大气CO_2浓度升高对冬小麦生理生态的影响研究
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摘要
冬小麦是我国重要的粮食作物,在CO2浓度升高的气候变化条件下,我国冬小麦的产量、生长发育和氮素吸收如何变化成为亟待回答的科学问题。本文利用中国农业科学院FACE试验平台,大气CO2浓度设550±60 ppm(FACE处理)和400±40 ppm(对照)两个水平,施氮量设常规施氮肥(NN,189kg·hm-2 )和低施氮肥(LN,47kg·hm-2 )两个水平,选取中麦175和CA0493两个冬小麦供试品种,三次重复,在北京昌平开展冬小麦生长发育对高CO2浓度的响应试验,从冬小麦形态指标、产量变化、干物质生产和分配、氮素和吸收利用和光合适应几个方面进行了主要的研究,得出了以下主要结论:
(1) FACE处理使冬小麦株高比对照显著增加2.78%;使冬小麦旗叶叶面积比对照显著增加8.98%,其中低氮条件下,FACE处理使旗叶面积的增加幅度高于常规施氮水平。也就是说,CO2浓度升高使旗叶面积增加,同时可能使叶片厚度变薄。
(2) CO2浓度升高对于两个供试品种的产量影响不同,FACE处理使CA0493显著增产24.67%,但是对中麦175的产量没有显著影响。大气CO2浓度升高使乳熟期中麦175乳熟期叶片出现早衰,这在一定程度上限制了中麦175对于高CO2浓度的响应,可以说明不同小麦品种对于高CO2浓度响应存在差异。FACE处理使CA0493的穗粒数增加3.45个·穗-1,增幅为14.48%(P=0.059),这可能是其增产的主要原因。
(3) CO2浓度、施氮量与品种之间的交互作用对冬小麦地上部干物重的影响达到了显著水平。对于冬小麦CA0493,大气CO2浓度升高,施氮有利于CA0493的增加地上部干物重;对于冬小麦中麦175,大气CO2浓度升高,低氮条件下地上部干物重增加的潜力大。
(4)冬小麦生长后期,与对照相比,FACE处理使CA0493的茎、叶的干物重分配比例降低,更多的输送给穗部,有利于穗部干物质的积累;对于中麦175,FACE处理使叶的干物重分配比例降低,使茎和穗的干物重分配比例增加。
(5)乳熟期,FACE处理使植株氮素吸收量比对照增加9.78%(P=0.098)。在开花期,大气CO2浓度升高,使植物体内的氮素比对照从叶片向茎和穗输送增加,这期间叶子是主要的氮源,到乳熟期,叶片和茎是主要的氮源,FACE处理使氮素比对照从叶和茎向穗部输送增加。
(6)对于中麦175,FACE处理使开花期之前净光合速率增加32.36%～38.35%,乳熟期净光合速率降低;旗叶气孔导度在开花期之后显著降低,降幅为25.78%～87.08%;使冬小麦旗叶在各生育期的蒸腾速率降低,;孕穗期和乳熟期,FACE处理使胞间CO2浓度与环境CO2浓度的比值(Ci/Ca)分别增加10.67%(P<0.05)和32.35%(P<0.01)。
(7)乳熟期,FACE处理的中麦175旗叶表现出光合适应现象。乳熟期,FACE处理使中麦175叶片的SPAD值和叶绿素含量均下降,进一步说明CO2浓度升高使叶片出现了早衰现象,这一因素可能导致叶片出现光合适应现象,也可能是光合适应现象导致FACE条件下叶片早衰。
Winter wheat is a very important grain crop in China. Climate chamge is happening with elevated CO2, how yield of winter wheat response to elevated CO2, and how elevated CO2 influnce on winter wheat growth、development and nitrogen uptake are becoming an urgent scientific question to answer. Experiment were based on the CAAS’s FACE system, with two CO2 concentration levels (550±60 ppm and 400±40 ppm)、two N fertilizer leavl (Normal Nitrogen is 189kg·hm-2 and Low Nitrogen is 47kg·hm-2) and two winter wheat varieties( CA0493 and ZM175). Each treatment has three replicants.Experimets were taken to investigate the response of wheat growth to elevated CO2 at Changping, Beijing. Research was done on effects of elevated CO2 on the morphology, yield, dry matter production and distribution, nitrogen uptake and utilization and photosynthetic acclimation. Conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) Elevated CO2 resulted in taller wheat (+2.78%) and larger flag leaf area (+8.98%).That is interesting to find that with LN conditions, stimulation of flag leaf area with elevated CO2 was greater than NN conditions.we conculd that flag leaf area increased, but became thinner at elevated CO2.
