不同农田生态系统生产力及环境效应
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摘要
依据系统的田间定位试验数据,对关中平原常见的粮食作物小麦、玉米和蔬菜作物大蒜、辣椒、茄子、芹菜组成的不同轮作体系的经济产值、土地当量比、生物产量、经济系数、速效养分、土壤酶、农田杂草、土壤呼吸特征以及环境因子的响应进行了分析。综合探讨不同轮作体系的生产效益和环境效应,选择较优的轮作组合,为关中平原地区探索、选择优化合理的农田轮作组合以及在“商品经济”背景下以提高农民收入为目的的农业结构与作物布局调整提供参考。试验结果表明:
1.不同轮作体系的生产效益
就经济效益和土地产出效率而言,小麦和玉米组成的粮-粮轮作体系经济效益和土地产出效率是7种轮作体系中最低的,而由大蒜和辣椒、茄子、芹菜组成的蔬菜—蔬菜体系效益和土地产出效率最佳。从生态学角度分析,大蒜和辣椒、茄子、芹菜组成的各个蔬菜—蔬菜体系生物产量较高,其次是小麦和玉米组成的粮—粮轮作体系,小麦和辣椒、茄子、芹菜组成的各个粮食—蔬菜体系生物产量较低。蔬菜—蔬菜轮作体系的有机物向人类所需品的转化率相对较高,其次是粮食—蔬菜轮作体系,小麦玉米粮-粮轮作体系转化率相对较低。
大蒜茬的辣椒净光合速率、水分利用率均大于小麦茬的辣椒,这表明对于辣椒而言,大蒜茬比小麦茬更容易提高其生产能力;而小麦茬的茄子和芹菜的净光合速率、水分利用率均大于大蒜茬,这表明小麦茬对提高芹菜和茄子的光合效率比大蒜茬更有优势。在品质方面:小麦前茬更有利于提高辣椒中辣椒素的含量,小麦茬较大蒜茬更有利于提高辣椒和茄子的VC含量,大蒜茬较小麦茬更有利于辣椒和茄子蛋白质含量的提高。
2.不同轮作体系的环境效应
不同轮作体系的土壤有机质、有效磷含量随着作物生长有先增后减再增的变化趋势;在各轮作生长期大蒜—芹菜轮作的土壤有机质、有效磷含量相对较高,而小麦—玉米轮作的有机质、有效磷含量相对较低。不同轮作体系碱解氮含量随作物生长有增长的趋势。在轮作前期大蒜—芹菜轮作的碱解氮含量相对较高,而小麦—玉米轮作的碱解氮含量相对较低;在中后期小麦—茄子轮作的碱解氮含量相对较高,而小麦—玉米轮作的碱解氮含量相对较低。不同轮作体系速效钾含量随着作物生长有增长的趋势。大蒜—芹菜轮作的速效钾含量在轮作前期相对较高,而大蒜—辣椒轮作的速效钾含量相对较低;在中后期大蒜—芹菜轮作的速效钾含量相对较高,而小麦—玉米轮作的速效钾含量相对较低。
小麦—玉米轮作体系土壤脲酶水解尿素的能力要强于其他体系,小麦—茄子轮作体系水解尿素的能力相对最弱。整个生长期内土壤蔗糖酶的活性呈现先降低后升高的趋势。小麦前茬的轮作体系土壤蔗糖酶总体高于大蒜前茬。不同轮作体系土壤过氧化氢酶活性在整个轮作期呈降低趋势。三个不同时期大蒜—茄子轮作体系土壤过氧化氢酶活性
最强,小麦—辣椒轮作体系土壤过氧化氢酶活性相对最弱。在轮作前期也就是小麦和大蒜生长期杂草发生的种类和数量较多。中期各轮作体系发生的杂草种类和数量远远低于第一阶段。轮作后期各轮作体系发生的杂草种类和数量相对较少。芹菜组成的几个轮作体系的杂草发生率均高于其他几个轮作体系,大蒜组成轮作系统的杂草发生率要高于小麦组成的轮作体系。
3.不同轮作体系的土壤呼吸特征、环境效应及农田碳平衡
轮作体系田CO2平均排放速率表现为:大蒜—辣椒体系>大蒜—茄子体系>小麦—辣椒体系>小麦—芹菜体系>大蒜—芹菜体系>小麦—玉米体系>小麦—茄子体系。各轮作体系土壤呼吸速率在轮作期呈先减后增波浪式循环趋势。有效磷,速效钾,土壤脲酶,土壤温度,土壤水分对土壤呼吸变化的贡献较大,为主要影响因子。通过计算不同轮作体系前茬和后茬作物生长季碳平衡,几种不同轮作体系农田表现为大气碳排放的“汇”,碳“汇”的强度表现:大蒜—辣椒体系>小麦—茄子体系>小麦—芹菜体系>小麦—玉米体系>大蒜—芹菜体系>大蒜—茄子体系>小麦—芹菜体系。
依据不同轮作的生产效益、环境效应以及农田碳平衡的各项指标综合评价,粮食—蔬菜轮作模式适宜引入大田生产。本研究中小麦—辣椒轮作和小麦——茄子轮作在提高生产效益和保持地力、改善农田环境方面有较高优势,种植前景较好。
Based on the location test date, the economic value, land equivalent ratio(LRE), biological yield,economic coefficient , available nutrients, soil enzyme, farmland weeds, soil respiration characteristics and environmental factors response in different rotation systems consists of food crops : wheat(Triticum aestivum), corn (Zea mays)and vegetable :garlic(Allium sativum), pepper(Capsicum), eggplant(Solanum melongena)and celery (Apium graveolens) which are common in Kuan-Chong plain were analyzed. In order to provide reference for adjustment of agricultural structure and crop arrangement which aim to improve farmers' income in the commodity economic background, optimal combination of rotation is need to be chosen reasonably in Kuan-Chong plaint. The system production efficiency and environmental effects of different rotation were comprehensly study and the optimal rotation portfolio was chosen, The results show that:
1. The production efficiency of different rotation system.
