《韵略新抄便览》音系研究
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摘要
清代中期的《韵略新抄便览》(1763)是山东掖县(今莱州)人周云炽为增订其同乡先贤毕拱宸的《韵略汇通》而作。毕氏的《韵略汇通》是明代一部重要韵书,在近代汉语语音史上具有重要地位。《韵略新抄便览》的修订颇大,反映出了不少历史的、方言的和作者语音观的差异。本文搜集整理了两本韵书的语音资料和其他韵书的语音情况,结合现代莱州方言资料,比较全面地对《韵略新抄便览》进行了系统的研究,通过历时和共时的比较,发现语言发展过程中的一些规律,为音韵学、近代汉语、现代方言研究中的一些问题提供了比较详细的资料。
在写作方法方面,本文主要依据历史语言学,结合音韵学的一些传统方法和汉语方言学的方法。贯穿全文的是比较的方法：对两本韵书的语音系统、对韵书和方言音系系统进行全面的比较,找出其不同之处,结合现代汉语和现代莱州方言来解释出现这些不同的原因。此外,本文还将相关的韵书进行共时和历时比较,通过比较总结语言发展的某些规律。本文在韵字的分析、同时期材料之间的参互求证、语音现象的归纳等方面都用到了一些传统的方法。本文还注意用发展的眼光来观察、解决问题,从时代、地域等多方面来分析材料。
本文共分七章。
第一章,绪论。主要介绍韵书的基本情况,包括作者情况、写作过程、体例等。详细说明韵书与《韵略易通》、《韵略汇通》的关系,介绍本文主要内容及理论方法,提出本文的研究意义。
第二章,韵书声韵调系统。这一章主要通过对韵书反切上字、反切下字的系联,对声调的分析,构拟出韵书声韵调系统。其中对几个主要问题进行讨论。声母主要问题包括：一、古知章庄三组声母的分合。韵书中知章庄声母合一,出现的分组情况,是由于韵母的差异。二、腭化和尖团音分混的问题。韵书中尖团音不混,见系声母出现分组情况,但推断不出见系声母已经分化出舌面音。三、“一”母和“无”母的关系。韵书中已出现两母相混的例子,说明当时的“无”母已经读零声母。四、日母字的读音。日母字在韵书中读z声母。五、全浊声母的读音。全浊声母已消失。韵母方面,古入声韵的归派反映明显的莱州方言的韵母特点：(一)曾摄、梗摄入声洪音字比较一致地读ei、uei；(二)觉韵药韵入声字读uo；(三)山摄细音入声字与觉药两韵字相混；(四)果摄一等见系字及铎韵见系字分开合；其他韵母方面的特点还有：蟹摄二等见系字均读iai;通摄三等字精组和来母字读洪音；通摄入声字读u,“肉”读iou。另外在声韵拼合关系方面也有一些不同于现代的特点。知三章组字和日母字拼细音,唇音声母可拼合口呼和开口呼。
第三章,《韵略新抄便览》和《韵略汇通》的比较。对两本韵书的声韵调系统进行详细对比,发现两者之间的不同。《韵略新抄便览》表现的主要不同是：声母方面v声母已消失,韵母方面根据时音对《韵略汇通》韵部进行了重新调整,声调方面,入声改配阴声,平声不分阴阳,部分全浊上归上声。
第四章,将《韵略新抄便览》和《中原音韵》、《韵略易通》、《韵略汇通》、《五方元音》和《万韵书》进行对比。通过对比可以发现从《中原音韵》到《新抄》语音的一些发展变化。声母方面主要是v声母和(?)声母的逐渐消失,韵母方面主要是[m]韵尾的消失,撮口呼y逐渐形成,《中原音韵》支思(?)、齐微ei/i/uei、鱼模u/iu三韵经过几次分合,到《新抄》时形成支齐(?)/i、灰微ei/uei、居虞y、呼模u四韵,与普通话接近。声调方面,最明显的就是入声的消失。《新抄》与同时期《万韵书》相比,声母系统已完全一致,韵母系统除“戈何”韵拟音有差异外其他都一致。声调方面,《万韵书》保留了阴入调类,主要来自古代的清声母入声字。《新抄》虽保留入声调类,但实际上反映了入声消失的事实。
第五章,《韵略新抄便览》与现代莱州方言的比较。比较结果声母方面明显区别是韵书中见组声母还没有分化,没有出现舌面音tc、tc、c；韵书日母字读z声母,方言中一部分读零声母,一部分读卷舌音3r(古止摄开口三等)；声调方面,韵书有平、上、去、入四个调类,方言只有阴平、阳平、上声三个调类。
第六章,从韵书写作背景、与其他反映官话音系的韵书比较情况以及韵书本身体现的方言特色,三个方面来确定《韵略新抄便览》是反映的是十八世纪中期的北方官话音系,同时又体现了莱州方言特色。
第七章,列出《韵略新抄便览》同音字表。
YunlueXinChaoBianLan in Qing Dynasty is a rhyme book written by ZhouYunchi who from Shandong Yexian(now Laizhou). Writter wrote this book in1763in order to improve YunlueXinhuitong which wrote by his countryman BiGongchen. Yunluehuitong is an important rhyme book in Ming Dynasty,it has an important position in modern China phonology history.This thesis analysised the rhyme book,combined rhyme book with Laizhou dialect and other rhyme books.Then,constructed the rhyme book's voice system,determined the nature of it, and found that the change rule of language development.All these efforts provide detailed material for the research on Chinese ponology,Modern Chinese and Chinese dialect.Available phonetic materials of the two rhyme books are collecte in this thesis,which combined modern laizhou dialect material to find some rules of phonology in the process of language development, modern Chinese and system research, through the synchronic and diachronic comparison.
