水肥互作对冬小麦产量的影响
摘要
施用氮肥是提高小麦产量、改善品质的主要措施之一,但氮肥的不合理施用也造成了利用率低,损失严重,污染环境等不良后果,因此合理运筹氮肥是提高氮肥利用率、增加产量、改善品质和减少污染的重要措施。本试验于2007-2008年间在中国农业科学院作物所昌平试验基地进行,以冬小麦CA 0178为材料,采用5因子4水平的正交试验设计,研究了不同处理下的土壤无机氮含量、土壤水分含量和生物量随生育期的动态变化规律,对水肥耦合对小麦产量和硝态氮的累积的影响进行分析,旨在探明最佳经济产量以及最佳水肥组合配比等基本参数,构建小麦施肥模型,提出兼顾小麦产量、品质、效益、生态、安全的水肥运筹方式,为小麦生产中的水肥合理调控提供理论依据。研究结果表明:
1不同施氮量水平下的干物质重随生育期的变化,整体的变化趋势是在拔节孕穗期小麦的地上部干物质重高于灌浆期,这与冬小麦在拔节期后的分蘖减少有关,随后地上部干物质不断累积在成熟期达到最高。随着小麦的生长发育,对氮肥的利用并不是施入量越高越好,到了生育期的后期,高氮施入量处理的生物量反而比较低,而在适量施氮水平N2水平150kg/hm2和低氮水平N1水平75kg/hm2时的干物质重相对较高。
2基于水肥组合对小麦产量的影响来说,5个因素对冬小麦产量均有影响,其中有机肥、氮肥、钾肥、灌水具有极显著差异;磷肥处理具有显著差异。经过极差分析和方差分析后得到的最优水肥组合为:A4B1C1D2E4即有机肥施入量12000 kg/hm2;氮肥施入量75 kg/hm2;磷肥施入量75 kg/hm2;钾肥施入量150 kg/hm2;灌水量3000 kg/hm2。回归方程得到的最优水肥组合为: A4B1C4D2E4,即有机肥施入量12000 kg/hm2;氮肥施入量75 kg/hm2;磷肥施入量300 kg/hm2;钾肥施入量150 kg/hm2;灌水量3000 kg/hm2。
3在以硝态氮累积为参考的指标下,施氮量是决定因素。硝态氮在0-100cm土层内的累积以N1水平最低,随施氮量而逐渐增加。其中以处理5,即A2B1C2D3E4为最优。
4不同生育期土壤剖面中铵态氮含量变化较小,同一土层不同施氮水平或不同取样时期铵态氮含量均无显著差异。土壤中铵态氮一直维持在一个相对较低含量水平(1-8mg/kg),因此在根据土壤无机氮计算施肥量时可以忽略铵态氮的影响,主要考虑硝态氮的影响。
5综合考虑硝态氮累积和产量两项指标,处理14即A4B2C3D1E4也具有相对较低的硝态氮含量和较高的产量,处理14与极差分析及方差分析得出的结果相似;处理13 A4B1C4D2E3与回归方程得出的结果相似,且灌水量较低。因此处理14、13也不失为最佳组合之一。
Application of nitrogen fertilizer is a main measurement to increase wheat production, to improve the quality of wheat, however, immoderate application of nitrogen fertilizer also resulted in a low utilization rate, environment pollution. So rational fertilization is the way to improve the nitrogen use efficiency, increase wheat yield and improve the quality of wheat. Rational fertilization is an important measure to reduce pollution. Field experiments were conducted at 2007-2008 in the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changping crop test site. Used winter wheat CA 0178 as materials, and used of 54 level orthogonal experimental design to study soil inorganic nitrogen content, soil moisture content and biomass in different treatments in grow stage. Analyzing the combined effect of fertilizers and water on wheat yield and nitrate in order to find the best of economic output, as well as optimal treatment of fertilizers and water. Finally, the experiment trying to build wheat fertilization model for wheat production, wheat quality, benefit, ecology and safe operation of water and fertilizer, and also for reasonable regulation of water and fertilizers in wheat production. The results show that:
1 NH4 +-N in soil profiles at different growth stages rarely change. There was no significant difference of NH4 +-N content in the same soil depth in different level of nitrogen or in different sampling stage. Soil NH4 +-N has been maintained at a relatively low level (1-8mg/kg), therefore the effect of NH4 +-N can be ignored when considering the recommended nitrogen fertilization.We mainly focus on the effect of NO3--N.
