硫素营养对大豆产质量影响的研究
摘要
本试验于2003-2004年在中科院海伦农业生态试验站进行。采用三个类型品种东农46(高油)、黑农35(高蛋白)和北9395(丰产型),四个硫肥水平(0kg/hm~2,30kg/hm~2,60kg/hm~2,90kg/hm~2),分别以盆栽和小区试验研究了硫素营养对大豆光合作用、氮素代谢、硫素积累与分配以及对产量和品质的影响,试验结果表明:
在本试验土壤基础肥力上适当增施硫肥可以提高叶面积,当硫素超过一定水平(60kg/hm~2)后会抑制苗期至盛花期间叶片的扩展速度,但这种抑制作用会随生育进程的推进逐渐降低。施用硫肥能提高叶片叶绿素含量,尤其开花至鼓粒期叶片叶绿素含量随施硫量增加而增加。不同品种干物质积累量对硫肥的敏感性不同,黑农35在S_0-S_(60)范围内增加施硫量可促进干物质积累,S_(90)处理干物质积累量反而降低。北9395和东农46干物质积累量均是S_(60)处理即在某些生育时期表现降低的效应。地上部和根系干物质积累量呈显著或极显著正相关,增加施硫量可协调高油品种(黑农35)根系及地上植株的平衡生长,对于丰产型(北9395)品种,施硫主要促进根系的发育。
硫肥对不同品种各部位碳素、可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量均产生影响。硫肥对碳素含量的影响主要是提高苗期至盛花期叶片碳素含量,而对其它器官碳素含量影响极小。硫肥对可溶性糖产生重要影响的时期与可溶性糖含量的峰值期基本一致,但因品种而异:黑农35主要体现在苗期至始花期以及鼓粒至生理成熟期;东农46为苗期至盛花期;北9395为始花至盛花期以及鼓粒至生理成熟期。苗期茎杆和叶片中可溶性糖含量表现为随施硫量增加而降低,而其它生育时期则表现在一定范围内随施硫量增加而增加,过高施硫含量降低,适宜硫肥水平因品种而异。硫肥对茎杆和叶片蔗糖含量在特定时期作用效果不同:开花期以后,茎杆中蔗糖含量随施硫量增加而降低,而叶片中蔗糖含量在一定硫素水平内随施硫量增加而增加,但施硫量过高含量降低。硫肥能提高结荚期和鼓粒期茎杆和叶片淀粉含量,但过高施硫叶片中淀粉含量降低。
硫肥对大豆氮素代谢有重要影响,能显著提高大豆开花期叶片硝酸还原酶活性,并使其活性长时间保持较高水平。施硫能促进植株对氮素的吸收和积累,提高茎、叶氮素运转量、运转率和氮素收获指数。硫素水平能改变氮素在作物体内的分配方向,这可由茎杆中氮素积累量在高硫水平下较高,叶片则在较低供硫水平下氮素积累量较高证实。适当施硫能促进根瘤固氮作用,主要是提高苗期至盛花期茎秆和叶片中酰脲的含量。
根际高浓度硫素供应水平能够促进根系对硫素的吸收。硫素的分配中心随生育进程不断发生变化,结荚期以前,硫主要集中在根、叶中,随生育期推进,分配中心逐渐向子粒转移,但根系始终保持相对较高的积累量。植株吸收硫素的高峰期在盛花期和鼓粒期。根、茎、叶和荚皮中硫素含量在生育期内的变化趋势均呈下降趋势,子粒硫素含量则持续增加,各营养器官硫素含量受外源硫素浓度影响很大,总体表现为施硫处理硫素含量高于不施硫处理。黑农35成熟子粒硫素含量表现为施硫处理高于不施硫处理,而东农46和北9395子粒硫素含量则表现相反。
大豆植株各器官N/S在各生育时期受硫肥影响很大,总体为施硫降低N/S,但叶片中N/S在一定硫肥水平内相对稳定,过量施硫显著降低,叶片中N/S可以作为大豆硫素营养诊断指
This research was conducted at Hailun Agro-ecological experiment station of the Science Research Institute of China from 2003 to 2004. Three cultivars, Dongnong46 (high-oil), Heinong35 (high-protein) and Bei9395 (high-yield), were tested in this research by means of pots and fields experiments with four sulfur application levels (0kg/hm2, 30 kg/hm2, 60 kg/hm2, 90 kg/hm2) to study the effects of sulfur on photosynthesis, N-metabolism, accumulation and distribution of S, quality and yield of soybean. The results showed that:On the base of the soil fertility of this research, properly sulfur application could increase green leaf area, but when surpassed certain level (60 kg/hm2) , the expansion rate of leaf from seedling stage to florescence was restrained apparently, and this effect was dying out with the development of the plants. The content of chlorophyll in foliage, especially from florescence to pod-filling stage, increased greatly with the increase of sulfur application. The reaction of dry matter accumulation to sulfur is different according to cultivars. Dry matter weight of Heinong35 was enhanced with the increase of sulfur between 0-60kg/hm 2, and decreased under 90kg/hm2. While, for Dongnong46 and Bei9395, 60kg/hm2 application seemed to be an over dressing. Dry matter weight in the shoots and roots showed a significantly or most significantly positive correlationship. For high-oil variety, increasing sulfur application could stimulate the growth of shoots and roots jointly, while, for high-yielding variety, sulfur promoted the growth of roots chiefly.Carbon, soluble sugar, sucrose and starch contents in each organ were all influenced by sulfur application. Carbon concentration in the leaves changed obviously, but C% in other organs changed little. The most important influence of sulfur on concentration of soluble sugar showed at the same time as peak point, and different varieties reacted differently. In Heinong35, it showed in the periods from seedling stage to initial-flowering stage and from pod-filling stage to physiological mature stage. In Dongnong46, it showed in the periods