水下无线通信网络安全关键技术研究
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摘要
研制低成本、高能效、高可靠性、高安全性的水下无线通信网络对于海洋环境监控、海洋资源开发等研究领域具有重要的理论意义和经济价值。由于受自身特性限制和水声通信环境制约，水下无线通信网络面临各种威胁和攻击，然而现有的水下通信研究多以节省能耗、延长网络寿命为出发点，忽视了潜在的安全问题。因此，研究现有水下无线通信技术存在的安全隐患，针对其面临的安全威胁和安全需求，设计适用于水下无线通信网络的安全技术和安全体系，具有重要的意义。本文对水下无线通信网络的若干安全关键技术进行了研究，并提出了一种适用于水下无线通信网络的安全体系。本文的主要研究内容包括：
(1)研究了现有水下无线通信技术存在的安全隐患，并对现有水下安全技术进行了简要介绍。对各种攻击和安全威胁进行了相应研究，分析了各种攻击的特点及防御技术。根据水下无线通信网络的安全需求，提出了一种适用于水下分簇拓扑结构无线通信网络的安全体系，该安全体系由基于分簇拓扑的安全管理机制，基于能量和信任的安全成簇策略和基于分簇的安全MAC协议组成。
(2)提出了一种基于分簇拓扑的安全管理机制，该机制主要包括：分级混合加密机制、分级混合密钥管理机制、分级信任管理机制和基于信任的恶意节点检测机制。分级混合加密机制将加密体系分为簇内通信加密和簇间通信加密，簇内通信加密采用对称加密机制，簇间通信加密采用混合加密机制；分级混合密钥管理机制将密钥管理体系分为簇内密钥管理和簇间密钥管理，综合采用密钥预分配策略和基于密钥分配中心的策略；分级信任管理机制将信任值的计算和管理分为三层，在成员节点上的信任计算、在簇头节点上的信任计算和在网关节点上的信任计算；基于信任的恶意节点检测机制将信任值作为判断节点恶意行为的依据，确定受攻击区域后通过查询构建区域路由树，从而确定恶意节点。
(3)针对二维水下分簇拓扑，提出了一种基于能量和信任的安全成簇策略。该安全成簇策略主要由三部分构成：初始化阶段，簇头重选阶段和拓扑维护阶段。初始化阶段进行全网成簇，采用最小能耗成簇策略，成簇后网络结构固定；簇头重选阶段采用能量和信任值做为评价因子，由现任簇头对成员节点进行评估，选出综合评价因子最高的候选节点作为新任簇头；拓扑维护阶段主要负责监控簇内节点的状态，在拓扑结构发生变化时采用相应策略及时对网络拓扑进行维护。
(4)针对现有水下MAC协议存在的安全问题，提出了一种基于分簇拓扑的安全MAC协议，该协议由簇内安全MAC协议与簇间安全MAC协议两部分组成。1)簇内采用TDMA协议，通过优化时隙分配机制提高了信道利用率；为满足高优先级、猝发通信的需求，引入了猝发通信机制，增强了协议的自适应性和可扩展性；簇间采用基于握手机制的CDMA协议，采用CDMA多址技术为每个簇分配不同扩频码，保证不同簇的控制帧和数据帧不会产生冲突，提高了信道利用率。2)引入了安全机制，增强了MAC协议的安全性：采用混沌扩频码代替传统的伪随机序列，增强了CDMA通信系统的的安全性；采用对称加密机制对保证了数据的机密性，并采用消息验证码保证了数据的完整性；对簇间握手机制的控制帧(RTS/CTS)采用基于身份的加密，保证了链路建立的安全性；并将簇间链路的建立与密钥协商融为一体，减少了额外的能量消耗，延长了节点的生存期。
The development and design of low-cost, energy efficiency, high reliability, high securityunderwater wireless communication nestworks(UWCNs) has important theoretical significanceand economic value for the research of marine environmental monitoring and marine resourcesdevelopment. Due to the inherent characteristics of UWCNs and the constraints of underwateracoustic channel, UWCNs are vulnerable to various threats and attacks. Almost all the exisitingresearches on UWCNs are desigened for the purpose of saving energy to prolong the networklifetime. However, the security issues of UWCNs are neglected in these researches. It is importantto study the potential security risks of exisiting technologies and design security system forUWCNs. Therefore, the key security technologies are studied and a security system designed forUWCNs is proposed in this paper. The major contents of this paper can be described as follow:
(1) Exisiting researches and the potential security risks are introduced in brief; in addition,exisiting security researches of UWCNs are introduced and studied. The threats and attacks andthe corresponding defending technique are studied. A security system which is suitable for cluster–based UWCNs is designed based on the secure requirement. The security system is composed ofcluster-based security management mechanism, secure clustering scheme based on energy andtrust (SCS-BET), and cluster based secure MAC (CBS-MAC).