2 Dry weights in different levels of nitrogen fertilizers change with the growing stages as: Above-ground dry weight in jointing stage is her than the milk stage, which has something to do with the reduced tillering wheat after jointing stage. Then the dry weight reached highest level at ripening stage. With the growth of wheat, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is not higher is better, the dry weight under high nitrogen level became relatively low by the late growing stage, while the appropriate level of nitrogen (1500kg/hm2) low nitrogen level(75kg/hm2) demonstrated relatively high dry weight
3 Based on the effect of water and fertilizers on wheat yield, all the five factors have impact on winter wheat yield. Organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer, irrigation has a very significant difference; phosphate has a significant difference. After range analysis and variance analysis, the optimal combination of fertilizers and water is: organic fertilizer applied 12000 kg/hm2; nitrogen fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; phosphate fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; potash applied 150 kg/hm2; Irrigation 3000 kg/hm2, that is, A4B1C1D2E4. Regression analysis shows that: the optimal combination of fertilizers and water is: organic fertilizer applied 12000 kg/hm2; nitrogen fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; phosphate fertilizer applied 300 kg/hm2; potash applied 150 kg/hm2; Irrigation 3000 kg/hm2, that is, A4B1C4D2E4.
4 Nitrate accumulation in the target as a reference, the nitrogen application is the deciding factor. Nitrate in the 0-100cm soil accumulated to the lowest level of N1, with a gradual increase in the amount of nitrogen application. Treatment 5 (A2B1C2D3E4) is optimal combination of fertilizers and water.
5 In addition, integrated consideration of nitrate accumulation and yield, treatment 14 (A4B2C3D1E4) and 13 (A4B1C4D2E3) are relatively low nitrate content and higher production. Treatment 14 is similar to the results of range analysis and variance analysis, and treatment 13 (A4B1C4D2E3) is is similar to the results of regression analysis, both of them can be considered as the best combinations.
1不同施氮量水平下的干物质重随生育期的变化,整体的变化趋势是在拔节孕穗期小麦的地上部干物质重高于灌浆期,这与冬小麦在拔节期后的分蘖减少有关,随后地上部干物质不断累积在成熟期达到最高。随着小麦的生长发育,对氮肥的利用并不是施入量越高越好,到了生育期的后期,高氮施入量处理的生物量反而比较低,而在适量施氮水平N2水平150kg/hm2和低氮水平N1水平75kg/hm2时的干物质重相对较高。
2基于水肥组合对小麦产量的影响来说,5个因素对冬小麦产量均有影响,其中有机肥、氮肥、钾肥、灌水具有极显著差异;磷肥处理具有显著差异。经过极差分析和方差分析后得到的最优水肥组合为:A4B1C1D2E4即有机肥施入量12000 kg/hm2;氮肥施入量75 kg/hm2;磷肥施入量75 kg/hm2;钾肥施入量150 kg/hm2;灌水量3000 kg/hm2。回归方程得到的最优水肥组合为: A4B1C4D2E4,即有机肥施入量12000 kg/hm2;氮肥施入量75 kg/hm2;磷肥施入量300 kg/hm2;钾肥施入量150 kg/hm2;灌水量3000 kg/hm2。
3在以硝态氮累积为参考的指标下,施氮量是决定因素。硝态氮在0-100cm土层内的累积以N1水平最低,随施氮量而逐渐增加。其中以处理5,即A2B1C2D3E4为最优。
4不同生育期土壤剖面中铵态氮含量变化较小,同一土层不同施氮水平或不同取样时期铵态氮含量均无显著差异。土壤中铵态氮一直维持在一个相对较低含量水平(1-8mg/kg),因此在根据土壤无机氮计算施肥量时可以忽略铵态氮的影响,主要考虑硝态氮的影响。
5综合考虑硝态氮累积和产量两项指标,处理14即A4B2C3D1E4也具有相对较低的硝态氮含量和较高的产量,处理14与极差分析及方差分析得出的结果相似;处理13 A4B1C4D2E3与回归方程得出的结果相似,且灌水量较低。因此处理14、13也不失为最佳组合之一。
Application of nitrogen fertilizer is a main measurement to increase wheat production, to improve the quality of wheat, however, immoderate application of nitrogen fertilizer also resulted in a low utilization rate, environment pollution. So rational fertilization is the way to improve the nitrogen use efficiency, increase wheat yield and improve the quality of wheat. Rational fertilization is an important measure to reduce pollution. Field experiments were conducted at 2007-2008 in the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changping crop test site. Used winter wheat CA 0178 as materials, and used of 54 level orthogonal experimental design to study soil inorganic nitrogen content, soil moisture content and biomass in different treatments in grow stage. Analyzing the combined effect of fertilizers and water on wheat yield and nitrate in order to find the best of economic output, as well as optimal treatment of fertilizers and water. Finally, the experiment trying to build wheat fertilization model for wheat production, wheat quality, benefit, ecology and safe operation of water and fertilizer, and also for reasonable regulation of water and fertilizers in wheat production. The results show that:
1 NH4 +-N in soil profiles at different growth stages rarely change. There was no significant difference of NH4 +-N content in the same soil depth in different level of nitrogen or in different sampling stage. Soil NH4 +-N has been maintained at a relatively low level (1-8mg/kg), therefore the effect of NH4 +-N can be ignored when considering the recommended nitrogen fertilization.We mainly focus on the effect of NO3--N.