This research is conducted on the basis of historical linguistics and methods dealing with Chinese phonology and Chinese dialectology are also used.Comparison is the chief method through the research.By Comparing with two rhyme books,this research find out their difference and explain the difference from modern Chinese and dialect.Moreover,some other rhyme books at the same time are also be used to compare with the two books in order to make sure their languistic circumstance. Some traditional ways are also used in analyzing ancient characters, the testifying of the material and the generalizing of the phonetic phenomenon.The research is conducted with an attitude of developmentanalyzing the material from various aspects,such as time and space.
This thesis consists eight parts.Part one deals with the basic things about the rhyme book,including the writer and the writing process, style, etc. Detailed description of YunlueXinChaoBianLan and Yunluehuitong and introduced the main contents,theory and the research significance.
Part two is the phonetic research of the rhyme book.Chief characteristics of initials are:Firstly,the separating or uniting of ZHI(知)group","ZHUANG(庄)groupand""ZHANG(章)group"initials.In rhyme book,"ZHI""ZHUANG"and"ZHANG"were united. It seemed to be divided into two kinds of conditions because of finals.Secondly,reseach the problems of palate, mix of rounded soud(团音)and shrp sound(尖音)Rounded soud(团音)and shrp sound(尖音)were not mixed in rhyme book."JIAN(见)groupwas" divided.We can't surpose the appearance of palatal.Thirdly,"WU initial"had been prouounced like"YI initial"which is zero-initial.Fourthly,the pronunciation of "RI initial".It was prouounced "z"in rhyme book.Fifthly,full-voiced initals disappeared. Chief characteristics of fitials are:The separating of rhymes with "RU(入)Tone"reflects the features of Laizhou dialect.1.The "HONG final"thyne with RU tone in "ZENG group"and"GENG group"were pronounced "ei""uei"identically.2.The RU tone charactes in "JUE(觉)rhyme"and "YAO(药)rhyme"were pronounced as "uo"3.The characeters of"JUE rhyme"and"YAO rhyme"were merged with the "XI finaP"characeters with RU tone in "SHAN(山).group".4.The characters of first-rank"GUO(果)group"with"JIAN"system initials ande the characeters of"DUO(铎)rhyme"with "JIAN"system initals have both KAIKOU(开口)and HEKOU(合口)。Furthmore,there are other characeteristics of the final:All of the cahracetsristics of second-grande"XIE group"with "JIAN"syetem are pronounced as "iai";The characeters of third-grada "TONG(通)goup"with "JING(精)"system initals and"LAI(来)"initals are prouounced as "HONG final". The characeters with RU tone of TONG(通)goup" are pronounced as "u","肉"is pronounced as"iou".And the combinations of initial and final are not quite as same astoday's.The initial of "ZHI(知)group","ZHUANG(庄)groupand""ZHANG(章)group"and "RI inital"can combine with "XI finao"and the initial of labial can combine with both HEKOU and KAIKOU.