(2) A cluster-based security management mechanism is proposed for cluster–based UWCNs inthis thesis. The security management mechanism includes: hierarchical hybrid encryptionmechanism, hierarchical hybrid key management mechanism, hierarchical trust managementmechanism, and trust-based malicious node detection mechanism. The hierarchical hybridencryption mechanism is composed of intra-cluster secure communication and inter-cluster securecommunication. The intra-cluster secure communication uses symmetric encryption algorithms,and the inter-cluster secure communication utilizes hybrid encryption mechanism. Thehierarchical hybrid key management mechanism is composed of intra-cluster key managementscheme and intra-cluster key management scheme. The hierarchical trust management mechanismdivides the trust computing to three levels: trust computing at member node, trust computing atcluster-head, and trust computing at sink node. The trust-based malicious node detectionmechanism takes the trust value for detecting maliciou nodes’behaviors, determines the attackedregion and builts routing tree to detect the malicious node.
(3) A secure clustering scheme based on energy and trust (SCS-BET) is proposed for cluster–based UWCNs. The secure clustering scheme consists of initialization phase, cluster-head (CH)reselection phase, and topology maintain phase. In the initialization phase, a minimum costclusting scheme is utilized. After the initialization phase, the network topology is fixed. In the CHreselection phase, the trust value and the residual energy are used as evaluation factors. The newCH is assigned by current CH with the highest evaluation values. In the topology maintain phase,the nodes’ status are monitored by CH. Once the network topology changes, correspondingstrategies are used to matain the network topology.
(4) A cluster based secure MAC protocol (CBS-MAC) is proposed to solove the security problems in MAC layer. The CBS-MAC protocol is composed of intra-cluster secure MACprotocol and inter-cluster secure MAC protocol.1) The TDMA protocol is used in intra-clustercommunication, and an optimized time slot assignment mechanism is proposed to enhance thechannel utilization. To satisfy the requirment of bursting and high-level data transmission, abursting communication mechanism is proposed. The handshake CDMA protocol is uese ininter-cluster communication to enhance the channel utilization. The protocol utilizes CDMAtechnology to assign different spreading code to each cluster.2) Security mechanism is utilized toenhancethe security of the MAC protocol. The pseudo-random sequences are replaced by chaoticspread-spectrum sequence to improve the security of CDMA system. The symmetric encryptionmechanism is used to ensure the confidentiality of data, and the message authentication code isused to ensure the integrity. The identity–based encryption mechanism is uesed to encrypt thecontrol frames (RTS/CTS) to guarantees the security of establishing links between CHs. The keyagreement phase is combined with the establishment of link to save energy and prolong thenetwork lifetime.
(1)研究了现有水下无线通信技术存在的安全隐患，并对现有水下安全技术进行了简要介绍。对各种攻击和安全威胁进行了相应研究，分析了各种攻击的特点及防御技术。根据水下无线通信网络的安全需求，提出了一种适用于水下分簇拓扑结构无线通信网络的安全体系，该安全体系由基于分簇拓扑的安全管理机制，基于能量和信任的安全成簇策略和基于分簇的安全MAC协议组成。
(2)提出了一种基于分簇拓扑的安全管理机制，该机制主要包括：分级混合加密机制、分级混合密钥管理机制、分级信任管理机制和基于信任的恶意节点检测机制。分级混合加密机制将加密体系分为簇内通信加密和簇间通信加密，簇内通信加密采用对称加密机制，簇间通信加密采用混合加密机制；分级混合密钥管理机制将密钥管理体系分为簇内密钥管理和簇间密钥管理，综合采用密钥预分配策略和基于密钥分配中心的策略；分级信任管理机制将信任值的计算和管理分为三层，在成员节点上的信任计算、在簇头节点上的信任计算和在网关节点上的信任计算；基于信任的恶意节点检测机制将信任值作为判断节点恶意行为的依据，确定受攻击区域后通过查询构建区域路由树，从而确定恶意节点。
(3)针对二维水下分簇拓扑，提出了一种基于能量和信任的安全成簇策略。该安全成簇策略主要由三部分构成：初始化阶段，簇头重选阶段和拓扑维护阶段。初始化阶段进行全网成簇，采用最小能耗成簇策略，成簇后网络结构固定；簇头重选阶段采用能量和信任值做为评价因子，由现任簇头对成员节点进行评估，选出综合评价因子最高的候选节点作为新任簇头；拓扑维护阶段主要负责监控簇内节点的状态，在拓扑结构发生变化时采用相应策略及时对网络拓扑进行维护。
(4)针对现有水下MAC协议存在的安全问题，提出了一种基于分簇拓扑的安全MAC协议，该协议由簇内安全MAC协议与簇间安全MAC协议两部分组成。1)簇内采用TDMA协议，通过优化时隙分配机制提高了信道利用率；为满足高优先级、猝发通信的需求，引入了猝发通信机制，增强了协议的自适应性和可扩展性；簇间采用基于握手机制的CDMA协议，采用CDMA多址技术为每个簇分配不同扩频码，保证不同簇的控制帧和数据帧不会产生冲突，提高了信道利用率。2)引入了安全机制，增强了MAC协议的安全性：采用混沌扩频码代替传统的伪随机序列，增强了CDMA通信系统的的安全性；采用对称加密机制对保证了数据的机密性，并采用消息验证码保证了数据的完整性；对簇间握手机制的控制帧(RTS/CTS)采用基于身份的加密，保证了链路建立的安全性；并将簇间链路的建立与密钥协商融为一体，减少了额外的能量消耗，延长了节点的生存期。