from seedling stage to bloom-flowering stage. In Bei9395, it showed in the periods from initial-flowering stage to bloom-flowering stage. At seedling stage, soluble sugar concentrations in the stems and leaves decreased with the increase of sulfur, while at other stages, it increased within some certain levels, and the reactions of different varieties were not the same. Effects of sulfur on the sucrose concentrations in stems and leaves exhibited differently at some special stage, i.e., after flowering stage, the sucrose concentration in stems was lowered with the increase of sulfur, but that in leaves was increased to some extent. Starch concentration in the leaves and stems could be enhanced at pod-setting and pod-filling stages, but more higher sulfur application tends to reduce the starch concentration in leaves.Sulfur had an important effect on N-metabolism. It increased the NR activity significantly and made it keep high level for long time, thus promoted plant to absorb and accumulate more nitrogen, raised the quantity and efficiency of translocation as well as the harvest index of nitrogen. It also
changed the distribution of nitrogen, which could be demonstrated by the fact that the nitrogen contents in stems were higher at the higher sulfur level, while, the nitrogen contents in leaves were higher at the lower sulfur level. Sulfur application promoted nitrogen-fixation ability of nodules, which could be illustrated by the increase of ureide concentrations in the stems and leaves from seedling stage to flowering stage.Sulfur absorbing ability of roots could be enhanced by high concentration of sulfur in rhizosphere. The distribution center was changing with the development of plants. Before pod-setting stage, sulfur was mainly allocated in the roots and leaves, then transferred to the seeds gradually, but the accumulation of sulfur in roots remained higher from the very beginning. The strongest absorption of sulfur was occurred at bloom-flowering stage and pod-filling stage. Sulfur concentration in the roots, stems, leaves and pods showed a declining tendency during the growth period, while that in the seeds increased. In each vegetative organ, sulfur content was affected significantly by different external sulfur concentrations. In generally, it increased in the treatments with sulfur application. Sulfur Concentration in the seeds of Heiong35 with sulfur application was lower than that of which with no application, while in Dongnong46 and Bei9395, it did the reverse.N/S in each organ was much influenced by sulfur. In a gross way, N/S was decreased with sulfur application except that in the leaves, it remained relatively stable within certain sulfur levels. When the sulfur level was too high, it decreased significantly, thus it was advisable to use N/S in the leaves as an indicator to sulfur nutritional diagnosis for soybean. The main reason for the decline of N/S when treated with sulfur application was due to the promotion of sulfur absorption ability stimulated by the high concentration of sulfur in rhizosphere.For high-protein and high-yield cultivars, sulfur increased not only the content of protein, but also the content of amino acid, especially S-containing amino acid. For high-oil cultivar, sulfur was favor for increasing protein content. On the contrary, the contents of most of the amino acids as well as total amino acid descended except His and Arg. There existed an interactive effect between nitrogen and sulfur on the content of amino acids. Sulfur promoted plant to absorb more