2 Dry weights in different levels of nitrogen fertilizers change with the growing stages as: Above-ground dry weight in jointing stage is her than the milk stage, which has something to do with the reduced tillering wheat after jointing stage. Then the dry weight reached highest level at ripening stage. With the growth of wheat, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is not higher is better, the dry weight under high nitrogen level became relatively low by the late growing stage, while the appropriate level of nitrogen (1500kg/hm2) low nitrogen level(75kg/hm2) demonstrated relatively high dry weight
3 Based on the effect of water and fertilizers on wheat yield, all the five factors have impact on winter wheat yield. Organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer, irrigation has a very significant difference; phosphate has a significant difference. After range analysis and variance analysis, the optimal combination of fertilizers and water is: organic fertilizer applied 12000 kg/hm2; nitrogen fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; phosphate fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; potash applied 150 kg/hm2; Irrigation 3000 kg/hm2, that is, A4B1C1D2E4. Regression analysis shows that: the optimal combination of fertilizers and water is: organic fertilizer applied 12000 kg/hm2; nitrogen fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; phosphate fertilizer applied 300 kg/hm2; potash applied 150 kg/hm2; Irrigation 3000 kg/hm2, that is, A4B1C4D2E4.
4 Nitrate accumulation in the target as a reference, the nitrogen application is the deciding factor. Nitrate in the 0-100cm soil accumulated to the lowest level of N1, with a gradual increase in the amount of nitrogen application. Treatment 5 (A2B1C2D3E4) is optimal combination of fertilizers and water.
5 In addition, integrated consideration of nitrate accumulation and yield, treatment 14 (A4B2C3D1E4) and 13 (A4B1C4D2E3) are relatively low nitrate content and higher production. Treatment 14 is similar to the results of range analysis and variance analysis, and treatment 13 (A4B1C4D2E3) is is similar to the results of regression analysis, both of them can be considered as the best combinations.
引文
[1]陈清,温贤芳等.灌溉条件下施氮水平对土壤—作物系统中肥料氮去向的影响[J].核农学报,1997,11(2):97-102.
[2]陈志雄.封丘地区土壤水分平衡研究之四:雨养条件下三个不同湿度春季的小麦耗水量与水分利用率[J].土壤学报. 1991,28(4):396~403.
[3]陈子明,袁锋明,姚造华等.北京潮土NO -3N在土壤中的移动特点及其淋失动态[J ] .植物营养与肥料学报,1995 , 1(2) :71～79.
[4]陈刚才.土壤氮素及其环境效益[J].地质地球化学,2001,29(1):63-67.
[5]褚鹏飞;于振文;张玉芳;灌水量和灌水时期对小麦产量和水分利用率的影响[J].山东农业科学, 2007年01期.
[6]党廷辉,郭胜利,郝明德..黄土旱塬长期施肥下硝态氮深层累积的定量研究.水土保持研究[J]2003,10(1):58-60.
[7]党廷辉,马海涛,高晓妮.矿态氮反映旱地土壤供氮能力的研究[J].陕西农业科学, 1991, (6) :14-15.
[8]董树连,王卫国,李春茂,等.旱地高产小麦光合速率与产量变化的研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,2000,17(3):194～195.
