maize-straw, rice-straw and wheat-straw were executed to treat pig wastewater and anaerobically digested effluent in winter and summer. The compost technology can consume large amount of pig wastewater, which showed that it is possible to make industrialized pig farm not to discharge piggery wastes. So the technology has good environmental benefits and social benefits, and the most important is that it offers an economic feasible model of piggery wastes treatment.
The results as follow:
The composts kept longer high-temperature duration even under the condition of high moisture content (80%) than those conventional composts. The treatments added pig wastewater kept longer high-temperature duration than the treatments added anaerobically digested effluent. The composts with the maize-straw and the rice-straw had longer high-temperature duration than the composts with the wheat-straw. Blast was the best way to provide oxygen for compost and control temperature of compost among blast, turnover and blast+turnover, while turnover was the worst. Temperature of composts in summer was higher than that in winter, which indicated that circumstance temperature had obvious influence on the temperature of composts.
There was an acidification phase in early period of composts with maize-straw and rice-straw, after that pH rose to more than 8. However, composts with wheat-straw were in acid state during the whole composting course in winter.
The amount of bacteria was dominant, followed by mildew, yeasts and actinomyces during composting in summer. Cellulose decomposing enzyme activity increased in early period and decreased gradually later. The catalase kept at a higher activity in early period and decreased quickly later, then kept at a lower activity stably. The urease kept at a lower
activity in early period and increase quickly after 70 days.
In the end of compost, the C/N rations of different treatments were dropped from 32-54 to 10~20, and T values of composts were less than 0.5, so composts were mature. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were increasing continuously during composting, in the end, the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium reached 1.73-1.92%, 0.60-0.85%, 1.81-2.71% respectively in winter, and reached 2.71-3.04%, 0.73-1.75%, 1.89-2.98% respectively in summer. The total contents of nitrogen, phospHors and potassium added up to 4.22-5.31% in winter and 5.66-7.25% in summer. The potassium contents of composts containing rice-straw were higher than those of treatments without rice-straw. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of treatments added pig wastewater were higher than those of treatments added anaerobically digested effluent. And the contents of nitrogen, phosphors, and potassium were higher than that of most other conventional composts.
All parasite eggs were killed in every treatment. Sanitation index of treatments met the national standard of China Sanitary standard for the non-hazardous treatment of night soil (GB7959-87), except the colititer of composts with wheat-straw in winter and the compost added anaerobically digested effluent in summer. With the exception of Pb and Cd contents, heavy metal contents of treatments in winter met the national standard of China Control standard for wastes for agricultural use (GB8172-87), while all heavy metal contents of treatments in summer met the standard.
The wastewater consumption rates during composting were 5.94-6.65 in winter and 9.23-9.62 in summer. The rates of dry matter loss were 65-69% during composting. The composting process reduced the mass and the volume of materials by more than 83-86% and 86% or so respectively. This composting method had a good effect on reducing of the mass and volume of materials, and condensing the pig wastewater.
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