nitrogen, but high nitrogen application level would restrict the exercise of sulfur's coordinative effects on the amino acids.Sulfur had different effects on oil content according to varieties. In Bei9395, sulfur application decreased oil content in both pot and field experiments. In Dongnong46 and Heinong35, oil contents of S30 treatment were higher in the pot experiment, and that of S60 treatment in the field experiment showed the best. The relative abundance of fatty acid was mainly determined by heredity, the sequence among varieties could-not be changed by sulfur application, but proper sulfur application could modify the balance of fatty acid in some extent. Sulfur application had a little effect on the contents of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid), but exercised a great influence on the contents of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid). This effects showed most obvious in high oil cultivars, then in high-protein cultivars, the least in high-yield cultivars. Nitrogen and sulfur nutrient had interactive effect on the content of fatty acids.
Only oleic acid increased at the higher nitrogen level, others decreased, namely, high nitrogen level was disadvantage for sulfur to balance the contents of fatty acid in the seeds.Effects of sulfur on yields were also different according to cultivars. In pot experiments, the S30 treatment of Heinong35 showed a little increase in yields, while S60 and S90 treatments' yields decreased, and with the increase of sulfur application, the spans of reduction were enlarged. Yield of Bei9395 was increased with the increase of sulfur application level. Sulfur Yield of Dongnong46 increased in some extent, S60 treatment showed the best. In fields experiment, only the yields of Dongnong46S30 treatment increased, the yields of other treatments all decreased.
在本试验土壤基础肥力上适当增施硫肥可以提高叶面积,当硫素超过一定水平(60kg/hm~2)后会抑制苗期至盛花期间叶片的扩展速度,但这种抑制作用会随生育进程的推进逐渐降低。施用硫肥能提高叶片叶绿素含量,尤其开花至鼓粒期叶片叶绿素含量随施硫量增加而增加。不同品种干物质积累量对硫肥的敏感性不同,黑农35在S_0-S_(60)范围内增加施硫量可促进干物质积累,S_(90)处理干物质积累量反而降低。北9395和东农46干物质积累量均是S_(60)处理即在某些生育时期表现降低的效应。地上部和根系干物质积累量呈显著或极显著正相关,增加施硫量可协调高油品种(黑农35)根系及地上植株的平衡生长,对于丰产型(北9395)品种,施硫主要促进根系的发育。
硫肥对不同品种各部位碳素、可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量均产生影响。硫肥对碳素含量的影响主要是提高苗期至盛花期叶片碳素含量,而对其它器官碳素含量影响极小。硫肥对可溶性糖产生重要影响的时期与可溶性糖含量的峰值期基本一致,但因品种而异:黑农35主要体现在苗期至始花期以及鼓粒至生理成熟期;东农46为苗期至盛花期;北9395为始花至盛花期以及鼓粒至生理成熟期。苗期茎杆和叶片中可溶性糖含量表现为随施硫量增加而降低,而其它生育时期则表现在一定范围内随施硫量增加而增加,过高施硫含量降低,适宜硫肥水平因品种而异。硫肥对茎杆和叶片蔗糖含量在特定时期作用效果不同:开花期以后,茎杆中蔗糖含量随施硫量增加而降低,而叶片中蔗糖含量在一定硫素水平内随施硫量增加而增加,但施硫量过高含量降低。硫肥能提高结荚期和鼓粒期茎杆和叶片淀粉含量,但过高施硫叶片中淀粉含量降低。
硫肥对大豆氮素代谢有重要影响,能显著提高大豆开花期叶片硝酸还原酶活性,并使其活性长时间保持较高水平。施硫能促进植株对氮素的吸收和积累,提高茎、叶氮素运转量、运转率和氮素收获指数。硫素水平能改变氮素在作物体内的分配方向,这可由茎杆中氮素积累量在高硫水平下较高,叶片则在较低供硫水平下氮素积累量较高证实。适当施硫能促进根瘤固氮作用,主要是提高苗期至盛花期茎秆和叶片中酰脲的含量。
根际高浓度硫素供应水平能够促进根系对硫素的吸收。硫素的分配中心随生育进程不断发生变化,结荚期以前,硫主要集中在根、叶中,随生育期推进,分配中心逐渐向子粒转移,但根系始终保持相对较高的积累量。植株吸收硫素的高峰期在盛花期和鼓粒期。根、茎、叶和荚皮中硫素含量在生育期内的变化趋势均呈下降趋势,子粒硫素含量则持续增加,各营养器官硫素含量受外源硫素浓度影响很大,总体表现为施硫处理硫素含量高于不施硫处理。黑农35成熟子粒硫素含量表现为施硫处理高于不施硫处理,而东农46和北9395子粒硫素含量则表现相反。
大豆植株各器官N/S在各生育时期受硫肥影响很大,总体为施硫降低N/S,但叶片中N/S在一定硫肥水平内相对稳定,过量施硫显著降低,叶片中N/S可以作为大豆硫素营养诊断指
