VMI模式下的库存及其补货模型研究
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摘要
随着制造企业在中国的大力发展,大量多品种零部件库存管理变得非常重要。在很多制造企业里库存成本,特别是零部件库存成本占用了大量的流动资金。所以减少原材料库存是降低库存成本的关键,制造企业可以综合运用物料分类法,针对不同类型的物料采取差异化管理,充分发挥VMI库存控制策略优势,既能有效降低库存水平,又能与供应商建立比较稳定的战略关系。另外由于市场竞争环境与管理模式的变化,企业之间的竞争不断加剧,并逐渐由单个企业间的竞争演变为上下游企业构成的供应链之间的竞争,企业不仅要充分利用自有资源,还必须与上下游企业合作协调,形成战略同盟,才能赢得更多的市场份额和收益,基于产品信息全过程管理的VMI模式正是由供应链管理思想衍生而来。
本文主要研究内容如下：首先,在ABC库存分类法的基础上进行创新,提出了多维分类矩阵模型；并根据每一类物料特征选用不同的库存策略,可以有效降低库存成本和利用资源：对关键性物料重点采用了VMI策略,同时考虑产品结构对各物料批量进行了研究,本文建立了以BOM为约束关系,供应链利润最大化为目标的供应链整体模型,并计算了在最大利润下各零部件供应商的最优订货批量,通过该模型可将制造企业和供应商库存决策结合起来,按BOM比例关系进行补货,使制造企业能够更加灵活的对零部件进行整体管理。本文的结果证明,通过BOM和VMI可以实现供应链横向和纵向的库存集成化管理,可以提高供应链库存管理效率。其次,VMI的目标是能够实现战略联盟,因此,本文还对供应商与制造商之间的协议关系进行了分析。从供应商的利润和生产制造型企业零部件成本两个角度进行了研究。供应链双方愿意为长期战略合作实现双赢创造条件,牺牲部分自己的利益。本文构建了供应商和生产制造型企业之间的利益分享模型,在一定的条件下,实施VMI对双方都是有利的。最后,本文在以往文献的基础上,对供应链补货模型进行了分析,建立了一对多供应链中的定期补货模型。研究分为三个阶段进行,首先讨论了分散决策下供应链利润的分配情况,随后提出在供应商主导的基础上,由供应商发起供应链合作,主动对产品价格做出调整,以增加供应链整体利润。在第三个阶段以实现供应链协调为目的,引入收入共享契约,实现供应链整体利润最大化,并合理分配增加的利润,以提高供应链绩效、实现供应链协调。在此基础上,论文对比分析了缺货与无缺货两种条件下的补货模型与供应链利润分配,并讨论了模型中相关参数之间的关系及其供应链成员利润的影响。
研究结果表明,通过供应链成员的共同努力,可以实现各供应商按BOM表零部件比例关系对制造企业补货,共同减少库存成本,提高库存决策的正确性。无论在哪种条件下,分散决策都会导致供应链效率低下。在分散决策下进行合作的供应链中,总利润与成员利润均高于无合作机制的供应链,但与实行契约协调的供应链相比,合作供应链总利润较低,且协调供应链的利润可通过契约约定在供应链成员间合理分配。分析结果表明,该协调机制能够有效地协调VMI供应链各成员利润,实现效益最大化的目的。
Along with the rapid development of manufacturing enterprise in China, the stock management of various components becomes very important. In many manufacturing enterprises the inventory cost, especially the inventory cost of raw materials occupies lots of current capital. So it's very important to decrease the inventory of raw materials and reduce the inventory cost, the manufacturing enterprises can make use of material classification method synthetically, adopt differentiated management according to different types of materials, and make full use of VMI, the manufacturing enterprises can steadily ally with the vendors.And advances in competition environment and management models have increased both the scope and intensity of competition between organizations.During the last few years, the focus has shifted from the enterprise level management of supply chains to enterprise level management of supply chains. In order to be the winner, each company should make full use of its own resources, for example, constructing coordination mechanism between enterprises within a supply chain. Vendor managed inventories (VMI) which focus on enterprise process information management was established on the theoretical base of supply chain.