From the terms of economic benefit and land use, the crop rotation system composed of wheat and maize was the lowest one while the vegetables-vegetables rotation systems composed of garlic and pepper, garlic and eggplant, garlic and celery were the highest ones. From the ecological point of view, mainly focus on biological yield and net organic yield. The crop rotation system composed of wheat and maize was lower than the vegetables—vegetable rotation systems composed of garlic and pepper, eggplant, celery, but higher than the crops - vegetable rotation systems composed of wheat and pepper, garlic and eggplant, garlic and celery.
The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of pepper following garlic were greater than that for pepper following wheat. It suggested that, as the preceding crop of pepper,garlic was easier than wheat to raise the production ability of pepper . however, The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of eggplant,celery flowing garlic were lower than that for pepper flowing wheat. It showed that ,in improving the photosynthetic efficiency of celery and eggplant,the wheat stubbly had more advantages than garlic stubbly. In terms of quality:The pepper follwing wheat had the higher content of capsaicin; The pepper and eggplant follwing wheat had the higher content of Vitamin C than that for pepper and eggplant follwing garlic; The garlic stubbly had more advantages in improving protein content of pepper and eggplant.
2. The environment effect of different rotation system
The content of organic matter, available phosphorus in different rotation system first increased , then decreased and increaed again with the growth of crops; The content of organic matter, available phosphorus were higher in garlic - celery rotation system at period of crop-rotation.while it is lower in wheat - maize rotation system at period of crop-rotation.The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in different rotation system had a growing trend. At early period of crop-rotation, The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen was higher in garlic - celery rotation system.while it is lower in wheat - maize rotation systemat . At middle and last period of crop-rotation, The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen was higher in wheat - eggplnat rotation system.while it is lower in wheat - maize rotation systemat . The content of rapidly-available potassium in different rotation system also had a growing trend. At early period of crop-rotation, The content of rapidly-available potassium was higher in garlic - celery rotation system.while it is lower in garlic - pepper rotation systemat . At middle and last period of crop-rotation, The content of rapidly-available potassium was higher in garlic - celery rotation system.while it is lower in wheat - maize rotation systemat .