This research was conducted at Hailun Agro-ecological experiment station of the Science Research Institute of China from 2003 to 2004. Three cultivars, Dongnong46 (high-oil), Heinong35 (high-protein) and Bei9395 (high-yield), were tested in this research by means of pots and fields experiments with four sulfur application levels (0kg/hm2, 30 kg/hm2, 60 kg/hm2, 90 kg/hm2) to study the effects of sulfur on photosynthesis, N-metabolism, accumulation and distribution of S, quality and yield of soybean. The results showed that:On the base of the soil fertility of this research, properly sulfur application could increase green leaf area, but when surpassed certain level (60 kg/hm2) , the expansion rate of leaf from seedling stage to florescence was restrained apparently, and this effect was dying out with the development of the plants. The content of chlorophyll in foliage, especially from florescence to pod-filling stage, increased greatly with the increase of sulfur application. The reaction of dry matter accumulation to sulfur is different according to cultivars. Dry matter weight of Heinong35 was enhanced with the increase of sulfur between 0-60kg/hm 2, and decreased under 90kg/hm2. While, for Dongnong46 and Bei9395, 60kg/hm2 application seemed to be an over dressing. Dry matter weight in the shoots and roots showed a significantly or most significantly positive correlationship. For high-oil variety, increasing sulfur application could stimulate the growth of shoots and roots jointly, while, for high-yielding variety, sulfur promoted the growth of roots chiefly.Carbon, soluble sugar, sucrose and starch contents in each organ were all influenced by sulfur application. Carbon concentration in the leaves changed obviously, but C% in other organs changed little. The most important influence of sulfur on concentration of soluble sugar showed at the same time as peak point, and different varieties reacted differently. In Heinong35, it showed in the periods from seedling stage to initial-flowering stage and from pod-filling stage to physiological mature stage. In Dongnong46, it showed in the periods from seedling stage to bloom-flowering stage. In Bei9395, it showed in the periods from initial-flowering stage to bloom-flowering stage. At seedling stage, soluble sugar concentrations in the stems and leaves decreased with the increase of sulfur, while at other stages, it increased within some certain levels, and the reactions of different varieties were not the same. Effects of sulfur on the sucrose concentrations in stems and leaves exhibited differently at some special stage, i.e., after flowering stage, the sucrose concentration in stems was lowered with the increase of sulfur, but that in leaves was increased to some extent. Starch concentration in the leaves and stems could be enhanced at pod-setting and pod-filling stages, but more higher sulfur application tends to reduce the starch concentration in leaves.Sulfur had an important effect on N-metabolism. It increased the NR activity significantly and made it keep high level for long time, thus promoted plant to absorb and accumulate more nitrogen, raised the quantity and efficiency of translocation as well as the harvest index of nitrogen. It also
changed the distribution of nitrogen, which could be demonstrated by the fact that the nitrogen contents in stems were higher at the higher sulfur level, while, the nitrogen contents in leaves were higher at the lower sulfur level. Sulfur application promoted nitrogen-fixation ability of nodules, which could be illustrated by the increase of ureide concentrations in the stems and leaves from seedling stage to flowering stage.Sulfur absorbing ability of roots could be enhanced by high concentration of sulfur in rhizosphere. The distribution center was changing with the development of plants. Before pod-setting stage, sulfur was mainly allocated in the roots and leaves, then transferred to the seeds gradually, but the accumulation of sulfur in roots remained higher from