养殖固废发酵菌剂研制及其应用效果研究
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摘要
我国的畜禽养殖业的大规模发展而导致的环境污染越来越严重，因而环境的治理已势在必行。综合近几年来的规模化畜禽养殖场的环境治理进展，可知好氧堆肥是固体废物无害化、稳定化、资源化的有效方法。但由于传统堆肥法存在发酵时间长、污染环境等一系列问题，因此，现阶段主要采用传统的堆肥法结合现代生物技术手段高效处理固体废弃物，既可减轻环境污染负荷和二次污染又可生产有机肥，是固体废弃物综合利用的一个重要发展方向。本研究主要是针对堆肥发酵时间长、特别是堆肥中的纤维素类物质很难分解的情况进行的。其主要研究结果如下：
1．以滤纸平板和羧甲基纤维素钠培养基为基础培养基，从采集的样品中筛选出具有分解纤维素能力的38株菌株。采用纤维素刚果红培养基进行粗选，得到10株透明圈较大的菌株。将这10株菌株进行液体发酵培养，测定其酶活力，得到4株分解纤维素能力较强的菌株。对这4株菌株进行碳源、温度、pH值的适应性研究。结果发现，真菌3和真菌6的适应性都比较好。
2．以新鲜的猪粪为材料，用麦糠调节初始含水量达到65％左右。试验于2002年12月在嘉兴绿神有机肥有限公司的堆肥厂中进行。本试验共设四个处理：无接种剂(CK)、接种真菌3(处理1)、接种真菌6(处理2)接种菌剂培养基(处理3)。菌剂按堆肥厂常用的方法，以堆肥量(重量比)的0.05％，在堆制时均匀混于堆肥中。每7天翻堆一次并且间隔大约10天左右取样一次。对这四个处理的堆肥发酵过程中的温度、水分含量、pH值、挥发性总固体含量、总有机碳含量、全氮含量、铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、有机氮含量、全磷含量、无机磷含量、有机磷含量、微生物数、转化酶活力、纤维素分解酶活力、多酚氧化酶活力、蛋白酶活力、酸性磷酸酶活力以及过氧化氢酶活力进行了比较研究。结果发现：添加合适的堆肥发酵菌剂能使堆肥的高温期提前，缩短堆肥的发酵腐熟时间；加速水分的散失与有机物的降解，且接种真菌6的效果好于接种真菌3。接种菌剂有利于全氮的相对含量增加；对铵态氮和硝态氮两种无机形态的氮含量的影响不大；但有利于有机氮含量的提高。接种外源菌种起到一定的保氮作用，且接种真菌6的实际应用效果好于接种真菌3。接种外源菌种可以提高全磷、无机磷以及有机磷的相对含量，且接种真菌6比接种真菌3更有利于其相对含量的提高。接种外
源菌种有利于降低堆肥的C加、C/P且真菌6的作用效果更为明显。细菌、放线
菌和真菌的数量在堆肥初期随着温度的升高而显著减少，在大约50一60天左右达
到整个堆肥过程的最低值。随着温度的降低细菌、放线菌的数量开始又有所回升
而真菌的数量一直维持在较低的水平。接种菌剂以及接种不同的菌剂都没有对三
种微生物数量的变化产生显著的影响。根据变化规律可以将各种酶活力的变化分
成三类:过氧化氢酶活力呈逐渐上升的趋势;多酚氧化酶活力的变化与堆肥过程
中温度的变化趋势相似;蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、转化酶以及纤维索酶活力呈逐渐
下降的趋势。接种菌剂对过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、转化酶以及纤维索
酶活力没有产生显著影响而对多酚氧化酶的活力产生了显著的影响且接种真菌
6比接种真菌3对多酚氧化酶活力的影响更明显。
3.从前五章的实验结果以及分析中，可以得知真菌6是一株适应性较强并能
加速堆肥的发酵腐熟，捉高堆肥最终产况:的，、}，质的典菌。囚!(lJ本实验}二要足以真
菌6为主要的接种剂来研究不同的接种方式以及其与商业菌剂的接种效果进行
比较研究。在本实验进行之前事先取一堆混合均匀的新鲜猪粪为材料·，用麦糠来
调节初始含水量至65%一70%之间。试验于2003年7月在嘉兴绿神有机肥有限
公司的堆肥厂中进行。接种由真菌6制成的菌剂，待其达到高温期时从中取出与
其他菌剂相同重量的堆肥作为菌剂进行高温堆肥回接。本试验共设四个处理，不
接种(CK)和分别接种真菌6(处理l)、高温堆肥I川接(处理2)、商业菌利，(处
理3)。一呆l剂按堆)把厂，，1}亨}}Jr内jJ‘法，以堆)J巴量(重直过比)的0.05多6，了卜工}i二制jz，J均匀
混于堆肥中。每2天翻堆一次。分别在堆肥发酵的第1、6、12、24、33、39、
sld进行取样。对一这四个处理的堆肥发酵过程中的温度、水分含量、pH值、挥
发性总固体含量、总有机碳含量、个氮含量、按态氮含量、硝态氮含量、有机氮
含量、全磷含量、无机磷含量、有机磷含量、微生物数、转化酶活力、纤维素分
解酶活力、多酚氧化酶活力、服酶活力、蛋白酶活力、酸性磷酸酶活力以及过城
化氢酶活力进行了比较研究。结果发现:不同接种方式以及接种不同的菌剂对堆
肥的发酵过程不会产生显著的影响，这可能是山于堆肥接种时的环境条件比较微
生物的生长繁殖因而导致了各个处理之间的差异不明显。
4.本实验采用以真菌6为接种剂的堆肥生产的商品有机肥作为肥源，研究有
机肥对我省二种主要大棚lJ一十菜一小白菜和波菜品质的影响，以期探明接种菌剂后
/犷
发酵腐熟的堆肥的实际应用效果。本实验共设三个处理，CK空自(小施肥);
化肥处理;化肥十有机肥。实验结果表明，有机肥在提高大棚蔬菜产量，及提高
Vc、可溶性糖含量、降低硝酸盐含量方面?
Rapid development of hoggery results in large quantity of wastes and thus has caused great impact on the environment. Proper disposal of wastes is of great importance in animal industry. Presently, composting, which is a cost-cffcctivc and widely adopted way to deal with solid wastes, has been commercialized in China. Many composting factories use various kinds of inoculants in manure composting to stimulate this process. The effects of inoculants on swine manure during the process of composting were investigated in this paper. The results showed:
1. Filter paper and carboxylic methyl fiber atrium were used as media to isolate and screen cellulose-decomposing microorganisms, and 38 strains were isolated from samples of soil and compost prepared from chicken manure, swine manure and cow manure. Of the isolated 38 strains, 10 strains showed a great capacity in cellulose decomposing, indicated by large and distinct red circles around the colonies in Congo red agar medium. Four strains of fungi were obtained with highest ccllulase activity using liquid medium. Study on the adaptability to carbon sources, temperature and pH showed that two strains have a great potential to be used as composting inoculum.
2.Fresh swine manure was prepared in this study; bran was used to control moisture content to about 65%. The experiment was carried out in a factory in Jiaxing, a city located in the northern Zhejinag Province at Dec. 2002. There were four treatments: (1) without inoculants (ck); (2) with 0.05% inoculants of fungus 3 on dry weight basis (treatment 1); (2) with 0.05% inoculants of fungus 6 on dry weight basis (treatment 2); (4) inoculants culture medium (treatment 3). Composts were turned over every seven days and samples were taken at an interval of around 10 days.
Changes in parameters of the three different composts were monitored during the composting process. The parameters were temperature, moisture content, pH value, volatile solid, organic carbon, total N, NH4+-N, NO3--N, organic nitrogen, total P, inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus, Microorganism numbers, the activities of invertase, cellulose, polyphenol oxidase, protease and phosphatase, catalase. The results showed: inoculants could accelerate the decomposable velocity of organic matter; increase the relative content of total nitrogen and fungus 6 was belter than fungus 3, did no significantly influence of the content of two inorganic form NH4'-N and NO3--N, but fungus 6 was more propitious to increase the relative content of organic nitrogen, increase the relative content of total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus and organic phosphorus; decreased the ratio of C/N and C/P than fungus 3.Bacteria, actinomycete, and fungi initially showed a great decrease as the temperature was sharply increased, and reached to a lowest level at about 50-60 days, and thereafter bacteria and actinomycete again increased in number while fungi remain low level when temperature decreased. Inoculation did not show substantial effect on the number of these three kinds of microbes, which could be resulted from the inaccuracy of the counting method. The enzymes fell into three categories according to their change. Catalase activity increased as composting proceeded; polyphenol oxidase activity showed very similar pattern to temperature change; and proteinase, phosphatase, invertase and cellulase activity decreased with the time progress. Inoculation did not show substantial influence on the activities of catalase, proteinase, phosphatase, invertase, and cellulase whereas the activities of polyphenol oxidase were increased by inoculation and fungus 6 brought more effects on polyphenol oxidase than fungus 3.