[9]范丙全,胡春芳,平建立.灌溉施肥对壤质潮土硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998 , 4 (1) :16～21.
[10]樊军,郝明德,党廷辉.旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响[J ].土壤与环境, 2000, 9 (1) 23- 26.
[11]樊军,邵明安,郝明德,等.黄土旱塬塬面生态系统土壤硝酸盐累积分布特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(1):8-12.
[12]高亚军,施肥与灌水对硝态氮在土壤中残留的影响[J].水土保持学报. 2005,19(6)
[13]高金梅,熊勤学.土壤水分变化规律及其对小麦产量的影响[J].湖象,1994,1:36-37.
[14]郭天财,姚战军,王晨阳,等.水肥运筹对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响[J].西北植物学报,2004 ,24(10):1786～1791.
[15]郭胜利,张文菊,党廷辉,等.2003.干旱半干旱地区农田土壤NO3-N深层积累及其影响因素[J].地球科学进展18(4):584-591.
[16]郭胜利,党廷辉,郝明德. 2000a.黄土高原沟壑区不同施肥条件下土壤剖面中矿质氮的分布特征[J].干旱地区农业研究18(1):22-27.
[17]韩燕来;葛东杰;汪强.施氮量对豫北潮土区不同肥力麦田氮肥去向及小麦产量的影响[J]. 2007年10月第21卷第5期
[18]韩占江;吴玉娥;郜庆炉等.施氮水平对小麦灌浆特性、产量及品质的影响[J].湖北农业科学. 2007年11月第46卷第6期
[19]胡田田,李生秀,郝乾坤. 2000.旱地土壤矿质氮和可矿化氮与土壤供氮能力的关系[J].水土保持学报14(4):83-86,103.
[20]胡承孝,邓波儿,刘同仇,等.武汉市菜田硝酸盐的残留与运移[J].土壤通报,1993,245(3):118-120.
[21]黄思光,李世清,王启勇,等. 2004.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程对土壤剖面矿质氮累积影响--以纸坊沟流域试验区为例[J].水土保持学报18 (6):58-62.
[22]黄绍敏,皇甫湘荣,宝德俊,等.2001.土壤中硝态氮含量的影响因素研究[J].农业环境保护20(5):351-354.
[23]黄绍敏,宝德俊,皇甫湘荣.施氮对潮土土壤及地下水硝态氮含量的影响[J].农业环境保,2000.19 (4) : 228-229, 243.
[24]黄国宏,陈冠雄.土壤含水量与氧化亚氮产生途径研究[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(1):53-56.
[25]黄益宗,张福珠.化感物质对土壤N2O释放量地影响的研究[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(5):479-482.
[26]侯爱新,陈冠雄,CLEEMPUT O V.不同种类氮肥对土壤释放N2O的影响[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(2):176-180.
[27]金翔,韩晓增等.黑土—春小麦中三种化学氮的去向[J].土壤学报,1999,36(4):448-453.
[28]金继运,刘荣乐,译.TISDALE S L,NELSON W L,BEATON J D.土壤肥力与肥料[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1997.
[29]金坷,汪德水,蔡典雄.等.水肥耦合效应研究II不同N、P、水配合对早地冬小麦产量的影响[J].植物物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(1):8-13.
[30]金坷,汪德水,蔡典雄.等.水肥耦合效应研究I不同N、P、水配合对早地冬小麦产量的影响[J].植物物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(1):1-7.
[31]巨晓棠,张福锁. 2003.氮肥利用率的要义及其提高的技术措施[J].科技导报.4:51-54.
[32]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.冬小麦/夏玉米轮作中NO3—-N在土壤剖面的累积和移动[J].土壤学报, 2003, 40(4) :538-546.
[33]孔令聪,汪芝寿,曹承富,等.氮肥运筹方式对优良小麦产量和品质的影响[J].安徽农业科学,1996,24(3): 214-216.
[34]兰晓泉.半干旱黄土丘陵区农田水肥效应研究[J].土壤通报.1998,29(4):161-165.
[35]兰霞,周殿玺,兰林旺.灌溉制度对冬小麦产量结构形成与产量物质来源的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2001,6:17-22.
[36]李世清,李生秀.水肥配合对玉米产量和肥料效果的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究.1994,12(1):47-53.
