浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法分析环境样品中不同形态的Cr、Mn、Co和Cu
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摘要
重金属污染一直是破坏生态环境和危害人类健康很严重的问题。由于重金属元素的迁移性、毒性以及危害的严重性并不完全决定于其总量,而是很大程度上决定于其化学存在形态,因此,鉴别和准确测定环境样品中重金属的化学形态有非常现实的意义。
本文将环境友好、高富集能力的浊点萃取技术和选择性好、灵敏度高的火焰原子吸收光谱法进行联用,建立了测定解毒铬渣浸提液中的Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn、土壤中有效态钴、烟草中铜的新方法。主要的研究内容包括以下部分：
(1)浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定解毒铬渣中Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn
以甲基红为络合剂,OP为表面活性剂,建立了浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定解毒铬渣中Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn的新方法。方法基于甲基红与Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn络合,被萃取到表面活性剂相中,从而实现和其他金属元素的分离。该方法详细研究了影响浊点萃取效率的几种主要因素。在最佳实验条件下,Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn的线性范围分别是0.05～2.00μg·mL-1、0.005～1.00μg·mL-1,线性相关系数分别是0.9993、0.9999,Cr(111)和Mn的检出限分别是0.05μ·mL-1、0.0035μg·mL-1,相对标准偏差分别是1.3%、1.8%。对解毒铬渣样品浸提液中Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn的测定,加标回收率分别在89.0～110.0%和90.0～105.0%范围内,说明该方法准确度好,结果满意。(2)浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的有效态钻
采用0.1mol·L-1盐酸对土壤中有效态钴进行浸提,以甲基红为络合剂,TritonX-114为表面活性剂,建立了浊点萃取与火焰原子吸收光谱法联用测定土壤中有效态钻的新方法。并研究了影响浊点萃取的几种主要因素。在最佳实验条件下,钴离子的线性范围是0.10～2.00μg·mL-1,方法的检出限是0.03μg·mL-1,相对标准偏差是3.3%,该法用于郑州郊区和四川烟草地土壤样品中有效态钴的测定,样品加标回收率在94.0-104.0%范围内,结果满意。通过测定发现不同地区土壤中有效态钴占钴总量的比例相差较大。
(3)浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定烟草中的铜
建立了一种测定烟草中铜的新方法。采用微波消解法对烟草样品进行前处理,然后以头孢唑啉钠和柠檬酸三铵为络合剂,OP为表面活性剂,与铜形成了多元络合物,对处理好的烟草样品溶液进行浊点萃取,提高了方法的灵敏度和选择性。详细研究了pH值、缓冲溶液用量、络合剂用量、表面活性剂浓度及平衡时间和平衡温度对浊点萃取的影响,并优化了实验条件。另外,还研究了常见的一些阳离子和阴离子对铜测定的干扰情况,用酒石酸钾钠溶液进行掩蔽,有效地掩蔽了A13+、Cd2+对测定的干扰。在最佳实验条件下,铜离子的线性范围是0.03～1.00μg·mL-1, R=0.9997,检出限是0.01μg·mL-1,相对标准偏差是4.3%,应用该方法对烟草样品中的铜进行测定,样品加标回收率在90.0-106.7%范围内,结果满意。
The pollutions caused by heavy metals have been serious problems which destroy ecological environment and harm human health. The migration, toxicity, and the serious harmfulness of heavy metals not only depended on the total amount, but largely on the chemical forms. Therefore, it is very important to identify and determine chemical forms of heavy metals accurately in environmental samples.
New methods have been developed for determination of Cr(III) and Mn in the leaching solution of chromium residue of harmless treatment, available cobalt in soils, copper in tobaccos. These methods combined cloud point extraction technology of high enrichment ability with flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS) of good selectivity and high sensitivity. The major research contents are summarized as follows:
(1)Determination of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn in chromium residue samples of harmless treatment by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction
A cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure has been developed for the determination of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn in chromium residue samples of harmless treatment by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The proposed method was based on the cloud point extraction of a complex from methyl red and Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn using emulsifier octyl polyethylene glycol phenol ether (OP) as surfactant. Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn were extracted to the surfactant phase, so as to realize the separation from other metal ions. The method was also studied several main factors which influenced the efficiency of cloud point extraction in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graphs of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn were linear in range of0.05～2.00μg·mL-1and0.005～1.00μg·mL-1, and the correlation coefficient were0.9993and0.9999, respectively. The detection limits of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn were0.0500μg·mL-1and0.003500μg·mL-1,respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn were1.3%and1.8%, respectively. The recoveries of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn spiked in the leaching solution of chromium residue samples of harmless treatment were from 89.0%to110.0%and from90.0%to105.0%, respectively. The proposed method showed good accuracy, with the results satisfactory.