The soil urease activity in wheat-maize rotation system is strongest,while it is weakest wheat - eggplant rotation system. The soil invertase activity first decreased , then increased at the period of crop-rotation. The soil invertase activity in wheat rotation system was higher than garlic rotation system. The soil catalase activity had a trend of decrease at the period of crop-rotation. The soil catalase activity in garlic -eggplant rotation system was higher than wheat-pepper rotation system.
The number and kinds of weeds at early period of crop-rotation were the largest.it were smaller at middle period of crop-rotation.However, it were smallest at last period of crop-rotation. The incidence of weeds was higher in rotation system composed of celery than another rotation system. The incidence of weeds was higher in rotation system composed of garlic than that in in rotation system composed of wheat.
3.The soil respiration characteristics, environmental effect and farmland carbon balance of different rotation system.
The result of average CO2 emissions rate in different rotation system showed that : garlic - pepper rotation system > garlic - eggplant rotation system > wheat - pepper rotation system > wheat - celery rotation system > garlic - celery rotation system > wheat and corn rotation system > wheat - eggplant rotation system . Soil respiration rate in each rotation system had a‘wave’trend that soil respiration rate first decreased and then increased. phosphorus, potassium, soil urease activity, soil temperature, soil moisture as the main factors had an effect on soil respiration rate. Through calculation of carbon balance in different rotation system, the intensity of carbon "sink" displayed as follow: garlic - pepper rotation system>wheat - eggplant rotation system >wheat- celery rotation system, wheat- maize system > garlic - celery rotation system >garlic - eggplant rotation system> wheat - celery system.
According to the results of these assessments in geography condition and economic environment farmland carbon balance of diefferent rotation production, the crops—vegetable rotation system was much more suitable in field planting and production. In this study, wheat - pepper rotation mode and wheat - eggplant rotation mode had the higher advantage in improving production efficiency and keeping land productivity, improving farmland environment. those two wheat—pepper rotation mode and wheat—eggplant rotation mode had a better planting prospect.
1.不同轮作体系的生产效益
就经济效益和土地产出效率而言,小麦和玉米组成的粮-粮轮作体系经济效益和土地产出效率是7种轮作体系中最低的,而由大蒜和辣椒、茄子、芹菜组成的蔬菜—蔬菜体系效益和土地产出效率最佳。从生态学角度分析,大蒜和辣椒、茄子、芹菜组成的各个蔬菜—蔬菜体系生物产量较高,其次是小麦和玉米组成的粮—粮轮作体系,小麦和辣椒、茄子、芹菜组成的各个粮食—蔬菜体系生物产量较低。蔬菜—蔬菜轮作体系的有机物向人类所需品的转化率相对较高,其次是粮食—蔬菜轮作体系,小麦玉米粮-粮轮作体系转化率相对较低。