[37]李世清,李生秀,田霄鸿,等肥力田块小麦的水肥耦合效应,汪德水主编,旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术[M].北京中国农业科技出版社,1995:246~252.
[38]李世清,王瑞军,李紫燕,等.2004b.半干旱半湿润农田生态系统不可忽视的土壤氮库—土壤剖面中累积的硝态氮[J].干旱地区农业研究.22(4):1-13.
[39]李国强,朱云集,郭天财,等.氮磷钾硫的施用对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6): 175-178.
[40]李截然,李文雄,曾寒冰.春小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性与蛋白质含量关系的研究[J].黑龙江农业抖学.1993,(1):5~8.
[41]李向民,许春霞,李开元黄土高原沟壑区水肥因子对冬小麦经济性状的影响[J].应用生态学报,1990,10(3):309~311
[42]李玉山..黄土高原南部作物水肥产量效应的田间研究[J].土壤学报. 1990,27(1):1-4
[43]林葆,刘立新,林继雄,等.旱作土壤机深施碳铵提高肥效的研究[J].土壤肥料,1988,(4):1 4.
[44]李生秀.旱地土壤起始矿质氮与玉米对氮肥的反应[J] .干旱地区农业研究,1993 ,11(增刊) :35– 391
[45]李天杰.土壤环境学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1995,225-26
[46]李永华,王玮,等.干旱胁迫下抗旱高产小麦新品系旱丰9703的渗透调节与光合特性[J].作物学报,2003,29(5):759～764
[47]刘党校,裴阿卫,张睿,等.半湿润地区氮磷钾配施对强筋小麦功能叶光合速率的影[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(4):761-768.
[48]刘学军,巨晓棠,张福锁.基施尿素对土壤剖面中无机氮动态的影响[J].中国农业大学学报, 2001, 6(5) :63-68
[49]吕殿青,Ove Enteryd ,同延安等.氮肥施用对环境污染的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998 , 4 (1) :8～15.
[50]吕殿青,杨学云,张航等.陕西土娄土中硝态氮运移特点及影响因素[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996 , 2 (4) :289～296.
[51]鲁如坤.土壤-植物营养学原理和施肥[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1998: 377-378.
[52]陆景陵.植物营养学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003:211-218.
[53]罗时石,张浩,葛才林等.不同温度及灌溉量对土壤硝态氮淋失的动态研究[J].核农学报, 1995, 9(增刊) :7-10
[54]马瑞昆,骞家利,贾秀领等.供水深度与冬小麦根系发育的关系[J].干旱地区农业研究.1991,(3):1-9
[55]齐玉春,董云社.土壤氧化亚氮产生、排放及其影响因素[J].地理学报.1999,54(6):534-542
[56]上官周平,刘文兆,徐宣斌等.旱作农田冬小麦水肥空间耦合增产效应[J].水土保持研究.1999,6(1):103-106
[57]沈善敏.长期土壤肥力试验的科学价值[J].植物营养和肥料学报1995,1(1):1-9
[58]沈善敏.中国土壤肥力[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998:170-211,458-463
[59]苏德纯,任春玲,王兴仁.不同水分条件下施磷位置对冬小麦生长及磷营养的影响[J].中国农业大学学报.1998,3(5):55-60
[60]孙宏德,李军,尚惠贤,等.黑土硝态氮移动规律及提高氮肥利用率的研究[J].吉林农业科学, 1995, (4) : 61- 66.
[61]孙克刚,李锦辉,姚键等.不同施肥处理对作物产量及土体NO3- N累积的长期定位试验[J ].土壤肥料, 1999, (6) : 18-20
[62]谭和芳;谢金学;汪吉东等.氮磷钾不同配比对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2008,24(3): 279～283
[63]同延安,吕殿青,张航.灌区土壤氮素平衡与硝态氮淋失[J].陕西农业科学, 1994, (5) : 12- 13.
[64]王凤仙,李韵珠.土壤水分利用效率与氮肥水平的关系[J]节水农业1995,124-130
[65]王俊儒,李生秀,李凯丽.冬小麦不同生育时期水分亏缺胁迫对叶片保护酶系统的影响[J].西北植物学报,2001,21(1):47-52.
[66]王宏等.1989.小麦不同生育期水分胁迫对产量的影响及干早诊断方法初探[J].华北农学报.4(4):15~30
[67]王小彬,蔡典雄,张志田,高绪科.稳态水流下肥料氮的运移[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996 , 2 (2) :110～115.
