基于CFD的船舶阻力计算与预报研究
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摘要
船舶阻力是影响船舶快速性的重要内容之一。阻力性能良好的船舶可以提高运输效率,节约能源,也直接关系到船舶的经济性能。船舶阻力性能评估是船型优化的重要依据,阻力的预报方法也一直是船舶工程届永恒的研究主题之一,因此船舶阻力计算和预报研究同时具有重要的学术意义和工程实用价值。
本文系统地回顾和总结了船舶阻力理论计算的发展历程和研究进展,详细介绍了当前国内外船舶CFD的发展趋势和阻力预报方法,采用CFD理论计算手段,基于层流、湍流等理论对航行船体的阻力进行了计算和试验验证,对理论计算中获得的船体压阻力、黏性阻力进行了剥离、分析,与模型试验中获得的剩余阻力等各成分进行了比较和分析,对船体壁面粗糙度对阻力影响进行了探讨,提出基于CFD理论的实船阻力预报方法。
本文创新性地采用了压阻力、黏性摩擦阻力的剥离、分析的方法进行船舶阻力预报研究。研究表明:模型尺度下采用湍流黏性理论模拟计算可以获得与模型试验结果相比相当不错的结果,但模拟计算比较耗时;基于层流黏性理论模拟计算得到的船体黏性阻力不够准确,但计算模拟的时间较短,能捕捉到准确的自由面形状;对模型尺度与实船尺度的渔政船在黏性流计算中的压阻力系数进行比较讨论可知,两者相差不大;高航速工况下基于层流黏性理论计算得到的船体压阻力系数与船模试验得到的船体剩余阻力系数相当;湍流理论计算中粗糙度的加大能够提高船体的阻力结果。
本文基于CFD进行船舶阻力计算和预报研究,对引领船舶工程领域的广大研究者进行更加深入细致地研究船体阻力预报的新方法具有重要意义。
Ship resistance is one of the important factors which affect ship speed performance. Ship with good performance can not only enhance transportation efficiency and saving energy, but also has connection with ship economic performance. Prediction of ship resistance performance is an important basis of ship hull optimization. The prediction method for ship resistance is an eternal research topic in naval architecture engineering field. Research on calculation and prediction for ship resistance shows great academic significance and practical engineering value.
This thesis reviews and summarizes recent developing history and research progress for the theoretical calculation of ship resistance systematically. It has a detailed introduction about the ship CFD developing trends and resistance prediction methods. Taking CFD method, we make numerical calculation for sailing ship based on the laminar and turbulence theories. Compare those calculation results to experiment for verification. Ship resistance from theoretical calculation can be divided into pressure force and viscous force, which are analyzed and compared with the residual force and friction force obtained from model ship experiment. Meanwhile, effects of ship hull wall roughness to resistance have been discussed. From those workings, we propose a method for predicting the ship resistance based on CFD theory.
This thesis creatively divides ship resistance into two components and analyzes them. Put forward a method for research on ship resistance prediction. Research shows that fairly good results compared with model scale ship experiment result can be obtained from turbulence viscous theoretical calculation, but the simulation is time-consuming. It is not accurate enough to adopt laminar viscous model, but the simulation time is short and wave contours can be captured accurately. On the basis of comparing the coefficient of pressure force from model-scale and full-scale ship based on laminar viscous theory, the result shows that they have no great differences. The results obtained from laminar viscous theory simulations at high speed are corresponding to the result from model ship experiment. Enhancement of wall roughness under turbulence viscous theory can increase the ship resistance obviously.
The research on calculation and prediction for ship resistance bases on CFD theories in this thesis. It shows great significance in leading the researchers to get new methods from doing some more deep and detailed research on ship resistance prediction in naval architecture engineering field.
本文系统地回顾和总结了船舶阻力理论计算的发展历程和研究进展,详细介绍了当前国内外船舶CFD的发展趋势和阻力预报方法,采用CFD理论计算手段,基于层流、湍流等理论对航行船体的阻力进行了计算和试验验证,对理论计算中获得的船体压阻力、黏性阻力进行了剥离、分析,与模型试验中获得的剩余阻力等各成分进行了比较和分析,对船体壁面粗糙度对阻力影响进行了探讨,提出基于CFD理论的实船阻力预报方法。
本文创新性地采用了压阻力、黏性摩擦阻力的剥离、分析的方法进行船舶阻力预报研究。研究表明:模型尺度下采用湍流黏性理论模拟计算可以获得与模型试验结果相比相当不错的结果,但模拟计算比较耗时;基于层流黏性理论模拟计算得到的船体黏性阻力不够准确,但计算模拟的时间较短,能捕捉到准确的自由面形状;对模型尺度与实船尺度的渔政船在黏性流计算中的压阻力系数进行比较讨论可知,两者相差不大;高航速工况下基于层流黏性理论计算得到的船体压阻力系数与船模试验得到的船体剩余阻力系数相当;湍流理论计算中粗糙度的加大能够提高船体的阻力结果。
本文基于CFD进行船舶阻力计算和预报研究,对引领船舶工程领域的广大研究者进行更加深入细致地研究船体阻力预报的新方法具有重要意义。
Ship resistance is one of the important factors which affect ship speed performance. Ship with good performance can not only enhance transportation efficiency and saving energy, but also has connection with ship economic performance. Prediction of ship resistance performance is an important basis of ship hull optimization. The prediction method for ship resistance is an eternal research topic in naval architecture engineering field. Research on calculation and prediction for ship resistance shows great academic significance and practical engineering value.
