典型城市黑臭河道治理后的富营养化分析与预测研究
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摘要
以往对水体富营养化的研究主要集中在海洋、湖泊和水库中,而对于平原河网,尤其是该区域内城市黑臭河道研究的相关报道甚少。黑臭是城市水环境普遍存在的问题。然而,近年来伴随着各项整治措施的实施,城市黑臭河道又出现水华、浮萍泛滥等富营养化次生灾害的新问题。本文即是在这样的背景下,以黑臭问题突出的温州城市河道为研究对象,首次将独立研究的两个概念“黑臭”和“富营养化”联系起来,从调查、评价、机理及预测四方面较为系统地对城市黑臭河道富营养化进行研究,为黑臭河道富营养化及其次生灾害控制理论和富营养化预测管理系统的完善提供参考。本论文研究工作的主要内容和结论如下：
1.通过资料收集、实地考察、野外监测等方法,对温瑞塘河流域水质因子的空间变化和水体黑臭污染状况进行了调查。结果表明：①所有采样点水体基本上发生黑臭,以鹿城段为最差,整个水域的水质变化没有明显的自净梯度。②缓慢的水流速度、适宜的温度和pH、丰富的营养盐,导致整个区域具备了暴发水华的条件。根据水环境调查结果,选取了列入政府重点整治范围并具有不同黑臭背景且富营养化特征明显的勤奋河、九山外河、小南门河、蝉河、山下河和蒲州横河这6条河道做进一步的研究。
2.从水质、浮游生物、底泥三方面系统探讨了城市黑臭河道在治理过程中凸显出的水体富营养化特征。结果表明：①典型黑臭河道始终处于富营养化水平,水质因子受生态调水影响较大；②浮游植物种类均以绿藻和硅藻为主,蓝藻和裸藻次之,其他藻类较少,浮游植物种类的组成上具有河流的普遍特征；以绿藻门镰形纤维藻、小球藻、实球藻和四尾栅藻,隐藻门卵形裸藻,硅藻门扭曲小环藻和裸藻门绿色裸藻等耐污种占有优势；伴随着黑臭控制措施的实施,6条河道曾多次爆发水华。③各采样点不同月份的沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性的变化与表层水中TP浓度的变化较为一致,脲酶活性与表层水TN浓度波动幅度较为一致。
3.引入多元线性回归法和灰色关联度法分析和确定了河道的主要污染物和影响藻类生长的主要因子。得到以下结论：①影响温瑞塘河中叶绿素a主要影响因子排序为：溶解氧1g(DO)、pH值、化学需氧量CODCr、氨氮含量NH3-N、总氮TN、透明度SD、水温WT。由于水体中磷营养盐充足,氮成为温瑞塘河典型黑臭河道藻类生长的主要影响因子,磷污染成为该区域水体富营养化的控制因素。②水中磷营养盐充足,不成为酶活的关键因素。与底泥磷酸酶活性关联最大的水质因子为水温、TN和pH,与底泥脲酶活性关联最大的水质因子为TN、Chla和DO,这也意味着控制底泥微生物活性在一定程度上能影响水体中TN的含量。
4.构建了典型黑臭河道治理后的富营养化综合评价指标体系,并开展水质状态评价。结果表明：①河道虽经治理,但污染负荷仍很高,处于严重黑臭状态,且水体均处于富营养化状态。评价结果发现,水体发生水华现象的同时也处于黑臭状态,这一结果表明,在后期的治理河道中在加强消除黑臭的同时,也要采取相应的措施以防止水华的暴发。②有机污染程度空间分布呈现：SX>CH>QF>JS>XN>PZ。这一结果表明,生态调水效果对水体中氨氮和有机物的浓度改变明显,但维持时间短,主要同河道外源性污染较大有关。这需要在确定优化的闸门调度方案的同时,加大截污纳管的措施力度才能保证生态调水的有效性和持久性。③生物多样性指数法对小型河流的水质评价结果,同藻密度和优势种群判断的评价标准有一定的差别,温瑞塘河整治工程给水体带来的中度干扰和大量氮磷等营养物质的存在是其主要原因。
5.初步构建了基于BP神经网络的Chla预测模型和基于ARMA模型的总磷预测模型。结果表明：①采用BP神经网络模型预测温瑞塘河水体富营养化程度是可行的,其预测模型简单易行,预测精度高,可为温瑞塘河水体富营养化程度评价提供建议。②平稳时间序列预报方法适用于预报变化比较缓和、有一定规律的数据序列,然而对于正在实施大规模恢复工程的九山外河也同样适用。③现行的技术手段和管理策略不能达到控磷的目的,政府需要进行宏观调控并加大整治工作力度。
Previous researches about eutrophication are mainly concentrated on the phenomenon in ocean, lake and reservoir, while eutrophication in tidal plain river networks, especially in urban malodorous rivers, has received less attention. Malodorous black is a common problem for urban aquatic environment. In recent years, along with the implementation of river treatment and restoration, some secondary pollution issues such as algal blooms and duckweed flooding break out in urban malodorous rivers. Based on these backgrounds, this dissertation took urban rivers in Wenzhou City, a typical urban malodorous-black river network, as the research object. The research combined the two separated concepts on the first time, namely malodorous-black and eutrophication, and systematically studied the eutrophication evolution in urban malodorous rivers from the aspects of investigation, assessment, mechanism and prediction, hopefully to provide beneficial references for the theory of malodorous-black transforming to secondary eutrophication as well as the forecast and management of eutrophication in urban rivers. The main work and results of this research are as follows:
1. Through data collecting, field observing and monitoring, the spatial-temporal variation of water quality factors as well as malodorous-black pollution level of the Wenruitang River basin were investigated. The results showed that①almost all the sampling sites had the problem of malodorous-black, especially worst for river section in Lucheng District. No distinct water self-purification gradient was observed in the whole basin;②slow water velocity, abundant nutrients and suitable temperature and pH all contributed to the potential algae bloom in the whole basin. According to the findings of the investigation, six rivers (Qinfen River, Jiushanwai River, Xiaonanmen River, Chan River, Shanxia River and Puzhouheng River) in the key managing region by the local government were selected to be further studied due to their different malodorous-black backgrounds and significant eutrophication characteristics.