Part three is the comparison of YunlueXinChaoBianLan and Yunluehuitong. Find t the difference between the two by detailed comparison.The musical difference of YunlueXinChaoBianLan:"v"initial disappeared, finals were adjusted;RU Stone followed YIN stone,PING stone was not divided into YINPING(阴平)and YANGPING(阳平),merging SHANG(上)stone with full-voiced initial into SHANG(上)stone.
Part four is the comparison of YunlueXinChaoBianLan and Zhong YuanYin Yun, YunLueYiTong,YunLueHuiTong,WuFang Yuan Yin, Wan YunShu.Some development can be found by the comparison. The musical changes is:"v"and"n"initals disappeared, the lost of final [m]disappeared,CUOKOUHUi(撮口呼)y gradually formed.Three final groups"ZHISI(支思)”i、"QIWEI(齐微)”ei/i/uei、"YUMU鱼模"u/iu in ZhongYuanYinYun changed to four groups "ZHIQI(支齐)”"HUIWEI(灰微)’'i/i,ei/uei,"JUYU(居鱼)’'y."HUMU呼模”u in YunlueXinChaoBianLan after oombineded and divided several times.
Chapter5, is the comparison of YunlueXinChaoBianLan and modern LaiZhou dialect.Difference of rhyme book is "JIAN"group has not been divided, palatal t(?)、t(?)'、(?) didn't appear,"RI initial" was prouounced "z"but it was prouounced zero-initial and (?)r in Laizhou dialect.There are PING(平)、SHANG(上)、QU(去)、RU(入)four stones in rhyme book while YINPING(阴平)、YANGPING(阳平)、SHANGSHENC(上声)three stones in dialect.
Chapter6, determine the phonetic nature of rhyme book.From its background,the comparison with others dialect,we can infer that it reflects the common language in north Chian in the middle of the eighteenth century and also reflects the laizhou dialects characteristic.
Chapter7, a list of homonyms table.
在写作方法方面,本文主要依据历史语言学,结合音韵学的一些传统方法和汉语方言学的方法。贯穿全文的是比较的方法：对两本韵书的语音系统、对韵书和方言音系系统进行全面的比较,找出其不同之处,结合现代汉语和现代莱州方言来解释出现这些不同的原因。此外,本文还将相关的韵书进行共时和历时比较,通过比较总结语言发展的某些规律。本文在韵字的分析、同时期材料之间的参互求证、语音现象的归纳等方面都用到了一些传统的方法。本文还注意用发展的眼光来观察、解决问题,从时代、地域等多方面来分析材料。
本文共分七章。
第一章,绪论。主要介绍韵书的基本情况,包括作者情况、写作过程、体例等。详细说明韵书与《韵略易通》、《韵略汇通》的关系,介绍本文主要内容及理论方法,提出本文的研究意义。
第二章,韵书声韵调系统。这一章主要通过对韵书反切上字、反切下字的系联,对声调的分析,构拟出韵书声韵调系统。其中对几个主要问题进行讨论。声母主要问题包括：一、古知章庄三组声母的分合。韵书中知章庄声母合一,出现的分组情况,是由于韵母的差异。二、腭化和尖团音分混的问题。韵书中尖团音不混,见系声母出现分组情况,但推断不出见系声母已经分化出舌面音。三、“一”母和“无”母的关系。韵书中已出现两母相混的例子,说明当时的“无”母已经读零声母。四、日母字的读音。日母字在韵书中读z声母。五、全浊声母的读音。全浊声母已消失。韵母方面,古入声韵的归派反映明显的莱州方言的韵母特点：(一)曾摄、梗摄入声洪音字比较一致地读ei、uei；(二)觉韵药韵入声字读uo；(三)山摄细音入声字与觉药两韵字相混；(四)果摄一等见系字及铎韵见系字分开合；其他韵母方面的特点还有：蟹摄二等见系字均读iai;通摄三等字精组和来母字读洪音；通摄入声字读u,“肉”读iou。另外在声韵拼合关系方面也有一些不同于现代的特点。知三章组字和日母字拼细音,唇音声母可拼合口呼和开口呼。
第三章,《韵略新抄便览》和《韵略汇通》的比较。对两本韵书的声韵调系统进行详细对比,发现两者之间的不同。《韵略新抄便览》表现的主要不同是：声母方面v声母已消失,韵母方面根据时音对《韵略汇通》韵部进行了重新调整,声调方面,入声改配阴声,平声不分阴阳,部分全浊上归上声。