This thesis reviews and summarizes recent developing history and research progress for the theoretical calculation of ship resistance systematically. It has a detailed introduction about the ship CFD developing trends and resistance prediction methods. Taking CFD method, we make numerical calculation for sailing ship based on the laminar and turbulence theories. Compare those calculation results to experiment for verification. Ship resistance from theoretical calculation can be divided into pressure force and viscous force, which are analyzed and compared with the residual force and friction force obtained from model ship experiment. Meanwhile, effects of ship hull wall roughness to resistance have been discussed. From those workings, we propose a method for predicting the ship resistance based on CFD theory.
This thesis creatively divides ship resistance into two components and analyzes them. Put forward a method for research on ship resistance prediction. Research shows that fairly good results compared with model scale ship experiment result can be obtained from turbulence viscous theoretical calculation, but the simulation is time-consuming. It is not accurate enough to adopt laminar viscous model, but the simulation time is short and wave contours can be captured accurately. On the basis of comparing the coefficient of pressure force from model-scale and full-scale ship based on laminar viscous theory, the result shows that they have no great differences. The results obtained from laminar viscous theory simulations at high speed are corresponding to the result from model ship experiment. Enhancement of wall roughness under turbulence viscous theory can increase the ship resistance obviously.
The research on calculation and prediction for ship resistance bases on CFD theories in this thesis. It shows great significance in leading the researchers to get new methods from doing some more deep and detailed research on ship resistance prediction in naval architecture engineering field.
引文
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[4] RAVEN H C. A Practical nonlinear method for calculating ship wavemaking and wave resistance[C]. Proc. 19th Symposium on Naval Ship Hydrodynamics, Seoul, Korea. 1992.
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[7] RAVEN H C. Inviscid calculations of ship wave making capabilities[C], limitations and prospects, 22nd Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. 1998.
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[10] L. Larsson, B. Regnstrom, L. Broberg, et al. Failures, Fantasies, and Feats in theoretical/Numerical Prediction of Ship Performance[C], 22nd Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. 1999.
[11]刘应中,张怀新,李谊乐,缪国平. 21世纪的船舶性能计算和RANS方程[J].船舶力学. 2001, 5(5): 66-84.
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[22] T. Ratcliffe. An Experimental and Computational Study of the Effects of Propulsion on the Free-Surface Flow Astern of Model 5415. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Naval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
[23] M. Beddhu, et al. Computation of Nonlinear Turbulent Free Surface Flows Using the Parallel Uncle Code[C]. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Naval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
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[33] Deng G. B. and Visonneau M. Comparison of Explicit Algebraic Stress models and Second Order Turbulence Closures for Steady Flows around the KVLCC2 Ship at Model and Full Scales[C]. Proc. of Gothenburg 2000-A Workshop on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Chalmers U. of Technology, Gotherburg, Sweden. 2000.
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[2] Dawson C W. A practical computer method for solving ship wave problems[C]. Proc 2nd Int Conf Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Berkeley, USA. 1977: 30-38.
[3] RAVEN H C. Variations on a theme by Dawson[C]. 17th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Hague, Netherlands. 1988: 151-171.
[4] RAVEN H C. A Practical nonlinear method for calculating ship wavemaking and wave resistance[C]. Proc. 19th Symposium on Naval Ship Hydrodynamics, Seoul, Korea. 1992.
[5] RAVEN H C. Nonlinear ship wave calculation using the RAPID method[C]. 6th Int. Conf on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Iowa City, USA. 1993: 1-19.
[6] RAVEN H C, Valkhof H H. Application of nonlinear ship wave calculations in design[C], Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Floating Structures, Seoul, Korea. 1995.
[7] RAVEN H C. Inviscid calculations of ship wave making capabilities[C], limitations and prospects, 22nd Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. 1998.
[8]蔡荣泉.关于船舶CFD的现状和一些认识[J].船舶. 2002,2(1).
