辽宁省不同生态区玉米产量性能差异研究
摘要
本试验于2010~2011年在辽宁省北部的昌图县金家镇、中部的辽阳市农业科学研究所、西部的阜新市蒙古族自治县大固本镇、南部的海城市耿庄镇进行。选用辽宁省内推广的有代表性的28个玉米品种为试材，探讨辽宁省不同生态区的玉米生产潜力、群体结构特征、生理特性、品质特点及品种类型的选择，旨在为辽宁省不同生态区玉米高产栽培与理论研究提供参考。主要研究结果如下：
1.所有供试品种中有53.6%在辽北的产量最高，且与辽西、辽中之间的差异多数达显著水平；有39.3%在辽西的产量最高，且与辽北、辽中之间的差异多数达极显著水平；只有7.1%在辽中的产量最高；所有品种在辽南的产量均最低，且与其它三个生态区的差异明显。总体上看，辽西的产量最高，辽北次之，辽中第三，辽南最低。后三个生态区分别比辽西低3.39%、6.06%和19.92%。其中辽西、辽北、辽中之间的差异不显著，但三者与辽南的差异均达极显著水平。但各品种在不同密度中出现的最高产量以辽北为最高，辽中次之，辽西第三，辽南最低。后三个生态区分别比辽北低4.90%、5.69%和9.10%。结合不同生态区的降水、光照、温度及土壤肥力条件分，辽北的生产潜力最大，辽中次之，辽西地区在降水条件较好的情况下也可得到较高产量，辽南地区因光照严重不足而最差。
2.辽中的株高最高，辽北次之，辽南第三，辽西最矮，后三个生态区分别比辽中矮2.66%、4.70%和14.48%；叶向值则以辽南为最大，辽中次之，辽北第三，辽西最小，后三个生态区分别比辽南低2.21%、4.50%和20.71%。生育前期适宜的气象条件是辽北、辽中和辽南形成高大繁茂植株的主要原因。但生育中后期的群体冠层通透性受气象条件的影响也较大。其中辽西的群体冠层透光性最好，辽北次之，辽中第三，辽南最差。较好的光照条件是辽西和辽北群体冠层透光性均较好的主要外因；而较差的光照条件和偏多的降水是辽中和辽南群体冠层透光性较差的原因之一。辽北、辽中和辽南的穗位下0.5米处透光率分别比辽西低3.38%、6.94%和10.15%。
3.灌浆期的群体光合生理特性对产量的形成至关重要。光合速率以辽西为最高，辽北次之且与辽西接近，辽中第三，辽南最低，后三个生态区分别比辽西低1.47%、8.22%和12.58%；辽中、辽北和辽西的叶绿素含量较为相近，但成熟期辽南的下降幅度最为明显；辽南的叶面积指数明显大于辽西、辽北和辽中，但成熟期辽南因大幅下降而最低。生育中后期辽北的群体光合有效面积较大、光合有效时间最长，群体光合生理特性较好；辽西的群体光合有效面积虽较小但中后期且光合有效时间较长，群体光合生理特性也较好；辽中因群体的光合有效面积最小且光合有效时间也较短，群体光合生理特性较差；辽南群体光合有效面积虽最大，但光合有效时间缩短明显，群体光合生理特性最差。
4.不同生态区籽粒营养成分的差异各异。籽粒蛋白质含量以辽北最高，辽西与辽中居中，辽南最低，后三个生态区辽北低12.66%、13.82%和15.57%；籽粒脂肪含量在各生态区的差异与籽粒蛋白质含量相同，辽西、辽中和辽南分别比辽北低3.45%、10.10%和16.62%；而不同生态区籽粒淀粉含量和籽粒容重的差异均较小。综合比较，辽北的籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量均最高，但籽粒淀粉含量较低且籽粒容重最小；辽中的籽粒淀粉含量最低，籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量均较低、籽粒容重也较小；辽西的籽粒淀粉含量最高，籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量均较高且籽粒容重也较大；辽南的籽粒容重最大，籽粒淀粉含量较高，但籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量均最低。
5.不同生态区晚熟稀植大穗品种的植株高大繁茂且生育期较长，但其在辽北、辽中和辽西的产量并不高于中晚熟耐密植品种，且即使在辽南，晚熟稀植大穗品种也并没有显示出其产量优势。而与晚熟稀植大穗品种相比，中晚熟耐密植品种的单位面积穗数较多且干物质向籽粒转化效率较高，加之其合理的植株形态利于提高群体冠层中下部的通透性，进而提高其适宜密度范围。随着适宜密度范围的提高，其在各生态区的产量也就均有明显提高。可见，中晚熟耐密植品种的穗部性状更协调、经济系数更高、耐密性更强、增密增产潜力更大。
The test was carried out in Jin Jia Town of Changtu County in northern Liaoning,Agricultural Research Institute of Liaoyang City in central Liaoning, Guben Town of FuxinMongolian Autonomous County in western Liaoning and Geng Town of Hai Cheng city insouthern Liaoning from2010to2011.Using twenty-eight representative and popularizedvarieties of Liaoning province as experimental materials, maize production potential, featuresof population structure, physiological characteristics, quality properties and choices ofcultivar type were explored in order to provide references for maize high-yield cultivationand theoretical studies of different ecological regions of Liaoning Province. The main resultsare as follows:
1. Yields of53.6%varieties in test were highest in Northern Liaoning and majority ofdifferences with Western Liaoning and Central Liaoning reached obvious level; yields of39.3%varieties in test were the highest in Western Liaoning and majority of differences withNorthern Liaoning and Central Liaoning reached significant level; yields of7.1%varieties intest were the highest in Central Liaoning only; but yields of all the varieties in test were thelowest in Southern Liaoning whose differences with the other three ecological regions wereobvious. Generally speaking, yield of Western Liaoning was the highest, Northern Liaoningwas the second and followed by Central Liaoning while Southern Liaoning was the lowest,and the later three ecological regions respectively reduced by3.39%,6.06%and19.92%compared with Western Liaoning. Differences of Western Liaoning, Northern Liaoning andCentral Liaoning were not significant, but differences between Southern Liaoning and theother three ecological regions came to highly significant level. The highest yield of allvarieties in different densities was the