大蒜茬的辣椒净光合速率、水分利用率均大于小麦茬的辣椒,这表明对于辣椒而言,大蒜茬比小麦茬更容易提高其生产能力;而小麦茬的茄子和芹菜的净光合速率、水分利用率均大于大蒜茬,这表明小麦茬对提高芹菜和茄子的光合效率比大蒜茬更有优势。在品质方面:小麦前茬更有利于提高辣椒中辣椒素的含量,小麦茬较大蒜茬更有利于提高辣椒和茄子的VC含量,大蒜茬较小麦茬更有利于辣椒和茄子蛋白质含量的提高。
2.不同轮作体系的环境效应
不同轮作体系的土壤有机质、有效磷含量随着作物生长有先增后减再增的变化趋势;在各轮作生长期大蒜—芹菜轮作的土壤有机质、有效磷含量相对较高,而小麦—玉米轮作的有机质、有效磷含量相对较低。不同轮作体系碱解氮含量随作物生长有增长的趋势。在轮作前期大蒜—芹菜轮作的碱解氮含量相对较高,而小麦—玉米轮作的碱解氮含量相对较低;在中后期小麦—茄子轮作的碱解氮含量相对较高,而小麦—玉米轮作的碱解氮含量相对较低。不同轮作体系速效钾含量随着作物生长有增长的趋势。大蒜—芹菜轮作的速效钾含量在轮作前期相对较高,而大蒜—辣椒轮作的速效钾含量相对较低;在中后期大蒜—芹菜轮作的速效钾含量相对较高,而小麦—玉米轮作的速效钾含量相对较低。
小麦—玉米轮作体系土壤脲酶水解尿素的能力要强于其他体系,小麦—茄子轮作体系水解尿素的能力相对最弱。整个生长期内土壤蔗糖酶的活性呈现先降低后升高的趋势。小麦前茬的轮作体系土壤蔗糖酶总体高于大蒜前茬。不同轮作体系土壤过氧化氢酶活性在整个轮作期呈降低趋势。三个不同时期大蒜—茄子轮作体系土壤过氧化氢酶活性
最强,小麦—辣椒轮作体系土壤过氧化氢酶活性相对最弱。在轮作前期也就是小麦和大蒜生长期杂草发生的种类和数量较多。中期各轮作体系发生的杂草种类和数量远远低于第一阶段。轮作后期各轮作体系发生的杂草种类和数量相对较少。芹菜组成的几个轮作体系的杂草发生率均高于其他几个轮作体系,大蒜组成轮作系统的杂草发生率要高于小麦组成的轮作体系。
3.不同轮作体系的土壤呼吸特征、环境效应及农田碳平衡
轮作体系田CO2平均排放速率表现为:大蒜—辣椒体系>大蒜—茄子体系>小麦—辣椒体系>小麦—芹菜体系>大蒜—芹菜体系>小麦—玉米体系>小麦—茄子体系。各轮作体系土壤呼吸速率在轮作期呈先减后增波浪式循环趋势。有效磷,速效钾,土壤脲酶,土壤温度,土壤水分对土壤呼吸变化的贡献较大,为主要影响因子。通过计算不同轮作体系前茬和后茬作物生长季碳平衡,几种不同轮作体系农田表现为大气碳排放的“汇”,碳“汇”的强度表现:大蒜—辣椒体系>小麦—茄子体系>小麦—芹菜体系>小麦—玉米体系>大蒜—芹菜体系>大蒜—茄子体系>小麦—芹菜体系。
依据不同轮作的生产效益、环境效应以及农田碳平衡的各项指标综合评价,粮食—蔬菜轮作模式适宜引入大田生产。本研究中小麦—辣椒轮作和小麦——茄子轮作在提高生产效益和保持地力、改善农田环境方面有较高优势,种植前景较好。
Based on the location test date, the economic value, land equivalent ratio(LRE), biological yield,economic coefficient , available nutrients, soil enzyme, farmland weeds, soil respiration characteristics and environmental factors response in different rotation systems consists of food crops : wheat(Triticum aestivum), corn (Zea mays)and vegetable :garlic(Allium sativum), pepper(Capsicum), eggplant(Solanum melongena)and celery (Apium graveolens) which are common in Kuan-Chong plain were analyzed. In order to provide reference for adjustment of agricultural structure and crop arrangement which aim to improve farmers' income in the commodity economic background, optimal combination of rotation is need to be chosen reasonably in Kuan-Chong plaint. The system production efficiency and environmental effects of different rotation were comprehensly study and the optimal rotation portfolio was chosen, The results show that:
1. The production efficiency of different rotation system.
From the terms of economic benefit and land use, the crop rotation system composed of wheat and maize was the lowest one while the vegetables-vegetables rotation systems composed of garlic and pepper, garlic and eggplant, garlic and celery were the highest ones. From the ecological point of view, mainly focus on biological yield and net organic yield. The crop rotation system composed of wheat and maize was lower than the vegetables—vegetable rotation systems composed of garlic and pepper, eggplant, celery, but higher than the crops - vegetable rotation systems composed of wheat and pepper, garlic and eggplant, garlic and celery.