3. The results above showed that fungus 6 is a fungus with a great potential to be used as composting inoculums to improve the quality of composting. In order to clarify this assumption, fungus 6 was used as inoculants in this study. Fresh swine manure was prepared in this study; bran was used to control moisture content to about 65%. The experiment was carried out in a fact
1．以滤纸平板和羧甲基纤维素钠培养基为基础培养基，从采集的样品中筛选出具有分解纤维素能力的38株菌株。采用纤维素刚果红培养基进行粗选，得到10株透明圈较大的菌株。将这10株菌株进行液体发酵培养，测定其酶活力，得到4株分解纤维素能力较强的菌株。对这4株菌株进行碳源、温度、pH值的适应性研究。结果发现，真菌3和真菌6的适应性都比较好。
2．以新鲜的猪粪为材料，用麦糠调节初始含水量达到65％左右。试验于2002年12月在嘉兴绿神有机肥有限公司的堆肥厂中进行。本试验共设四个处理：无接种剂(CK)、接种真菌3(处理1)、接种真菌6(处理2)接种菌剂培养基(处理3)。菌剂按堆肥厂常用的方法，以堆肥量(重量比)的0.05％，在堆制时均匀混于堆肥中。每7天翻堆一次并且间隔大约10天左右取样一次。对这四个处理的堆肥发酵过程中的温度、水分含量、pH值、挥发性总固体含量、总有机碳含量、全氮含量、铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、有机氮含量、全磷含量、无机磷含量、有机磷含量、微生物数、转化酶活力、纤维素分解酶活力、多酚氧化酶活力、蛋白酶活力、酸性磷酸酶活力以及过氧化氢酶活力进行了比较研究。结果发现：添加合适的堆肥发酵菌剂能使堆肥的高温期提前，缩短堆肥的发酵腐熟时间；加速水分的散失与有机物的降解，且接种真菌6的效果好于接种真菌3。接种菌剂有利于全氮的相对含量增加；对铵态氮和硝态氮两种无机形态的氮含量的影响不大；但有利于有机氮含量的提高。接种外源菌种起到一定的保氮作用，且接种真菌6的实际应用效果好于接种真菌3。接种外源菌种可以提高全磷、无机磷以及有机磷的相对含量，且接种真菌6比接种真菌3更有利于其相对含量的提高。接种外
源菌种有利于降低堆肥的C加、C/P且真菌6的作用效果更为明显。细菌、放线
菌和真菌的数量在堆肥初期随着温度的升高而显著减少，在大约50一60天左右达
到整个堆肥过程的最低值。随着温度的降低细菌、放线菌的数量开始又有所回升
而真菌的数量一直维持在较低的水平。接种菌剂以及接种不同的菌剂都没有对三
种微生物数量的变化产生显著的影响。根据变化规律可以将各种酶活力的变化分
成三类:过氧化氢酶活力呈逐渐上升的趋势;多酚氧化酶活力的变化与堆肥过程
中温度的变化趋势相似;蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、转化酶以及纤维索酶活力呈逐渐
下降的趋势。接种菌剂对过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、转化酶以及纤维索
酶活力没有产生显著影响而对多酚氧化酶的活力产生了显著的影响且接种真菌
6比接种真菌3对多酚氧化酶活力的影响更明显。
3.从前五章的实验结果以及分析中，可以得知真菌6是一株适应性较强并能
加速堆肥的发酵腐熟，捉高堆肥最终产况:的，、}，质的典菌。囚!(lJ本实验}二要足以真
菌6为主要的接种剂来研究不同的接种方式以及其与商业菌剂的接种效果进行
比较研究。在本实验进行之前事先取一堆混合均匀的新鲜猪粪为材料·，用麦糠来
调节初始含水量至65%一70%之间。试验于2003年7月在嘉兴绿神有机肥有限
公司的堆肥厂中进行。接种由真菌6制成的菌剂，待其达到高温期时从中取出与
其他菌剂相同重量的堆肥作为菌剂进行高温堆肥回接。本试验共设四个处理，不
接种(CK)和分别接种真菌6(处理l)、高温堆肥I川接(处理2)、商业菌利，(处
理3)。一呆l剂按堆)把厂，，1}亨}}Jr内jJ‘法，以堆)J巴量(重直过比)的0.05多6，了卜工}i二制jz，J均匀
混于堆肥中。每2天翻堆一次。分别在堆肥发酵的第1、6、12、24、33、39、
sld进行取样。对一这四个处理的堆肥发酵过程中的温度、水分含量、pH值、挥
发性总固体含量、总有机碳含量、个氮含量、按态氮含量、硝态氮含量、有机氮
含量、全磷含量、无机磷含量、有机磷含量、微生物数、转化酶活力、纤维素分
解酶活力、多酚氧化酶活力、服酶活力、蛋白酶活力、酸性磷酸酶活力以及过城
化氢酶活力进行了比较研究。结果发现:不同接种方式以及接种不同的菌剂对堆
肥的发酵过程不会产生显著的影响，这可能是山于堆肥接种时的环境条件比较微
生物的生长繁殖因而导致了各个处理之间的差异不明显。
4.本实验采用以真菌6为接种剂的堆肥生产的商品有机肥作为肥源，研究有
机肥对我省二种主要大棚lJ一十菜一小白菜和波菜品质的影响，以期探明接种菌剂后
/犷
发酵腐熟的堆肥的实际应用效果。本实验共设三个处理，CK空自(小施肥);
化肥处理;化肥十有机肥。实验结果表明，有机肥在提高大棚蔬菜产量，及提高
Vc、可溶性糖含量、降低硝酸盐含量方面?