2. This dissertation discussed the evolution pattern of the emerging secondary eutrophication after the implementation of river treatment engineering projects from perspectives of water quality, plankton and sediment.①Typical malodorous rivers were always in a level of abundant nutrients, and ecological water diversion would affect water quality factors significantly.②Chlorella and Bacillariophyceae were predominant phytoplankton species, Cyanobacteria and Euglenophyceae were at second place, other kinds of algae were relatively less. The distribution of phytoplankton in six rivers exhibited general features. The predominant pollution tolerance species were as follows:Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlorella, Pandorina, Scenedesmus quadricanda which were classified to Chlorophyta. Cryptomonas ovata, Cyclotella comta and Euglena viridis. Along with the treatment measures of malodorous-black rivers, algae bloom broke out frequently in the six studied rivers.③The temporal variation of alkaline phosphatase activity of sediments from different sampling sites was in accordance with the variation of total phosphorus in surface water, urease activity of sediments was in accordance with total nitrogen in surface water.
3. A comprehensive assessment index system was established and utilized for evaluating eutrophi cation after the treatment of malodorous river.①Despite the river treatment, pollution load was still very high and all the rivers were in a state of eutrophication. Results indicated that algae bloom could also happen when river was malodorous-black. It means that river treatment should take measures to strengthen the reduction of malodorous-black and prevent algae bloom simultaneously.②The spatial distribution of organic contaminants presented an order like SX>CH>QF> JS>XN>PZ. Ecological water diversion can significantly change the concentrations of ammonium and organic matters in river water, but such change can only maintain a short time due to the exogenous pollution. To solve this problem, it requires optimizing water gates operation scheme, and strengthening sewage collecting at the same time in order to ensure the effectiveness and durability of ecological water diversion.③The result of assessment for small rivers by biodiversity index method was not in accordance with that by algal density and dominant species method. It might be attributed to the interference caused by the treatment engineering and abundant nitrogen and phosphorus existing in rivers.
4. Multiple linear regression and gray correlation analysis were adopted to determine the major pollutants of the rivers and the main factors causing algae bloom.①The order of the factors influencing Chl-a in Wenruitang River is lg(DO), pH, CODCr, NH3-N, TN, SD and WT. Since phosphorus was very abundant in Wenruitang River, nitrogen would be the key impacting factor of algae growth in typical malodorous-black rivers, phosphorus would be the controlling factor of eutrophication in these rivers.②Phosphorus was not the critical factor for influencing enzyme activity. Water temperature, total nitrogen and pH were most closely related to sediment phosphatase activity. Total nitrogen, Chl-a and DO were most closely related to sediment urease activity. On the other aspect, it indicates that controlling sediment microbial activity might affect the content of total nitrogen in the surface water to some extent.