The main contents of this paper are as follows:firstly, this paper makes innovation based on the ABC classification, forms a multifactor classified matrix model, then corresponding inventory strategy is selected according to the different features of the materials, this leads to a low cost, and resources can be effectively used. The key materials is managed with VMI, this paper researchs the optimal ordering quantity of all materials. This paper establishes an overall supply chain model which is to get the target of the maximum profit under BOM constraint, and also counts the most optimized ordering quantity of the suppliers of all components. Through the model, the manufacturing enterprise and its suppliers can make decision together, they decide replishment according to the proportion of the components of the BOM, manufacturing enterprise also can flexibly manage the inventory of the components. The result of this paper proves that the supply chain can reach the target of integrated inventory management and the efficiency of the inventory management can be improved.Secondly,the VMI is used to carry out the tactic alliance, so this paper analyses the contract between the venders and the manufacturing enterprise. The paper studied from respect of supplier's profit as well as manufacturing enterprise's component cost. Both buyers and suppliers in supply chain are willing to sacrifice part self-profit to realize co-operation and double win. The paper constructs a revenues-sharing model between the supplier and the manufacturing enterprise. On specifical condition, the VMI can bring benefit to both the supplier and the manufacturing enterprise.Thirdly,this paper analyzes replenishment model by considing previous research, and constructing a periodic replenishment mathematics models,considering a two-echelon supply chain consists of a single supplier and multiple retailers. Upon these, I study the profits under disperse policy decision. Then the vender bring the supply chain cooperation without revenue sharing contract in order to increase the profits. Lastly, coordination mechanism was introduced, the revenue sharing contract is introduced to the models in order to improve the supply chain's performance and realize coordination out. On this basis, this research compares the differences between the models with backorder and without backorder. And then.the correlations of related parameters and the impacts of them on the profit are analyzed.
The research results show that through the joint efforts of the supply chain members, each supplier can be according to the proportion relationship of BOM components manufacturing enterprises replenishment and reduce inventory costs, improve inventory decision is correct.The distributed decision-making supply chain is compared to the cooperated decision-making one and the changes of different variables and the impacts of them on all parties'profits are analyzed. The results show that the mechanism can coordinate the profit of VMI supply chain members effectively and achieve the purpose of maximizing system benefit. The results show that no matter what kind of structure, distributed decision will lead to low efficience.In cooperated supply chain, all parties'profits are higher than that in distributed decision-making ones.But coordinated supply chains can get the highest profits,and these profits can be appropriatly distributed between the members of supply chain under constract.
本文主要研究内容如下：首先,在ABC库存分类法的基础上进行创新,提出了多维分类矩阵模型；并根据每一类物料特征选用不同的库存策略,可以有效降低库存成本和利用资源：对关键性物料重点采用了VMI策略,同时考虑产品结构对各物料批量进行了研究,本文建立了以BOM为约束关系,供应链利润最大化为目标的供应链整体模型,并计算了在最大利润下各零部件供应商的最优订货批量,通过该模型可将制造企业和供应商库存决策结合起来,按BOM比例关系进行补货,使制造企业能够更加灵活的对零部件进行整体管理。本文的结果证明,通过BOM和VMI可以实现供应链横向和纵向的库存集成化管理,可以提高供应链库存管理效率。其次,VMI的目标是能够实现战略联盟,因此,本文还对供应商与制造商之间的协议关系进行了分析。从供应商的利润和生产制造型企业零部件成本两个角度进行了研究。供应链双方愿意为长期战略合作实现双赢创造条件,牺牲部分自己的利益。本文构建了供应商和生产制造型企业之间的利益分享模型,在一定的条件下,实施VMI对双方都是有利的。最后,本文在以往文献的基础上,对供应链补货模型进行了分析,建立了一对多供应链中的定期补货模型。研究分为三个阶段进行,首先讨论了分散决策下供应链利润的分配情况,随后提出在供应商主导的基础上,由供应商发起供应链合作,主动对产品价格做出调整,以增加供应链整体利润。在第三个阶段以实现供应链协调为目的,引入收入共享契约,实现供应链整体利润最大化,并合理分配增加的利润,以提高供应链绩效、实现供应链协调。在此基础上,论文对比分析了缺货与无缺货两种条件下的补货模型与供应链利润分配,并讨论了模型中相关参数之间的关系及其供应链成员利润的影响。
研究结果表明,通过供应链成员的共同努力,可以实现各供应商按BOM表零部件比例关系对制造企业补货,共同减少库存成本,提高库存决策的正确性。无论在哪种条件下,分散决策都会导致供应链效率低下。在分散决策下进行合作的供应链中,总利润与成员利润均高于无合作机制的供应链,但与实行契约协调的供应链相比,合作供应链总利润较低,且协调供应链的利润可通过契约约定在供应链成员间合理分配。分析结果表明,该协调机制能够有效地协调VMI供应链各成员利润,实现效益最大化的目的。