largest in Northern Liaoning, Central Liaoning was thesecond and followed by Western Liaoning while Southern Liaoning was the lowest, and thelater three ecological regions respectively reduced by4.90%,5.69%and9.10%comparedwith Northern Liaoning. Combining with precipitation, light, temperature and soil fertilityconditions of different ecological regions, production potential of Northern Liaoning was thelargest and followed by Central Liaoning. Western Liaoning can get a higher yield under thebetter conditions of precipitation, but Southern Liaoning was the lowest due to the worst lightcondition.
2. Plant height of Central Liaoning was the highest, Northern Liaoning was the secondand followed by Southern Liaoning while Western Liaoning was the lowest, and the laterthree ecological regions respectively reduced by2.66%,4.70%and14.48%compared with Central Liaoning. Leaf orientation value of Southern Liaoning was the largest, CentralLiaoning was the second and followed by Northern Liaoning while Western Liaoning was thesmallest, and the later three ecological regions respectively reduced by2.21%,4.50%and20.71%compared with Central Liaoning. Suitable meteorological conditions of the earlygrowth stage was the main reason for the formation of tall and flourish plant in northernLiaoning, Liaoning and southern Liaoning. But effects of meteorological conditions oncanopy permeability of the middle and late growth stage were also larger. Canopy lighttransmittance of Western Liaoning the best, Northern Liaoning was the second and followedby Central Liaoning while Southern Liaoning was the worst. Better light condition was themain external cause for better canopy light transmittance of Western Liaoning and NorthernLiaoning; poor light conditions and above normal precipitation was one of the reasons toworse canopy light transmittance of Central Liaoning and Southern Liaoning. Transmittanceof0.5meters below ear position of Northern Liaoning, Central Liaoning and SouthernLiaoning was3.38%,6.94%and10.15%lower than Western Liaoning respectively.
3. Characteristics of population physiological photosynthesis were vital for yieldformation. Photosynthetic rate of Western Liaoning was the highest, Northern Liaoning wasthe second and close to Western Liaoning and followed by Central Liaoning while SouthernLiaoning was the lowest, and the later three ecological regions respectively reduced by1.47%,8.22%and12.58%compared with Western Liaoning. Content of chlorophyll of CentralLiaoning, Northern Liaoning and Western Liaoning was almost the same while the decline ofSouthern Liaoning was the most obvious in mature stage. Leaf index of Southern Liaoningwas obviously larger than that of Western Liaoning, Northern Liaoning and Central Liaoningwhile Southern Liaoning was the lowest because of significant decline in mature stage. In themiddle and late growth stage, effective area of population photosynthesis of NorthernLiaoning was larger and effective time of photosynthesis was the longest, and itscharacteristics of population photosynthetic physiology were better; though effective area ofpopulation photosynthesis of Western Liaoning was smaller, effective time of photosynthesiswas the longer, and its characteristics of population photosynthetic physiology were alsobetter; because of the smallest effective area of population photosynthesis and the shortesteffective time of photosynthesis, characteristics of population photosynthetic physiology ofCentral Liaoning was worse; effective area of population photosynthesis of SouthernLiaoning was the largest, but the decline of effective time of photosynthesis was much moreobvious so its characteristics of population photosynthetic physiology were worst.