5. Prediction models for assessing Chl-a and phosphorus in Wenruitang River were preliminarily constructed.①It is feasible to forecast the eutrophication level of Wenruitang River through a BP neural network model. This model is simple and easy, with high prediction accuracy, and can provide suggestions for evaluating the eutrophication level of Wenruitang River.②ARMA time sequencing model fits to predict data series with mild fluctuation and certain pattern. However, this model can also be applied to Jiushanwai River which was under large scale treatment and restoration then.③Current technical methods and management strategies cannot meet the objective of controlling phosphorus, thus, our government should exercise macro-control and strengthen treatment efforts.
1.通过资料收集、实地考察、野外监测等方法,对温瑞塘河流域水质因子的空间变化和水体黑臭污染状况进行了调查。结果表明：①所有采样点水体基本上发生黑臭,以鹿城段为最差,整个水域的水质变化没有明显的自净梯度。②缓慢的水流速度、适宜的温度和pH、丰富的营养盐,导致整个区域具备了暴发水华的条件。根据水环境调查结果,选取了列入政府重点整治范围并具有不同黑臭背景且富营养化特征明显的勤奋河、九山外河、小南门河、蝉河、山下河和蒲州横河这6条河道做进一步的研究。
2.从水质、浮游生物、底泥三方面系统探讨了城市黑臭河道在治理过程中凸显出的水体富营养化特征。结果表明：①典型黑臭河道始终处于富营养化水平,水质因子受生态调水影响较大；②浮游植物种类均以绿藻和硅藻为主,蓝藻和裸藻次之,其他藻类较少,浮游植物种类的组成上具有河流的普遍特征；以绿藻门镰形纤维藻、小球藻、实球藻和四尾栅藻,隐藻门卵形裸藻,硅藻门扭曲小环藻和裸藻门绿色裸藻等耐污种占有优势；伴随着黑臭控制措施的实施,6条河道曾多次爆发水华。③各采样点不同月份的沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性的变化与表层水中TP浓度的变化较为一致,脲酶活性与表层水TN浓度波动幅度较为一致。
3.引入多元线性回归法和灰色关联度法分析和确定了河道的主要污染物和影响藻类生长的主要因子。得到以下结论：①影响温瑞塘河中叶绿素a主要影响因子排序为：溶解氧1g(DO)、pH值、化学需氧量CODCr、氨氮含量NH3-N、总氮TN、透明度SD、水温WT。由于水体中磷营养盐充足,氮成为温瑞塘河典型黑臭河道藻类生长的主要影响因子,磷污染成为该区域水体富营养化的控制因素。②水中磷营养盐充足,不成为酶活的关键因素。与底泥磷酸酶活性关联最大的水质因子为水温、TN和pH,与底泥脲酶活性关联最大的水质因子为TN、Chla和DO,这也意味着控制底泥微生物活性在一定程度上能影响水体中TN的含量。
4.构建了典型黑臭河道治理后的富营养化综合评价指标体系,并开展水质状态评价。结果表明：①河道虽经治理,但污染负荷仍很高,处于严重黑臭状态,且水体均处于富营养化状态。评价结果发现,水体发生水华现象的同时也处于黑臭状态,这一结果表明,在后期的治理河道中在加强消除黑臭的同时,也要采取相应的措施以防止水华的暴发。②有机污染程度空间分布呈现：SX>CH>QF>JS>XN>PZ。这一结果表明,生态调水效果对水体中氨氮和有机物的浓度改变明显,但维持时间短,主要同河道外源性污染较大有关。这需要在确定优化的闸门调度方案的同时,加大截污纳管的措施力度才能保证生态调水的有效性和持久性。③生物多样性指数法对小型河流的水质评价结果,同藻密度和优势种群判断的评价标准有一定的差别,温瑞塘河整治工程给水体带来的中度干扰和大量氮磷等营养物质的存在是其主要原因。
5.初步构建了基于BP神经网络的Chla预测模型和基于ARMA模型的总磷预测模型。结果表明：①采用BP神经网络模型预测温瑞塘河水体富营养化程度是可行的,其预测模型简单易行,预测精度高,可为温瑞塘河水体富营养化程度评价提供建议。②平稳时间序列预报方法适用于预报变化比较缓和、有一定规律的数据序列,然而对于正在实施大规模恢复工程的九山外河也同样适用。③现行的技术手段和管理策略不能达到控磷的目的,政府需要进行宏观调控并加大整治工作力度。
Previous researches about eutrophication are mainly concentrated on the phenomenon in ocean, lake and reservoir, while eutrophication in tidal plain river networks, especially in urban malodorous rivers, has received less attention. Malodorous black is a common problem for urban aquatic environment. In recent years, along with the implementation of river treatment and restoration, some secondary pollution issues such as algal blooms and duckweed flooding break out in urban malodorous rivers. Based on these backgrounds, this dissertation took urban rivers in Wenzhou City, a typical urban malodorous-black river network, as the research object. The research combined the two separated concepts on the first time, namely malodorous-black and eutrophication, and systematically studied the eutrophication evolution in urban malodorous rivers from the aspects of investigation, assessment, mechanism and prediction, hopefully to provide beneficial references for the theory of malodorous-black transforming to secondary eutrophication as well as the forecast and management of eutrophication in urban rivers. The main work and results of this research are as follows:
1. Through data collecting, field observing and monitoring, the spatial-temporal variation of water quality factors as well as malodorous-black pollution level of the Wenruitang River basin were investigated. The results showed that①almost all the sampling sites had the problem of malodorous-black, especially worst for river section in Lucheng District. No distinct water self-purification gradient was observed in the whole basin;②slow water velocity, abundant nutrients and suitable temperature and pH all contributed to the potential algae bloom in the whole basin. According to the findings of the investigation, six rivers (Qinfen River, Jiushanwai River, Xiaonanmen River, Chan River, Shanxia River and Puzhouheng River) in the key managing region by the local government were selected to be further studied due to their different malodorous-black backgrounds and significant eutrophication characteristics.