(2) Effect of elevated CO2 on yield was different between two varieties.Yield of CA0493 increased 24.67% significantly with exposure to elevated CO2; however, yield of ZM175 showed litter effect of elevated CO2.Leaf sencense got earier for wheat of ZM175 with exposure to elevated CO2, which will limit the response of ZM175 to elevated CO2 and result in difference of yield response to elevated CO2 between two varieties.For CA0493, elevated CO2 increased the kernel number per spike up to 3.45 kernels per spike, that is 14.48% increasment(P=0.059), which was the main reason for CA0493 to increase yield.
(3) The interaction effects of CO2×N×variey on aboveground dry matter was significant. For CA0493 exposed to elevated CO2, normal nitrogen fertilizer did stimulate aboveground dry matter, however, for ZM175 exposed to elevted CO2, aboveground dry matter increased with Low nitrogen.
(4) At the later stage of CA0493, elevated CO2 decreased the proportion of leaf dry matter to aboveground dry matter and stem dry matter propotion, but increased the head dry matter proportion.That is good for head of CA0493 to get more dry matter. At the later stage of ZM175, elevated CO2 devreased the proportion of leaf dry matter to aboveground dry matter, but increased stem drymatter proportion and head dry matter proportion.
(5) Aboveground N uptake increased 9.78% with exposure to elevated CO2(P=0.098) at dough maturity. More nitrogen was shifted to stem and head at elevated CO2 and leaves were main source of nitrogen at flowering stage. While till dough maturiety, leaf and stem were main source of nitrogen and shifted more nitrogen to head at elevated CO2.
(6) For ZM175, elevated CO2 resulted in higher Pn(+32.36%～+38.35%) before flowering, however, decreased in dough maturity. Stomal conductance decreased (-25.78%～-87.08%) significantly afer flowering with exposure to elevated CO2. Transporation rate decreased at elevated CO2, but Ci/Ca increased 10.67% in booting and 32.35% in dough maturity at elevated CO2, respectively.
(7) In dough maturity, photosynthetic acclimation occurs in the flag leaf of ZM175. Elevated CO2 decreased the content of chlorophyll and SPAD in dough, which means that leaf of ZM175 got earlier senescence with exposure to elevated CO2. This would limit the response of ZM175 to elevated CO2 and result in photosynthetic acclimation of leaf, or photosynthetic acclimation was one of reasons for leaf senescence.
(1) FACE处理使冬小麦株高比对照显著增加2.78%;使冬小麦旗叶叶面积比对照显著增加8.98%,其中低氮条件下,FACE处理使旗叶面积的增加幅度高于常规施氮水平。也就是说,CO2浓度升高使旗叶面积增加,同时可能使叶片厚度变薄。
(2) CO2浓度升高对于两个供试品种的产量影响不同,FACE处理使CA0493显著增产24.67%,但是对中麦175的产量没有显著影响。大气CO2浓度升高使乳熟期中麦175乳熟期叶片出现早衰,这在一定程度上限制了中麦175对于高CO2浓度的响应,可以说明不同小麦品种对于高CO2浓度响应存在差异。FACE处理使CA0493的穗粒数增加3.45个·穗-1,增幅为14.48%(P=0.059),这可能是其增产的主要原因。
(3) CO2浓度、施氮量与品种之间的交互作用对冬小麦地上部干物重的影响达到了显著水平。对于冬小麦CA0493,大气CO2浓度升高,施氮有利于CA0493的增加地上部干物重;对于冬小麦中麦175,大气CO2浓度升高,低氮条件下地上部干物重增加的潜力大。
(4)冬小麦生长后期,与对照相比,FACE处理使CA0493的茎、叶的干物重分配比例降低,更多的输送给穗部,有利于穗部干物质的积累;对于中麦175,FACE处理使叶的干物重分配比例降低,使茎和穗的干物重分配比例增加。
(5)乳熟期,FACE处理使植株氮素吸收量比对照增加9.78%(P=0.098)。在开花期,大气CO2浓度升高,使植物体内的氮素比对照从叶片向茎和穗输送增加,这期间叶子是主要的氮源,到乳熟期,叶片和茎是主要的氮源,FACE处理使氮素比对照从叶和茎向穗部输送增加。
(6)对于中麦175,FACE处理使开花期之前净光合速率增加32.36%～38.35%,乳熟期净光合速率降低;旗叶气孔导度在开花期之后显著降低,降幅为25.78%～87.08%;使冬小麦旗叶在各生育期的蒸腾速率降低,;孕穗期和乳熟期,FACE处理使胞间CO2浓度与环境CO2浓度的比值(Ci/Ca)分别增加10.67%(P<0.05)和32.35%(P<0.01)。
(7)乳熟期,FACE处理的中麦175旗叶表现出光合适应现象。乳熟期,FACE处理使中麦175叶片的SPAD值和叶绿素含量均下降,进一步说明CO2浓度升高使叶片出现了早衰现象,这一因素可能导致叶片出现光合适应现象,也可能是光合适应现象导致FACE条件下叶片早衰。