4. Content of grain nutrition of the different ecological regions differed from each other.Content of grain protein of Northern Liaoning was the highest, Western Liaoning was thesecond and followed by Central Liaoning while Southern Liaoning was the lowest, and thelater three ecological regions respectively reduced by12.66%,13.82%and15.57%comparedwith Northern Liaoning. Differences of cintent of grain fat of different ecological regionswere the same as content of grain protein, and Western Liaoning, Central Liaoning andSouthern Liaoning respectively reduced by3.45%,10.10%and16.62%compared withNorthern Liaoning. Differences of content of grain starch and test weight of grain of differentecological regions were both not obvious. Comprehensive comparison, content of grainprotein and fat of Northern Liaoning were both the highest while content of grain starch waslower and test weight of grain were the smallest; content of grain starch of Central Liaoningwas the lowest, content of grain protein and fat were both lower, and test weight of grain wasalso smaller; content of grain starch of Western Liaoning was the highest, content of grainprotein and fat were both higher and test weight of grain was also larger; test weight of grainof Southern Liaoning was the largest and content of grain starch was higher, but content ofgrain protein and fat were both the lowest.
5. Plant of late-maturing and sparse-planting variety was flourished and its growthperiod was longer while its yields of Northern Liaoning, Central Liaoning and WesternLiaoning were not higher than that of medium-late-maturing and close-planting variety andeven in Southern Liaoning late-maturing and sparse-planting variety did not show its yieldadvantage, either. Spikes per unit area of medium-late-maturing and close-planting varietywas more and efficiency of dry matter conversion was also higher compared withlate-maturing and sparse-planting variety, and its reasonable plant morphology made againstto improve the permeability of lower part of population canopy and thereby increased therange of the appropriate density. With the improvement of the range of suitable density, yieldsof medium-late-maturing and close-planting variety in each ecological region improvedsignificantly. Therefore, panicle traits, economic coefficient and density-tolerance ofmedium-late-maturing and close-planting variety were much more coordinated, higher andstronger, and yield potential after density increasing was greater.
1.所有供试品种中有53.6%在辽北的产量最高，且与辽西、辽中之间的差异多数达显著水平；有39.3%在辽西的产量最高，且与辽北、辽中之间的差异多数达极显著水平；只有7.1%在辽中的产量最高；所有品种在辽南的产量均最低，且与其它三个生态区的差异明显。总体上看，辽西的产量最高，辽北次之，辽中第三，辽南最低。后三个生态区分别比辽西低3.39%、6.06%和19.92%。其中辽西、辽北、辽中之间的差异不显著，但三者与辽南的差异均达极显著水平。但各品种在不同密度中出现的最高产量以辽北为最高，辽中次之，辽西第三，辽南最低。后三个生态区分别比辽北低4.90%、5.69%和9.10%。结合不同生态区的降水、光照、温度及土壤肥力条件分，辽北的生产潜力最大，辽中次之，辽西地区在降水条件较好的情况下也可得到较高产量，辽南地区因光照严重不足而最差。
2.辽中的株高最高，辽北次之，辽南第三，辽西最矮，后三个生态区分别比辽中矮2.66%、4.70%和14.48%；叶向值则以辽南为最大，辽中次之，辽北第三，辽西最小，后三个生态区分别比辽南低2.21%、4.50%和20.71%。生育前期适宜的气象条件是辽北、辽中和辽南形成高大繁茂植株的主要原因。但生育中后期的群体冠层通透性受气象条件的影响也较大。其中辽西的群体冠层透光性最好，辽北次之，辽中第三，辽南最差。较好的光照条件是辽西和辽北群体冠层透光性均较好的主要外因；而较差的光照条件和偏多的降水是辽中和辽南群体冠层透光性较差的原因之一。辽北、辽中和辽南的穗位下0.5米处透光率分别比辽西低3.38%、6.94%和10.15%。