(2)Determination of available cobalt in soils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction
0.1mol·L-1hydrochloric acid (HC1) was selected as extracting agent. A novel method was proposed for the determination of available cobalt in soils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction.The present work used methyl red as complexing agent and TritonX-114as surfactant. And several main factors that affected the efficiency of cloud point extraction were studied. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graph of Co was linear in range of0.10-2.0000μg·mL-1, the detection limit of the method was0.0300μg·mL-1, and the relative standard deviation was3.3%. The recoveries of Co spiked in soil samples were from94.0%to104.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of available Co in soils, which were collected from the suburbs of Zhengzhou and Sichuan, and with the results satisfactory. It was found that the propotion of available cobalt was very different in soils of different areas after determination.
(3)Determination of copper in tobaccos by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction
A novel method was proposed for determination of copper in tobaccos by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Using microwave digestion for the pretreatment of tobacco samples first, and then cloud point extraction was carried out using cefazolin sodium and ammonium citrate tribasic as complexing agents, OP as surfactant. The sensitivity and selectivity of the method was improved a lot due to the formation of multiple complex. Conditions that would affect cloud point extraction were researched in detail, including the values of pH, dosages of buffer solution, concentration of the chelating agents and the surfactant, equilibration time and temperature. In addition, interference of some common cations and anions were also studied. The paper used potassium sodium tartrate as masking agent to conceal the interference of Al3+and Cd2+. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graph of Cu was linear in range of0.03～1.0000μg·mL-1, the correlation coefficient was0.9997. The detection limit of the method was0.0100μg·mL-1, and the relative standard deviation was4.3%. The recoveries of Cu spiked in tobacco samples were from90.0%to106.7%. The method was applied to determine Cu in tobacco samples with the results satisfactory.
本文将环境友好、高富集能力的浊点萃取技术和选择性好、灵敏度高的火焰原子吸收光谱法进行联用,建立了测定解毒铬渣浸提液中的Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn、土壤中有效态钴、烟草中铜的新方法。主要的研究内容包括以下部分：
(1)浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定解毒铬渣中Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn
以甲基红为络合剂,OP为表面活性剂,建立了浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定解毒铬渣中Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn的新方法。方法基于甲基红与Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn络合,被萃取到表面活性剂相中,从而实现和其他金属元素的分离。该方法详细研究了影响浊点萃取效率的几种主要因素。在最佳实验条件下,Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn的线性范围分别是0.05～2.00μg·mL-1、0.005～1.00μg·mL-1,线性相关系数分别是0.9993、0.9999,Cr(111)和Mn的检出限分别是0.05μ·mL-1、0.0035μg·mL-1,相对标准偏差分别是1.3%、1.8%。对解毒铬渣样品浸提液中Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn的测定,加标回收率分别在89.0～110.0%和90.0～105.0%范围内,说明该方法准确度好,结果满意。(2)浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的有效态钻
采用0.1mol·L-1盐酸对土壤中有效态钴进行浸提,以甲基红为络合剂,TritonX-114为表面活性剂,建立了浊点萃取与火焰原子吸收光谱法联用测定土壤中有效态钻的新方法。并研究了影响浊点萃取的几种主要因素。在最佳实验条件下,钴离子的线性范围是0.10～2.00μg·mL-1,方法的检出限是0.03μg·mL-1,相对标准偏差是3.3%,该法用于郑州郊区和四川烟草地土壤样品中有效态钴的测定,样品加标回收率在94.0-104.0%范围内,结果满意。通过测定发现不同地区土壤中有效态钴占钴总量的比例相差较大。
(3)浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定烟草中的铜
建立了一种测定烟草中铜的新方法。采用微波消解法对烟草样品进行前处理,然后以头孢唑啉钠和柠檬酸三铵为络合剂,OP为表面活性剂,与铜形成了多元络合物,对处理好的烟草样品溶液进行浊点萃取,提高了方法的灵敏度和选择性。详细研究了pH值、缓冲溶液用量、络合剂用量、表面活性剂浓度及平衡时间和平衡温度对浊点萃取的影响,并优化了实验条件。另外,还研究了常见的一些阳离子和阴离子对铜测定的干扰情况,用酒石酸钾钠溶液进行掩蔽,有效地掩蔽了A13+、Cd2+对测定的干扰。在最佳实验条件下,铜离子的线性范围是0.03～1.00μg·mL-1, R=0.9997,检出限是0.01μg·mL-1,相对标准偏差是4.3%,应用该方法对烟草样品中的铜进行测定,样品加标回收率在90.0-106.7%范围内,结果满意。
The pollutions caused by heavy metals have been serious problems which destroy ecological environment and harm human health. The migration, toxicity, and the serious harmfulness of heavy metals not only depended on the total amount, but largely on the chemical forms. Therefore, it is very important to identify and determine chemical forms of heavy metals accurately in environmental samples.