第四章,将《韵略新抄便览》和《中原音韵》、《韵略易通》、《韵略汇通》、《五方元音》和《万韵书》进行对比。通过对比可以发现从《中原音韵》到《新抄》语音的一些发展变化。声母方面主要是v声母和(?)声母的逐渐消失,韵母方面主要是[m]韵尾的消失,撮口呼y逐渐形成,《中原音韵》支思(?)、齐微ei/i/uei、鱼模u/iu三韵经过几次分合,到《新抄》时形成支齐(?)/i、灰微ei/uei、居虞y、呼模u四韵,与普通话接近。声调方面,最明显的就是入声的消失。《新抄》与同时期《万韵书》相比,声母系统已完全一致,韵母系统除“戈何”韵拟音有差异外其他都一致。声调方面,《万韵书》保留了阴入调类,主要来自古代的清声母入声字。《新抄》虽保留入声调类,但实际上反映了入声消失的事实。
第五章,《韵略新抄便览》与现代莱州方言的比较。比较结果声母方面明显区别是韵书中见组声母还没有分化,没有出现舌面音tc、tc、c；韵书日母字读z声母,方言中一部分读零声母,一部分读卷舌音3r(古止摄开口三等)；声调方面,韵书有平、上、去、入四个调类,方言只有阴平、阳平、上声三个调类。
第六章,从韵书写作背景、与其他反映官话音系的韵书比较情况以及韵书本身体现的方言特色,三个方面来确定《韵略新抄便览》是反映的是十八世纪中期的北方官话音系,同时又体现了莱州方言特色。
第七章,列出《韵略新抄便览》同音字表。
YunlueXinChaoBianLan in Qing Dynasty is a rhyme book written by ZhouYunchi who from Shandong Yexian(now Laizhou). Writter wrote this book in1763in order to improve YunlueXinhuitong which wrote by his countryman BiGongchen. Yunluehuitong is an important rhyme book in Ming Dynasty,it has an important position in modern China phonology history.This thesis analysised the rhyme book,combined rhyme book with Laizhou dialect and other rhyme books.Then,constructed the rhyme book's voice system,determined the nature of it, and found that the change rule of language development.All these efforts provide detailed material for the research on Chinese ponology,Modern Chinese and Chinese dialect.Available phonetic materials of the two rhyme books are collecte in this thesis,which combined modern laizhou dialect material to find some rules of phonology in the process of language development, modern Chinese and system research, through the synchronic and diachronic comparison.
This research is conducted on the basis of historical linguistics and methods dealing with Chinese phonology and Chinese dialectology are also used.Comparison is the chief method through the research.By Comparing with two rhyme books,this research find out their difference and explain the difference from modern Chinese and dialect.Moreover,some other rhyme books at the same time are also be used to compare with the two books in order to make sure their languistic circumstance. Some traditional ways are also used in analyzing ancient characters, the testifying of the material and the generalizing of the phonetic phenomenon.The research is conducted with an attitude of developmentanalyzing the material from various aspects,such as time and space.
This thesis consists eight parts.Part one deals with the basic things about the rhyme book,including the writer and the writing process, style, etc. Detailed description of YunlueXinChaoBianLan and Yunluehuitong and introduced the main contents,theory and the research significance.