The development and design of low-cost, energy efficiency, high reliability, high securityunderwater wireless communication nestworks(UWCNs) has important theoretical significanceand economic value for the research of marine environmental monitoring and marine resourcesdevelopment. Due to the inherent characteristics of UWCNs and the constraints of underwateracoustic channel, UWCNs are vulnerable to various threats and attacks. Almost all the exisitingresearches on UWCNs are desigened for the purpose of saving energy to prolong the networklifetime. However, the security issues of UWCNs are neglected in these researches. It is importantto study the potential security risks of exisiting technologies and design security system forUWCNs. Therefore, the key security technologies are studied and a security system designed forUWCNs is proposed in this paper. The major contents of this paper can be described as follow:
(1) Exisiting researches and the potential security risks are introduced in brief; in addition,exisiting security researches of UWCNs are introduced and studied. The threats and attacks andthe corresponding defending technique are studied. A security system which is suitable for cluster–based UWCNs is designed based on the secure requirement. The security system is composed ofcluster-based security management mechanism, secure clustering scheme based on energy andtrust (SCS-BET), and cluster based secure MAC (CBS-MAC).
(2) A cluster-based security management mechanism is proposed for cluster–based UWCNs inthis thesis. The security management mechanism includes: hierarchical hybrid encryptionmechanism, hierarchical hybrid key management mechanism, hierarchical trust managementmechanism, and trust-based malicious node detection mechanism. The hierarchical hybridencryption mechanism is composed of intra-cluster secure communication and inter-cluster securecommunication. The intra-cluster secure communication uses symmetric encryption algorithms,and the inter-cluster secure communication utilizes hybrid encryption mechanism. Thehierarchical hybrid key management mechanism is composed of intra-cluster key managementscheme and intra-cluster key management scheme. The hierarchical trust management mechanismdivides the trust computing to three levels: trust computing at member node, trust computing atcluster-head, and trust computing at sink node. The trust-based malicious node detectionmechanism takes the trust value for detecting maliciou nodes’behaviors, determines the attackedregion and builts routing tree to detect the malicious node.
(3) A secure clustering scheme based on energy and trust (SCS-BET) is proposed for cluster–based UWCNs. The secure clustering scheme consists of initialization phase, cluster-head (CH)reselection phase, and topology maintain phase. In the initialization phase, a minimum costclusting scheme is utilized. After the initialization phase, the network topology is fixed. In the CHreselection phase, the trust value and the residual energy are used as evaluation factors. The newCH is assigned by current CH with the highest evaluation values. In the topology maintain phase,the nodes’ status are monitored by CH. Once the network topology changes, correspondingstrategies are used to matain the network topology.
(4) A cluster based secure MAC protocol (CBS-MAC) is proposed to solove the security problems in MAC layer. The CBS-MAC protocol is composed of intra-cluster secure MACprotocol and inter-cluster secure MAC protocol.1) The TDMA protocol is used in intra-clustercommunication, and an optimized time slot assignment mechanism is proposed to enhance thechannel utilization. To satisfy the requirment of bursting and high-level data transmission, abursting communication mechanism is proposed. The handshake CDMA protocol is uese ininter-cluster communication to enhance the channel utilization. The protocol utilizes CDMAtechnology to assign different spreading code to each cluster.2) Security mechanism is utilized toenhancethe security of the MAC protocol. The pseudo-random sequences are replaced by chaoticspread-spectrum sequence to improve the security of CDMA system. The symmetric encryptionmechanism is used to ensure the confidentiality of data, and the message authentication code isused to ensure the integrity. The identity–based encryption mechanism is uesed to encrypt thecontrol frames (RTS/CTS) to guarantees the security of establishing links between CHs. The keyagreement phase is combined with the establishment of link to save energy and prolong thenetwork lifetime.
引文
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