[9]张楠,沈泓萃,姚惠之.阻力和流场的CFD不确定度分析探讨[J].船舶力学. 2008.12(2): 211-224.
[10] L. Larsson, B. Regnstrom, L. Broberg, et al. Failures, Fantasies, and Feats in theoretical/Numerical Prediction of Ship Performance[C], 22nd Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. 1999.
[11]刘应中,张怀新,李谊乐,缪国平. 21世纪的船舶性能计算和RANS方程[J].船舶力学. 2001, 5(5): 66-84.
[12] Hess J L, Smith A M O. Calculation of non-lifting potential flow about arbitrary three-dimensional bodies[C]. Douglas Report No E S 40622. 1962
[13]陈京普,朱德祥,何术龙.双体船/三体船兴波阻力数值预报方法研究[J].船舶力学. 2006, 10(2).
[14] Joseph J, Gorski, et al. The Use of a RANS Code in the Design and Analysis of a Naval Combatant[C]. 24th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Fukuoka, Japan. 2002.
[15] K.-S. Min, et al. Study on the CFD Application for VLCC Hull-Form Design[C]. 24th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Fukuoka, Japan. 2002.
[16] Clarence O.E. Burg, Kidambi Sreenivas, Daniel G. Hyams, et al. Unstructured Nonlinear Free Surface Simulations for the Fully-Appended DTMB Model 5415 Series Hull Including Rotating Propulsors[C]. 24th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Fukuoka, Japan. 2000.
[17] Takanori Hino, Kunihide Ohashi. Flow Computations around a Ship With Appendages by an Unstructured Grid Based N-S Solver[C]. The 8th International Conference On Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Busan, Korea. 2003.
[18] P. Bull, et al. Prediction of High Reynolds Number Flow around Naval Vessels[C]. 24th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Fukuoka, Japan. 2002.
[19] Jung-Eun Choi, Keh-Sik Min, et al. Study on the Scale Effects on the Flow Characteristics around a Full Slow-Speed Ship[C]. The 8th International Conference on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Korea. 2003.
[20] D. Hyams, et al. An Unstructured Multielement Solution Algorithm for Complex Geometry Hydrodynamic Simulations[C]. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Naval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
[21] C. W. Lin, S. Percival. Free Surface Viscous Flow Computation Around A Transom Stern Ship By Chimera Overlapping Scheme[C]. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Naval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
[22] T. Ratcliffe. An Experimental and Computational Study of the Effects of Propulsion on the Free-Surface Flow Astern of Model 5415. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Naval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
[23] M. Beddhu, et al. Computation of Nonlinear Turbulent Free Surface Flows Using the Parallel Uncle Code[C]. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Naval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
[24]刘应中,缪国平.高等流体力学[M],第二版.上海:上海交通大学出版社. 2002, 12.
[25]王献孚,周树信,陈泽梁等.计算船舶流体力学[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社. 1991.
[26] Chi Yang, Francis Noblesse, Rainald Lohner, et, al. Practical CFD Applications to Design of a Wave Cancellation Multihull Ship[C]. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium ofNaval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
[27] Tahara Y, Paterson E P, Stern F. et, al. Flow and Wave Field Optimization of Surface Combatant Using CFD-based Optimization methods[C]. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Naval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
[28] Hino T. Shape Optimization of Practical Ship Hull Forms Using Navier-Stokes Analysis[C]. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Nates, France. 1999.
[29] S. Ju, V. Patel. A Numerical Approach for Predicting the Total Resistance and Nominal Wakes of Full-Scale Tankers[C]. 19th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. 1992.
[30] S. Abdallah, et al. Investigation on Scale Effect in Ship Viscous Flow by CFD[C]. 19th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. 1992.
[31] L. Eca, M. Hoekstra. Numerical Calculations of Ship Stern Flows at Full-Scale Renolds numbers[C]. 21st Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Trondheim. 1996.
[32] L. Eca, M. Hoekstra. Numerical Prediction of Scale Effects in Ship Stern Flows with Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Naval Hydrodynamics, Val de Reuil, France. 2000.
[33] Deng G. B. and Visonneau M. Comparison of Explicit Algebraic Stress models and Second Order Turbulence Closures for Steady Flows around the KVLCC2 Ship at Model and Full Scales[C]. Proc. of Gothenburg 2000-A Workshop on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Chalmers U. of Technology, Gotherburg, Sweden. 2000.
[34] Abdel-Maksoud M, Hellwig K, Menter F R. Calculation of the Turbulent Flow around a Model and Full Scale VLCC Ship Hull[C]. Proc. of Gothenburg 2000-A Workshop on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Chalmers U. of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. 2000.
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