2. This dissertation discussed the evolution pattern of the emerging secondary eutrophication after the implementation of river treatment engineering projects from perspectives of water quality, plankton and sediment.①Typical malodorous rivers were always in a level of abundant nutrients, and ecological water diversion would affect water quality factors significantly.②Chlorella and Bacillariophyceae were predominant phytoplankton species, Cyanobacteria and Euglenophyceae were at second place, other kinds of algae were relatively less. The distribution of phytoplankton in six rivers exhibited general features. The predominant pollution tolerance species were as follows:Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlorella, Pandorina, Scenedesmus quadricanda which were classified to Chlorophyta. Cryptomonas ovata, Cyclotella comta and Euglena viridis. Along with the treatment measures of malodorous-black rivers, algae bloom broke out frequently in the six studied rivers.③The temporal variation of alkaline phosphatase activity of sediments from different sampling sites was in accordance with the variation of total phosphorus in surface water, urease activity of sediments was in accordance with total nitrogen in surface water.
3. A comprehensive assessment index system was established and utilized for evaluating eutrophi cation after the treatment of malodorous river.①Despite the river treatment, pollution load was still very high and all the rivers were in a state of eutrophication. Results indicated that algae bloom could also happen when river was malodorous-black. It means that river treatment should take measures to strengthen the reduction of malodorous-black and prevent algae bloom simultaneously.②The spatial distribution of organic contaminants presented an order like SX>CH>QF> JS>XN>PZ. Ecological water diversion can significantly change the concentrations of ammonium and organic matters in river water, but such change can only maintain a short time due to the exogenous pollution. To solve this problem, it requires optimizing water gates operation scheme, and strengthening sewage collecting at the same time in order to ensure the effectiveness and durability of ecological water diversion.③The result of assessment for small rivers by biodiversity index method was not in accordance with that by algal density and dominant species method. It might be attributed to the interference caused by the treatment engineering and abundant nitrogen and phosphorus existing in rivers.
4. Multiple linear regression and gray correlation analysis were adopted to determine the major pollutants of the rivers and the main factors causing algae bloom.①The order of the factors influencing Chl-a in Wenruitang River is lg(DO), pH, CODCr, NH3-N, TN, SD and WT. Since phosphorus was very abundant in Wenruitang River, nitrogen would be the key impacting factor of algae growth in typical malodorous-black rivers, phosphorus would be the controlling factor of eutrophication in these rivers.②Phosphorus was not the critical factor for influencing enzyme activity. Water temperature, total nitrogen and pH were most closely related to sediment phosphatase activity. Total nitrogen, Chl-a and DO were most closely related to sediment urease activity. On the other aspect, it indicates that controlling sediment microbial activity might affect the content of total nitrogen in the surface water to some extent.
5. Prediction models for assessing Chl-a and phosphorus in Wenruitang River were preliminarily constructed.①It is feasible to forecast the eutrophication level of Wenruitang River through a BP neural network model. This model is simple and easy, with high prediction accuracy, and can provide suggestions for evaluating the eutrophication level of Wenruitang River.②ARMA time sequencing model fits to predict data series with mild fluctuation and certain pattern. However, this model can also be applied to Jiushanwai River which was under large scale treatment and restoration then.③Current technical methods and management strategies cannot meet the objective of controlling phosphorus, thus, our government should exercise macro-control and strengthen treatment efforts.
引文
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