Along with the rapid development of manufacturing enterprise in China, the stock management of various components becomes very important. In many manufacturing enterprises the inventory cost, especially the inventory cost of raw materials occupies lots of current capital. So it's very important to decrease the inventory of raw materials and reduce the inventory cost, the manufacturing enterprises can make use of material classification method synthetically, adopt differentiated management according to different types of materials, and make full use of VMI, the manufacturing enterprises can steadily ally with the vendors.And advances in competition environment and management models have increased both the scope and intensity of competition between organizations.During the last few years, the focus has shifted from the enterprise level management of supply chains to enterprise level management of supply chains. In order to be the winner, each company should make full use of its own resources, for example, constructing coordination mechanism between enterprises within a supply chain. Vendor managed inventories (VMI) which focus on enterprise process information management was established on the theoretical base of supply chain.
The main contents of this paper are as follows:firstly, this paper makes innovation based on the ABC classification, forms a multifactor classified matrix model, then corresponding inventory strategy is selected according to the different features of the materials, this leads to a low cost, and resources can be effectively used. The key materials is managed with VMI, this paper researchs the optimal ordering quantity of all materials. This paper establishes an overall supply chain model which is to get the target of the maximum profit under BOM constraint, and also counts the most optimized ordering quantity of the suppliers of all components. Through the model, the manufacturing enterprise and its suppliers can make decision together, they decide replishment according to the proportion of the components of the BOM, manufacturing enterprise also can flexibly manage the inventory of the components. The result of this paper proves that the supply chain can reach the target of integrated inventory management and the efficiency of the inventory management can be improved.Secondly,the VMI is used to carry out the tactic alliance, so this paper analyses the contract between the venders and the manufacturing enterprise. The paper studied from respect of supplier's profit as well as manufacturing enterprise's component cost. Both buyers and suppliers in supply chain are willing to sacrifice part self-profit to realize co-operation and double win. The paper constructs a revenues-sharing model between the supplier and the manufacturing enterprise. On specifical condition, the VMI can bring benefit to both the supplier and the manufacturing enterprise.Thirdly,this paper analyzes replenishment model by considing previous research, and constructing a periodic replenishment mathematics models,considering a two-echelon supply chain consists of a single supplier and multiple retailers. Upon these, I study the profits under disperse policy decision. Then the vender bring the supply chain cooperation without revenue sharing contract in order to increase the profits. Lastly, coordination mechanism was introduced, the revenue sharing contract is introduced to the models in order to improve the supply chain's performance and realize coordination out. On this basis, this research compares the differences between the models with backorder and without backorder. And then.the correlations of related parameters and the impacts of them on the profit are analyzed.
The research results show that through the joint efforts of the supply chain members, each supplier can be according to the proportion relationship of BOM components manufacturing enterprises replenishment and reduce inventory costs, improve inventory decision is correct.The distributed decision-making supply chain is compared to the cooperated decision-making one and the changes of different variables and the impacts of them on all parties'profits are analyzed. The results show that the mechanism can coordinate the profit of VMI supply chain members effectively and achieve the purpose of maximizing system benefit. The results show that no matter what kind of structure, distributed decision will lead to low efficience.In cooperated supply chain, all parties'profits are higher than that in distributed decision-making ones.But coordinated supply chains can get the highest profits,and these profits can be appropriatly distributed between the members of supply chain under constract.
引文
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