Part two is the phonetic research of the rhyme book.Chief characteristics of initials are:Firstly,the separating or uniting of ZHI(知)group","ZHUANG(庄)groupand""ZHANG(章)group"initials.In rhyme book,"ZHI""ZHUANG"and"ZHANG"were united. It seemed to be divided into two kinds of conditions because of finals.Secondly,reseach the problems of palate, mix of rounded soud(团音)and shrp sound(尖音)Rounded soud(团音)and shrp sound(尖音)were not mixed in rhyme book."JIAN(见)groupwas" divided.We can't surpose the appearance of palatal.Thirdly,"WU initial"had been prouounced like"YI initial"which is zero-initial.Fourthly,the pronunciation of "RI initial".It was prouounced "z"in rhyme book.Fifthly,full-voiced initals disappeared. Chief characteristics of fitials are:The separating of rhymes with "RU(入)Tone"reflects the features of Laizhou dialect.1.The "HONG final"thyne with RU tone in "ZENG group"and"GENG group"were pronounced "ei""uei"identically.2.The RU tone charactes in "JUE(觉)rhyme"and "YAO(药)rhyme"were pronounced as "uo"3.The characeters of"JUE rhyme"and"YAO rhyme"were merged with the "XI finaP"characeters with RU tone in "SHAN(山).group".4.The characters of first-rank"GUO(果)group"with"JIAN"system initials ande the characeters of"DUO(铎)rhyme"with "JIAN"system initals have both KAIKOU(开口)and HEKOU(合口)。Furthmore,there are other characeteristics of the final:All of the cahracetsristics of second-grande"XIE group"with "JIAN"syetem are pronounced as "iai";The characeters of third-grada "TONG(通)goup"with "JING(精)"system initals and"LAI(来)"initals are prouounced as "HONG final". The characeters with RU tone of TONG(通)goup" are pronounced as "u","肉"is pronounced as"iou".And the combinations of initial and final are not quite as same astoday's.The initial of "ZHI(知)group","ZHUANG(庄)groupand""ZHANG(章)group"and "RI inital"can combine with "XI finao"and the initial of labial can combine with both HEKOU and KAIKOU.
Part three is the comparison of YunlueXinChaoBianLan and Yunluehuitong. Find t the difference between the two by detailed comparison.The musical difference of YunlueXinChaoBianLan:"v"initial disappeared, finals were adjusted;RU Stone followed YIN stone,PING stone was not divided into YINPING(阴平)and YANGPING(阳平),merging SHANG(上)stone with full-voiced initial into SHANG(上)stone.
Part four is the comparison of YunlueXinChaoBianLan and Zhong YuanYin Yun, YunLueYiTong,YunLueHuiTong,WuFang Yuan Yin, Wan YunShu.Some development can be found by the comparison. The musical changes is:"v"and"n"initals disappeared, the lost of final [m]disappeared,CUOKOUHUi(撮口呼)y gradually formed.Three final groups"ZHISI(支思)”i、"QIWEI(齐微)”ei/i/uei、"YUMU鱼模"u/iu in ZhongYuanYinYun changed to four groups "ZHIQI(支齐)”"HUIWEI(灰微)’'i/i,ei/uei,"JUYU(居鱼)’'y."HUMU呼模”u in YunlueXinChaoBianLan after oombineded and divided several times.
Chapter5, is the comparison of YunlueXinChaoBianLan and modern LaiZhou dialect.Difference of rhyme book is "JIAN"group has not been divided, palatal t(?)、t(?)'、(?) didn't appear,"RI initial" was prouounced "z"but it was prouounced zero-initial and (?)r in Laizhou dialect.There are PING(平)、SHANG(上)、QU(去)、RU(入)four stones in rhyme book while YINPING(阴平)、YANGPING(阳平)、SHANGSHENC(上声)three stones in dialect.
Chapter6, determine the phonetic nature of rhyme book.From its background,the comparison with others dialect,we can infer that it reflects the common language in north Chian in the middle of the eighteenth century and also reflects the laizhou dialects characteristic.
Chapter7, a list of homonyms table.
引文
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,160.
②张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,23.
①注：原文如此,当为“止”。
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,114.
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,127.
①陈澧. 《切韵考六卷附》.卷一[M].
①陈澧. 《切韵考六卷附》.卷一[M].
②陈澧. 《切韵考六卷附》.卷一[M].
③耿振生.20世纪汉语音韵学方法论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.163-164.
①钱曾怡.古知庄章声母在山东方言中的分化及其跟精见组的关系[J].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,《中国语文》第6期,2004年,539.
①李新魁. 《中原音韵》音系研究[M].郑州：中州书画社,1983,3.
②陆志韦.释《中原音韵》[J]. 《燕京学报》31期.
①耿振生.明清等韵学通论[M].北京：语文出版社,1992.
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,130.
②张卫东.文登、荣城方言中古见系部分字的文白异读[J].《语言学论丛》12期.北京：北京大学出版社,1984年36.