3.灌浆期的群体光合生理特性对产量的形成至关重要。光合速率以辽西为最高，辽北次之且与辽西接近，辽中第三，辽南最低，后三个生态区分别比辽西低1.47%、8.22%和12.58%；辽中、辽北和辽西的叶绿素含量较为相近，但成熟期辽南的下降幅度最为明显；辽南的叶面积指数明显大于辽西、辽北和辽中，但成熟期辽南因大幅下降而最低。生育中后期辽北的群体光合有效面积较大、光合有效时间最长，群体光合生理特性较好；辽西的群体光合有效面积虽较小但中后期且光合有效时间较长，群体光合生理特性也较好；辽中因群体的光合有效面积最小且光合有效时间也较短，群体光合生理特性较差；辽南群体光合有效面积虽最大，但光合有效时间缩短明显，群体光合生理特性最差。
4.不同生态区籽粒营养成分的差异各异。籽粒蛋白质含量以辽北最高，辽西与辽中居中，辽南最低，后三个生态区辽北低12.66%、13.82%和15.57%；籽粒脂肪含量在各生态区的差异与籽粒蛋白质含量相同，辽西、辽中和辽南分别比辽北低3.45%、10.10%和16.62%；而不同生态区籽粒淀粉含量和籽粒容重的差异均较小。综合比较，辽北的籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量均最高，但籽粒淀粉含量较低且籽粒容重最小；辽中的籽粒淀粉含量最低，籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量均较低、籽粒容重也较小；辽西的籽粒淀粉含量最高，籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量均较高且籽粒容重也较大；辽南的籽粒容重最大，籽粒淀粉含量较高，但籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量均最低。
5.不同生态区晚熟稀植大穗品种的植株高大繁茂且生育期较长，但其在辽北、辽中和辽西的产量并不高于中晚熟耐密植品种，且即使在辽南，晚熟稀植大穗品种也并没有显示出其产量优势。而与晚熟稀植大穗品种相比，中晚熟耐密植品种的单位面积穗数较多且干物质向籽粒转化效率较高，加之其合理的植株形态利于提高群体冠层中下部的通透性，进而提高其适宜密度范围。随着适宜密度范围的提高，其在各生态区的产量也就均有明显提高。可见，中晚熟耐密植品种的穗部性状更协调、经济系数更高、耐密性更强、增密增产潜力更大。
The test was carried out in Jin Jia Town of Changtu County in northern Liaoning,Agricultural Research Institute of Liaoyang City in central Liaoning, Guben Town of FuxinMongolian Autonomous County in western Liaoning and Geng Town of Hai Cheng city insouthern Liaoning from2010to2011.Using twenty-eight representative and popularizedvarieties of Liaoning province as experimental materials, maize production potential, featuresof population structure, physiological characteristics, quality properties and choices ofcultivar type were explored in order to provide references for maize high-yield cultivationand theoretical studies of different ecological regions of Liaoning Province. The main resultsare as follows:
1. Yields of53.6%varieties in test were highest in Northern Liaoning and majority ofdifferences with Western Liaoning and Central Liaoning reached obvious level; yields of39.3%varieties in test were the highest in Western Liaoning and majority of differences withNorthern Liaoning and Central Liaoning reached significant level; yields of7.1%varieties intest were the highest in Central Liaoning only; but yields of all the varieties in test were thelowest in Southern Liaoning whose differences with the other three ecological regions wereobvious. Generally speaking, yield of Western Liaoning was the highest, Northern Liaoningwas the second and followed by Central Liaoning while Southern Liaoning was the lowest,and the later three ecological regions respectively reduced by3.39%,6.06%and19.92%compared with Western Liaoning. Differences of Western Liaoning, Northern Liaoning andCentral Liaoning were not significant, but differences between Southern Liaoning and theother three ecological regions came to highly significant level. The highest yield of allvarieties in different densities was the largest in Northern Liaoning, Central Liaoning was thesecond and followed by Western Liaoning while Southern Liaoning was the lowest, and thelater three ecological regions respectively reduced by4.90%,5.69%and9.10%comparedwith Northern Liaoning. Combining with precipitation, light, temperature and soil fertilityconditions of different ecological regions, production potential of Northern Liaoning was thelargest and followed by Central Liaoning. Western Liaoning can get a higher yield under thebetter conditions of precipitation, but Southern Liaoning was the lowest due to the worst lightcondition.