[68]王朝辉,宗志强,李生秀,等.2002b.菜地和一般农田土壤主要养分累积的差异[J]应用生态学报13(9):1091-1094
[69]王少平,陈满荣,俞立中,等.GIS在农业非点源污染中的应用[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(5):289-292.
[70]王朝辉.冬小麦生长后期地上部分氮素的氨挥发损失[J].作物学报,2001,27(1):1-6
[71]王彩绒,田霄鸿,李生秀.土壤中氧化亚氮的产生及减少排放量的措施[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):143-148.
[72]王晨阳,彭羽等.花后灌水对小麦子粒品质性状及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2004 ,30 (10):1031～103
[73]王学春;李军;樊廷录;黄土旱塬不同施肥水平下小麦玉米轮作的产量与土壤水分效应模拟研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2008,14(2):242-251
[74]王允青,郭熙盛.精制有机肥与化肥配合施用对专用小麦产量的影响[J].河北农业科学, 2008, 12 (5) :50– 51
[75]汪德水.旱地农田肥水协同效应与耦合模式[M].北京气象出版社.1999,44,85
[76]汪德水,程宪国,姚晓晔等.半干旱地区麦田水肥效应研究[J].土壤肥料.1994,2:1-4
[77]汪德水,程宪国,张美荣等.旱地土壤中的肥水激励机制汪德水旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术[M].北京中国农业科技出版社,1995:195~203
[78]汪德水.旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996:106-110
[79]吴金水,郭胜利,党廷辉.半干旱区农田土壤无机氮积累与迁移机理[J].生态学报, 2003.23(10):2040-2049
[80]武继承,朱洪勋,杨占平.不同水肥条件下旱地小麦水肥利用率研究[J].华北农学报,2003,18(4):13-15
[81]武际;郭熙盛;王允青等.氮钾配施对弱筋小麦氮、钾养分吸收利用及产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2007,13(6):1054-1061
[82]奚振邦..现代化学肥料学[M].中国农业出版社, 2003
[83]肖世和.超级麦研究与21世纪小麦育种[C]全国作物遗传育种学术讨论会论文集.北京:北京农业出版社,1998 :175 - 185.
[84]徐祥德,王馥棠,萧永生等.农业气象调控工程与技术系统[M].北京:气象出版社,2002,15-59
[85]杨新泉,冯锋,宋长青,等.主要农田生态系统氮素行为与氮肥高效利用研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报2003 9(3):373-3
[86]杨丽娟,张玉龙.保护地菜田土壤硝酸盐积累及其调控措施的研究进展[J].土壤通报,2001 ,32 (2) :66 - 69.
[87]杨艳生.土壤退化指标体系研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(4):44-46
[88]杨学云,张树兰,袁新民等.长期施肥对娄土硝态氮分布、累积和移动的影响[J]植物营养与肥料学报. 2001,7(2):134-138
[89]杨海川,李萍,李学玲.水肥对藁优9415小麦产量和品质的影响研究.农业科技通讯[J],2008年06期
[90]袁新民,王周琼.硝态氮的淋洗及其影响因素[J].干旱区研究,2000,17(4):46-51
[91]袁新民,同延安,等.有机肥对土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].土壤与环境, 2000,9(3):197-200
[92]袁新民,杨学云,同延安,等.2001.不同施氮量对土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J]干旱地区农业研究19(1):8-11
[93]袁新民,同延安,杨学云,等.施用磷肥对土壤NO3-N累积的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2000, 6 (4) : 397- 403.