Rapid development of hoggery results in large quantity of wastes and thus has caused great impact on the environment. Proper disposal of wastes is of great importance in animal industry. Presently, composting, which is a cost-cffcctivc and widely adopted way to deal with solid wastes, has been commercialized in China. Many composting factories use various kinds of inoculants in manure composting to stimulate this process. The effects of inoculants on swine manure during the process of composting were investigated in this paper. The results showed:
1. Filter paper and carboxylic methyl fiber atrium were used as media to isolate and screen cellulose-decomposing microorganisms, and 38 strains were isolated from samples of soil and compost prepared from chicken manure, swine manure and cow manure. Of the isolated 38 strains, 10 strains showed a great capacity in cellulose decomposing, indicated by large and distinct red circles around the colonies in Congo red agar medium. Four strains of fungi were obtained with highest ccllulase activity using liquid medium. Study on the adaptability to carbon sources, temperature and pH showed that two strains have a great potential to be used as composting inoculum.
2.Fresh swine manure was prepared in this study; bran was used to control moisture content to about 65%. The experiment was carried out in a factory in Jiaxing, a city located in the northern Zhejinag Province at Dec. 2002. There were four treatments: (1) without inoculants (ck); (2) with 0.05% inoculants of fungus 3 on dry weight basis (treatment 1); (2) with 0.05% inoculants of fungus 6 on dry weight basis (treatment 2); (4) inoculants culture medium (treatment 3). Composts were turned over every seven days and samples were taken at an interval of around 10 days.
Changes in parameters of the three different composts were monitored during the composting process. The parameters were temperature, moisture content, pH value, volatile solid, organic carbon, total N, NH4+-N, NO3--N, organic nitrogen, total P, inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus, Microorganism numbers, the activities of invertase, cellulose, polyphenol oxidase, protease and phosphatase, catalase. The results showed: inoculants could accelerate the decomposable velocity of organic matter; increase the relative content of total nitrogen and fungus 6 was belter than fungus 3, did no significantly influence of the content of two inorganic form NH4'-N and NO3--N, but fungus 6 was more propitious to increase the relative content of organic nitrogen, increase the relative content of total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus and organic phosphorus; decreased the ratio of C/N and C/P than fungus 3.Bacteria, actinomycete, and fungi initially showed a great decrease as the temperature was sharply increased, and reached to a lowest level at about 50-60 days, and thereafter bacteria and actinomycete again increased in number while fungi remain low level when temperature decreased. Inoculation did not show substantial effect on the number of these three kinds of microbes, which could be resulted from the inaccuracy of the counting method. The enzymes fell into three categories according to their change. Catalase activity increased as composting proceeded; polyphenol oxidase activity showed very similar pattern to temperature change; and proteinase, phosphatase, invertase and cellulase activity decreased with the time progress. Inoculation did not show substantial influence on the activities of catalase, proteinase, phosphatase, invertase, and cellulase whereas the activities of polyphenol oxidase were increased by inoculation and fungus 6 brought more effects on polyphenol oxidase than fungus 3.
3. The results above showed that fungus 6 is a fungus with a great potential to be used as composting inoculums to improve the quality of composting. In order to clarify this assumption, fungus 6 was used as inoculants in this study. Fresh swine manure was prepared in this study; bran was used to control moisture content to about 65%. The experiment was carried out in a fact
引文
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