2. Plant height of Central Liaoning was the highest, Northern Liaoning was the secondand followed by Southern Liaoning while Western Liaoning was the lowest, and the laterthree ecological regions respectively reduced by2.66%,4.70%and14.48%compared with Central Liaoning. Leaf orientation value of Southern Liaoning was the largest, CentralLiaoning was the second and followed by Northern Liaoning while Western Liaoning was thesmallest, and the later three ecological regions respectively reduced by2.21%,4.50%and20.71%compared with Central Liaoning. Suitable meteorological conditions of the earlygrowth stage was the main reason for the formation of tall and flourish plant in northernLiaoning, Liaoning and southern Liaoning. But effects of meteorological conditions oncanopy permeability of the middle and late growth stage were also larger. Canopy lighttransmittance of Western Liaoning the best, Northern Liaoning was the second and followedby Central Liaoning while Southern Liaoning was the worst. Better light condition was themain external cause for better canopy light transmittance of Western Liaoning and NorthernLiaoning; poor light conditions and above normal precipitation was one of the reasons toworse canopy light transmittance of Central Liaoning and Southern Liaoning. Transmittanceof0.5meters below ear position of Northern Liaoning, Central Liaoning and SouthernLiaoning was3.38%,6.94%and10.15%lower than Western Liaoning respectively.
3. Characteristics of population physiological photosynthesis were vital for yieldformation. Photosynthetic rate of Western Liaoning was the highest, Northern Liaoning wasthe second and close to Western Liaoning and followed by Central Liaoning while SouthernLiaoning was the lowest, and the later three ecological regions respectively reduced by1.47%,8.22%and12.58%compared with Western Liaoning. Content of chlorophyll of CentralLiaoning, Northern Liaoning and Western Liaoning was almost the same while the decline ofSouthern Liaoning was the most obvious in mature stage. Leaf index of Southern Liaoningwas obviously larger than that of Western Liaoning, Northern Liaoning and Central Liaoningwhile Southern Liaoning was the lowest because of significant decline in mature stage. In themiddle and late growth stage, effective area of population photosynthesis of NorthernLiaoning was larger and effective time of photosynthesis was the longest, and itscharacteristics of population photosynthetic physiology were better; though effective area ofpopulation photosynthesis of Western Liaoning was smaller, effective time of photosynthesiswas the longer, and its characteristics of population photosynthetic physiology were alsobetter; because of the smallest effective area of population photosynthesis and the shortesteffective time of photosynthesis, characteristics of population photosynthetic physiology ofCentral Liaoning was worse; effective area of population photosynthesis of SouthernLiaoning was the largest, but the decline of effective time of photosynthesis was much moreobvious so its characteristics of population photosynthetic physiology were worst.
4. Content of grain nutrition of the different ecological regions differed from each other.Content of grain protein of Northern Liaoning was the highest, Western Liaoning was thesecond and followed by Central Liaoning while Southern Liaoning was the lowest, and thelater three ecological regions respectively reduced by12.66%,13.82%and15.57%comparedwith Northern Liaoning. Differences of cintent of grain fat of different ecological regionswere the same as content of grain protein, and Western Liaoning, Central Liaoning andSouthern Liaoning respectively reduced by3.45%,10.10%and16.62%compared withNorthern Liaoning. Differences of content of grain starch and test weight of grain of differentecological regions were both not obvious. Comprehensive comparison, content of grainprotein and fat of Northern Liaoning were both the highest while content of grain starch waslower and test weight of grain were the smallest; content of grain starch of Central Liaoningwas the lowest, content of grain protein and fat were both lower, and test weight of grain wasalso smaller; content of grain starch of Western Liaoning was the highest, content of grainprotein and fat were both higher and test weight of grain was also larger; test weight of grainof Southern Liaoning was the largest and content of grain starch was higher, but content ofgrain protein and fat were both the lowest.
5. Plant of late-maturing and sparse-planting variety was flourished and its growthperiod was longer while its yields of Northern Liaoning, Central Liaoning and WesternLiaoning were not higher than that of medium-late-maturing and close-planting variety andeven in Southern Liaoning late-maturing and sparse-planting variety did not show its yieldadvantage, either. Spikes per unit area of medium-late-maturing and close-planting varietywas more and efficiency of dry matter conversion was also higher compared withlate-maturing and sparse-planting variety, and its reasonable plant morphology made againstto improve the permeability of lower part of population canopy and thereby increased therange of the appropriate density. With the improvement of the range of suitable density, yieldsof medium-late-maturing and close-planting variety in each ecological region improvedsignificantly. Therefore, panicle traits, economic coefficient and density-tolerance ofmedium-late-maturing and close-planting variety were much more coordinated, higher andstronger, and yield potential after density increasing was greater.
引文
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