①宁忌浮.汉语韵书史·明代卷[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2009.
①李思敬.汉语“儿”[(?)]音史研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,1994.
②叶宝奎.明清官话音系[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2001.
①张玉来.韵略汇通音系研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1994,63.
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,35.
①李清桓. 《五方元音》音系研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008.
②杨耐思.中原音韵音系[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1981.
③张玉来. 《韵略汇通音系》音系研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1994.
④李清桓. 《五方元音》音系研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008.
⑤张树铮.清代山东方言语音研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2005.
①李清桓. 《五方元音》音系研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008,20.
①张玉来, 《韵略汇通音系》音系研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1994,52.
②张树铮.清代山东方言语音研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2005.
①李新魁.李新魁语言学论集[M].北京：中华书局,1994,190.
①张树铮.清代山东方言语音研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社.2005.77.
①胡叨杨.北京话初探[M].北京：商务印书馆,1987,17.
②陆志韦.陆志韦近代汉语音韵论集[M].北京：商务印书馆,1988,45.
①陆志韦.记毕拱宸韵略汇通[J].北京：北京大学出版社,《燕京学报》33期,1947,105-113.
[1]毕拱宸.韵略汇通.成文堂,崇祯十五年(1642)版[M].
[2]陈澧.切韵考六卷附.道光二十二年(1842)版[M].
[3]高晓虹.北京话入声字的历史层次[M].北京：北京语言大学出版社,2009
[4]耿振生.明清等韵学通论[M].北京：语文出版社,1992
[5]耿振生.20世纪汉语音韵学方法论.北京：北京大学出版社,2004
[6]耿振生.20世纪汉语音韵学方法论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004
[7]蒋绍愚.近代汉语研究概要[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005
[8]蒋希文.汉语音韵方言论文集[M].贵州：贵州人民出版社,2005
[9]胡安顺.音韵学通论[M].北京：中华书局,2003
[10]胡明杨.北京话初探[M].北京：商务印书馆,1987
[11]李清桓.《五方元音》音系研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008
[12]李思敬.汉语“儿”[(?)]音史研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,1994
[13]李新魁.《中原音韵》音系研究[M].郑州：中州书画社,198
[14]李新魁.李新魁语言学论集[M].北京：中华书局,1994
[15]陆志韦.释《中原音韵》[J].北京：北京大学出版社,《燕京学报》31期,1946
[16]陆志韦.记毕拱宸韵略汇通[J].北京：北京大学出版社,《燕京学报》33期,1947
[17]陆志韦.陆志韦近代汉语音韵论集[M].北京：商务印书馆,1988
[18]宁忌浮.汉语韵书史·明代卷[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2009
[19]钱曾怡主编张树铮、罗福腾副主编.山东方言研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2001
[20]钱曾怡.古知庄章声母在山东方言中的分化及其跟精见组的关系[J].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,《中国语文》第6期,2004
[21]唐作藩.音韵学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1991
[22]王进安.《韵学集成》研究[M].上海：上海三联书店,2009
[23]王力.汉语语音史[M].北京：商务印书馆,2008
[24]杨耐思.中原音韵音系[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1981
[25]叶宝奎.明清官话音系[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2001
[26]赵诚.中国古代韵书[M].北京：中华书局,1979
[27]张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005
[28]张树铮.清代山东方言语音研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2005
[29]张卫东.文登、荣成方言中古见系部分字的文白异读[J].北京：北京大学出版社,《语言学论丛》第12期,1984
[30]张玉来.韵略汇通音系研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1995
[31]张竹梅.《中州音韵》研究[M].北京：中华书局,2007
[32]中国音韵学研究会、石家庄师范专科学校.音韵论丛[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2004
[33]周云炽.韵略新抄便览.文兴成本[M].,光绪二十一年(1895)版
②张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,23.
①注：原文如此,当为“止”。
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,114.
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,127.
①陈澧. 《切韵考六卷附》.卷一[M].
①陈澧. 《切韵考六卷附》.卷一[M].
②陈澧. 《切韵考六卷附》.卷一[M].
③耿振生.20世纪汉语音韵学方法论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.163-164.
①钱曾怡.古知庄章声母在山东方言中的分化及其跟精见组的关系[J].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,《中国语文》第6期,2004年,539.