New methods have been developed for determination of Cr(III) and Mn in the leaching solution of chromium residue of harmless treatment, available cobalt in soils, copper in tobaccos. These methods combined cloud point extraction technology of high enrichment ability with flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS) of good selectivity and high sensitivity. The major research contents are summarized as follows:
(1)Determination of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn in chromium residue samples of harmless treatment by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction
A cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure has been developed for the determination of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn in chromium residue samples of harmless treatment by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The proposed method was based on the cloud point extraction of a complex from methyl red and Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn using emulsifier octyl polyethylene glycol phenol ether (OP) as surfactant. Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn were extracted to the surfactant phase, so as to realize the separation from other metal ions. The method was also studied several main factors which influenced the efficiency of cloud point extraction in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graphs of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn were linear in range of0.05～2.00μg·mL-1and0.005～1.00μg·mL-1, and the correlation coefficient were0.9993and0.9999, respectively. The detection limits of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn were0.0500μg·mL-1and0.003500μg·mL-1,respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn were1.3%and1.8%, respectively. The recoveries of Cr(Ⅲ) and Mn spiked in the leaching solution of chromium residue samples of harmless treatment were from 89.0%to110.0%and from90.0%to105.0%, respectively. The proposed method showed good accuracy, with the results satisfactory.
(2)Determination of available cobalt in soils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction
0.1mol·L-1hydrochloric acid (HC1) was selected as extracting agent. A novel method was proposed for the determination of available cobalt in soils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction.The present work used methyl red as complexing agent and TritonX-114as surfactant. And several main factors that affected the efficiency of cloud point extraction were studied. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graph of Co was linear in range of0.10-2.0000μg·mL-1, the detection limit of the method was0.0300μg·mL-1, and the relative standard deviation was3.3%. The recoveries of Co spiked in soil samples were from94.0%to104.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of available Co in soils, which were collected from the suburbs of Zhengzhou and Sichuan, and with the results satisfactory. It was found that the propotion of available cobalt was very different in soils of different areas after determination.
(3)Determination of copper in tobaccos by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction
A novel method was proposed for determination of copper in tobaccos by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Using microwave digestion for the pretreatment of tobacco samples first, and then cloud point extraction was carried out using cefazolin sodium and ammonium citrate tribasic as complexing agents, OP as surfactant. The sensitivity and selectivity of the method was improved a lot due to the formation of multiple complex. Conditions that would affect cloud point extraction were researched in detail, including the values of pH, dosages of buffer solution, concentration of the chelating agents and the surfactant, equilibration time and temperature. In addition, interference of some common cations and anions were also studied. The paper used potassium sodium tartrate as masking agent to conceal the interference of Al3+and Cd2+. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graph of Cu was linear in range of0.03～1.0000μg·mL-1, the correlation coefficient was0.9997. The detection limit of the method was0.0100μg·mL-1, and the relative standard deviation was4.3%. The recoveries of Cu spiked in tobacco samples were from90.0%to106.7%. The method was applied to determine Cu in tobacco samples with the results satisfactory.
引文
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