The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of pepper following garlic were greater than that for pepper following wheat. It suggested that, as the preceding crop of pepper,garlic was easier than wheat to raise the production ability of pepper . however, The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of eggplant,celery flowing garlic were lower than that for pepper flowing wheat. It showed that ,in improving the photosynthetic efficiency of celery and eggplant,the wheat stubbly had more advantages than garlic stubbly. In terms of quality:The pepper follwing wheat had the higher content of capsaicin; The pepper and eggplant follwing wheat had the higher content of Vitamin C than that for pepper and eggplant follwing garlic; The garlic stubbly had more advantages in improving protein content of pepper and eggplant.
2. The environment effect of different rotation system
The content of organic matter, available phosphorus in different rotation system first increased , then decreased and increaed again with the growth of crops; The content of organic matter, available phosphorus were higher in garlic - celery rotation system at period of crop-rotation.while it is lower in wheat - maize rotation system at period of crop-rotation.The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in different rotation system had a growing trend. At early period of crop-rotation, The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen was higher in garlic - celery rotation system.while it is lower in wheat - maize rotation systemat . At middle and last period of crop-rotation, The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen was higher in wheat - eggplnat rotation system.while it is lower in wheat - maize rotation systemat . The content of rapidly-available potassium in different rotation system also had a growing trend. At early period of crop-rotation, The content of rapidly-available potassium was higher in garlic - celery rotation system.while it is lower in garlic - pepper rotation systemat . At middle and last period of crop-rotation, The content of rapidly-available potassium was higher in garlic - celery rotation system.while it is lower in wheat - maize rotation systemat .
The soil urease activity in wheat-maize rotation system is strongest,while it is weakest wheat - eggplant rotation system. The soil invertase activity first decreased , then increased at the period of crop-rotation. The soil invertase activity in wheat rotation system was higher than garlic rotation system. The soil catalase activity had a trend of decrease at the period of crop-rotation. The soil catalase activity in garlic -eggplant rotation system was higher than wheat-pepper rotation system.
The number and kinds of weeds at early period of crop-rotation were the largest.it were smaller at middle period of crop-rotation.However, it were smallest at last period of crop-rotation. The incidence of weeds was higher in rotation system composed of celery than another rotation system. The incidence of weeds was higher in rotation system composed of garlic than that in in rotation system composed of wheat.
3.The soil respiration characteristics, environmental effect and farmland carbon balance of different rotation system.
The result of average CO2 emissions rate in different rotation system showed that : garlic - pepper rotation system > garlic - eggplant rotation system > wheat - pepper rotation system > wheat - celery rotation system > garlic - celery rotation system > wheat and corn rotation system > wheat - eggplant rotation system . Soil respiration rate in each rotation system had a‘wave’trend that soil respiration rate first decreased and then increased. phosphorus, potassium, soil urease activity, soil temperature, soil moisture as the main factors had an effect on soil respiration rate. Through calculation of carbon balance in different rotation system, the intensity of carbon "sink" displayed as follow: garlic - pepper rotation system>wheat - eggplant rotation system >wheat- celery rotation system, wheat- maize system > garlic - celery rotation system >garlic - eggplant rotation system> wheat - celery system.
According to the results of these assessments in geography condition and economic environment farmland carbon balance of diefferent rotation production, the crops—vegetable rotation system was much more suitable in field planting and production. In this study, wheat - pepper rotation mode and wheat - eggplant rotation mode had the higher advantage in improving production efficiency and keeping land productivity, improving farmland environment. those two wheat—pepper rotation mode and wheat—eggplant rotation mode had a better planting prospect.
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