Winter wheat is a very important grain crop in China. Climate chamge is happening with elevated CO2, how yield of winter wheat response to elevated CO2, and how elevated CO2 influnce on winter wheat growth、development and nitrogen uptake are becoming an urgent scientific question to answer. Experiment were based on the CAAS’s FACE system, with two CO2 concentration levels (550±60 ppm and 400±40 ppm)、two N fertilizer leavl (Normal Nitrogen is 189kg·hm-2 and Low Nitrogen is 47kg·hm-2) and two winter wheat varieties( CA0493 and ZM175). Each treatment has three replicants.Experimets were taken to investigate the response of wheat growth to elevated CO2 at Changping, Beijing. Research was done on effects of elevated CO2 on the morphology, yield, dry matter production and distribution, nitrogen uptake and utilization and photosynthetic acclimation. Conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) Elevated CO2 resulted in taller wheat (+2.78%) and larger flag leaf area (+8.98%).That is interesting to find that with LN conditions, stimulation of flag leaf area with elevated CO2 was greater than NN conditions.we conculd that flag leaf area increased, but became thinner at elevated CO2.
(2) Effect of elevated CO2 on yield was different between two varieties.Yield of CA0493 increased 24.67% significantly with exposure to elevated CO2; however, yield of ZM175 showed litter effect of elevated CO2.Leaf sencense got earier for wheat of ZM175 with exposure to elevated CO2, which will limit the response of ZM175 to elevated CO2 and result in difference of yield response to elevated CO2 between two varieties.For CA0493, elevated CO2 increased the kernel number per spike up to 3.45 kernels per spike, that is 14.48% increasment(P=0.059), which was the main reason for CA0493 to increase yield.
(3) The interaction effects of CO2×N×variey on aboveground dry matter was significant. For CA0493 exposed to elevated CO2, normal nitrogen fertilizer did stimulate aboveground dry matter, however, for ZM175 exposed to elevted CO2, aboveground dry matter increased with Low nitrogen.
(4) At the later stage of CA0493, elevated CO2 decreased the proportion of leaf dry matter to aboveground dry matter and stem dry matter propotion, but increased the head dry matter proportion.That is good for head of CA0493 to get more dry matter. At the later stage of ZM175, elevated CO2 devreased the proportion of leaf dry matter to aboveground dry matter, but increased stem drymatter proportion and head dry matter proportion.
(5) Aboveground N uptake increased 9.78% with exposure to elevated CO2(P=0.098) at dough maturity. More nitrogen was shifted to stem and head at elevated CO2 and leaves were main source of nitrogen at flowering stage. While till dough maturiety, leaf and stem were main source of nitrogen and shifted more nitrogen to head at elevated CO2.
(6) For ZM175, elevated CO2 resulted in higher Pn(+32.36%～+38.35%) before flowering, however, decreased in dough maturity. Stomal conductance decreased (-25.78%～-87.08%) significantly afer flowering with exposure to elevated CO2. Transporation rate decreased at elevated CO2, but Ci/Ca increased 10.67% in booting and 32.35% in dough maturity at elevated CO2, respectively.
(7) In dough maturity, photosynthetic acclimation occurs in the flag leaf of ZM175. Elevated CO2 decreased the content of chlorophyll and SPAD in dough, which means that leaf of ZM175 got earlier senescence with exposure to elevated CO2. This would limit the response of ZM175 to elevated CO2 and result in photosynthetic acclimation of leaf, or photosynthetic acclimation was one of reasons for leaf senescence.
引文
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