①李新魁. 《中原音韵》音系研究[M].郑州：中州书画社,1983,3.
②陆志韦.释《中原音韵》[J]. 《燕京学报》31期.
①耿振生.明清等韵学通论[M].北京：语文出版社,1992.
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,130.
②张卫东.文登、荣城方言中古见系部分字的文白异读[J].《语言学论丛》12期.北京：北京大学出版社,1984年36.
①宁忌浮.汉语韵书史·明代卷[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2009.
①李思敬.汉语“儿”[(?)]音史研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,1994.
②叶宝奎.明清官话音系[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2001.
①张玉来.韵略汇通音系研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1994,63.
①张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005,35.
①李清桓. 《五方元音》音系研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008.
②杨耐思.中原音韵音系[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1981.
③张玉来. 《韵略汇通音系》音系研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1994.
④李清桓. 《五方元音》音系研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008.
⑤张树铮.清代山东方言语音研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2005.
①李清桓. 《五方元音》音系研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008,20.
①张玉来, 《韵略汇通音系》音系研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1994,52.
②张树铮.清代山东方言语音研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2005.
①李新魁.李新魁语言学论集[M].北京：中华书局,1994,190.
①张树铮.清代山东方言语音研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社.2005.77.
①胡叨杨.北京话初探[M].北京：商务印书馆,1987,17.
②陆志韦.陆志韦近代汉语音韵论集[M].北京：商务印书馆,1988,45.
①陆志韦.记毕拱宸韵略汇通[J].北京：北京大学出版社,《燕京学报》33期,1947,105-113.
[1]毕拱宸.韵略汇通.成文堂,崇祯十五年(1642)版[M].
[2]陈澧.切韵考六卷附.道光二十二年(1842)版[M].
[3]高晓虹.北京话入声字的历史层次[M].北京：北京语言大学出版社,2009
[4]耿振生.明清等韵学通论[M].北京：语文出版社,1992
[5]耿振生.20世纪汉语音韵学方法论.北京：北京大学出版社,2004
[6]耿振生.20世纪汉语音韵学方法论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004
[7]蒋绍愚.近代汉语研究概要[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005
[8]蒋希文.汉语音韵方言论文集[M].贵州：贵州人民出版社,2005
[9]胡安顺.音韵学通论[M].北京：中华书局,2003
[10]胡明杨.北京话初探[M].北京：商务印书馆,1987
[11]李清桓.《五方元音》音系研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008
[12]李思敬.汉语“儿”[(?)]音史研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,1994
[13]李新魁.《中原音韵》音系研究[M].郑州：中州书画社,198
[14]李新魁.李新魁语言学论集[M].北京：中华书局,1994
[15]陆志韦.释《中原音韵》[J].北京：北京大学出版社,《燕京学报》31期,1946
[16]陆志韦.记毕拱宸韵略汇通[J].北京：北京大学出版社,《燕京学报》33期,1947
[17]陆志韦.陆志韦近代汉语音韵论集[M].北京：商务印书馆,1988
[18]宁忌浮.汉语韵书史·明代卷[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2009
[19]钱曾怡主编张树铮、罗福腾副主编.山东方言研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2001
[20]钱曾怡.古知庄章声母在山东方言中的分化及其跟精见组的关系[J].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,《中国语文》第6期,2004
[21]唐作藩.音韵学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1991
[22]王进安.《韵学集成》研究[M].上海：上海三联书店,2009
[23]王力.汉语语音史[M].北京：商务印书馆,2008
[24]杨耐思.中原音韵音系[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1981
[25]叶宝奎.明清官话音系[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2001
[26]赵诚.中国古代韵书[M].北京：中华书局,1979
[27]张鸿魁.明清山东韵书研究[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2005
[28]张树铮.清代山东方言语音研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2005
[29]张卫东.文登、荣成方言中古见系部分字的文白异读[J].北京：北京大学出版社,《语言学论丛》第12期,1984
[30]张玉来.韵略汇通音系研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1995
[31]张竹梅.《中州音韵》研究[M].北京：中华书局,2007
[32]中国音韵学研究会、石家庄师范专科学校.音韵论丛[M].济南：齐鲁书社,2004
[33]周云炽.韵略新抄便览.文兴成本[M].,光绪二十一年(1895)版