the very beginning. The strongest absorption of sulfur was occurred at bloom-flowering stage and pod-filling stage. Sulfur concentration in the roots, stems, leaves and pods showed a declining tendency during the growth period, while that in the seeds increased. In each vegetative organ, sulfur content was affected significantly by different external sulfur concentrations. In generally, it increased in the treatments with sulfur application. Sulfur Concentration in the seeds of Heiong35 with sulfur application was lower than that of which with no application, while in Dongnong46 and Bei9395, it did the reverse.N/S in each organ was much influenced by sulfur. In a gross way, N/S was decreased with sulfur application except that in the leaves, it remained relatively stable within certain sulfur levels. When the sulfur level was too high, it decreased significantly, thus it was advisable to use N/S in the leaves as an indicator to sulfur nutritional diagnosis for soybean. The main reason for the decline of N/S when treated with sulfur application was due to the promotion of sulfur absorption ability stimulated by the high concentration of sulfur in rhizosphere.For high-protein and high-yield cultivars, sulfur increased not only the content of protein, but also the content of amino acid, especially S-containing amino acid. For high-oil cultivar, sulfur was favor for increasing protein content. On the contrary, the contents of most of the amino acids as well as total amino acid descended except His and Arg. There existed an interactive effect between nitrogen and sulfur on the content of amino acids. Sulfur promoted plant to absorb more nitrogen, but high nitrogen application level would restrict the exercise of sulfur's coordinative effects on the amino acids.Sulfur had different effects on oil content according to varieties. In Bei9395, sulfur application decreased oil content in both pot and field experiments. In Dongnong46 and Heinong35, oil contents of S30 treatment were higher in the pot experiment, and that of S60 treatment in the field experiment showed the best. The relative abundance of fatty acid was mainly determined by heredity, the sequence among varieties could-not be changed by sulfur application, but proper sulfur application could modify the balance of fatty acid in some extent. Sulfur application had a little effect on the contents of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid), but exercised a great influence on the contents of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid). This effects showed most obvious in high oil cultivars, then in high-protein cultivars, the least in high-yield cultivars. Nitrogen and sulfur nutrient had interactive effect on the content of fatty acids.
Only oleic acid increased at the higher nitrogen level, others decreased, namely, high nitrogen level was disadvantage for sulfur to balance the contents of fatty acid in the seeds.Effects of sulfur on yields were also different according to cultivars. In pot experiments, the S30 treatment of Heinong35 showed a little increase in yields, while S60 and S90 treatments' yields decreased, and with the increase of sulfur application, the spans of reduction were enlarged. Yield of Bei9395 was increased with the increase of sulfur application level. Sulfur Yield of Dongnong46 increased in some extent, S60 treatment showed the best. In fields experiment, only the yields of Dongnong46S30 treatment increased, the yields of other treatments all decreased.
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