[94] [94]赵海祯,梁哲军,齐宏立等.不同时期水肥藕合对旱地小麦光合特性和产量的影响[J].华北农学报2002,17(增刊):61-65
[95]赵炳梓;徐富安;周刘宗;徐梦熊;水肥(N)双因素下的小麦产量及水分利用率[J].土壤, Soils, 2003年02期
[96]张岁岐,氮素营养对春小麦抗旱适应性及水分利用的影响水土保持研究[J], 1995,2(1):31~35
[97]张福珠,熊先哲,戴同顺,应用15N研究土壤-植物系统中氮素淋失动态[J].环境科学,1984,5(1):21~24
[98]张树兰,同延安,梁东丽,等.氮肥用量及施用时间对土体中硝态氮移动的影响[J].土壤学报2004.41(2):270-277
[99]张其德,刘合芹,张建华,等.限水灌溉对冬小麦旗叶某些光合特性的影响[J].作物学报,2000 ,26 (6) :869～873
[100]张永平,王志敏,吴永成.节水高产栽培小麦品种光合性状分析[J].华北农学报,2004,19 (3):47～54
[101]张忠学,于贵瑞.不同灌水处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉与排水学报,2003 ,22(2):36～39
[102]张丽华;贾秀领;张全国.不同小麦品种产量构成和水分利用效率差异分析. [J]河北农业科学, 2008,12 (1): 1-3
[103]周荣,杨荣泉,陈海军.水、氮耦合效应对冬小麦生长、产量及土壤分布的影响[J]北京水利1994, (3):75-78
[104]周健.试论农业非点源污染的危害[J].农业环境保护,1990,9(1):22-25.
[105]周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁.土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究-冬小麦[J].生态学报, 2001, 21 (11) :1782 - 1789
[106]钟茜,巨晓棠,张福锁.华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素环境承受力分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12 (3) :285-293
[107]中华人民共和国农业部.中国农业年鉴.2000
[108]中国统计年鉴—2001[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2002.
[109]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科技出版社,1992. 6-11,111-115,145,164-303
[110] Anghinoni I. and Barber S A. Phosphorus influx and growth characteristics of corm roots as influenced by phosphorus supply. Argon, 1980.72:685-688
[111] Angle J S, Gross C M, Hill R L, et al. Soil nitrate concentrations under corn as affected by tillage, manure, and fertilizer application[J]. J Environ Qual, 1993,22:141 147.
[112] Benzi D K. C R Biswas and J S Kalkat. Nitrate distribution and accumulation in an Ustochrept soilprofile in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Fertilizer Research, 1991,28:173-200
[113] BERSTHINL. Comparison of drip and spinkle irrigation[J ] . SoilSci ,1973 ,115 :73 - 86.
[114] Benbi DK. Efficiency of nitrogen use by dry land wheat in a sub-humid region in relation to optimizing the amount of available water. Journal of Agricultural Science,1989,115(l):7-10
[115] Clark R B and Brown J C..Differential phosphorus uptake by phosphorus-stressed couninbreds, Corp Sciences, 1974,141:505-508
[116] Dinkelaker B Ronheld V and Marshner H.Citic acid excretion sand precipitation of calcium citrate in the rhizosphere of white lupin (lupinmi.albus.L). Plant, Cell and Envionment, 1989.12:285-292
[117] Food and Agriculture Statistics Summary. Food and Agriculture Statistics (as at November 2005)
[118] Fukuoka M., 1985: The natural way of farming, the theory and practice of green philosophy. Japan publication Tokyo & New York
[119] Gabelman W H and Gerloff G C. The search for and interpretation of genetic controls that enhance plant growth under deficiency levels of a macronutrient. Plant and Soil .1983.72:335-350
[120] Goldstein A K.Phosphate starvation inducible metabolism in L eaculetum I Excretion of acid phosphatase by tomato, Plant Physiol.1988, 87:711-715
[121] Hooda P S, Moynagh M, et al. A comparative study of Nitrate leaching from intensively managed monoculture grass and grass-clover pastures[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambrige, 1998, 131:267~275
[122] Hofma G. Nutrient management legislation in European countries. Numalec report[R].Concerted Action, Fair 6-C98-4215,1999
[123] Johansson E ,Prieto Lined ML ,Jonsson J O. Effects of wheat cultivar and nitrogen application on torage protein composition and bread make in quality. Cereal Chemistry ,2001 ,78 (1) :19～44
[124] Kanwar R S, Baker J L, Baker D G. Tillage and split N-fertilization effects on subsurface drainage water quality and crop yields[J].Transactions of the ASAE, 1988,31: 453 461.
[125] Kanwar R S, Baker J L, Laflen. Nitrate movement through the soil profile in relation to tillage system and fertilizer application method[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 1985,28: 1802 1807.
[126] Mary J Guttieri , Jeffrey C Stark. Relative sensitivity of spring wheat grain yield and quality parameters to moisture defict . Crop Science ,2001 ,41 :327～335
[127] Minamic K, Fukushi S. Effects of phosphate and calcium carbonate application on emission of N2Oform soils under aerobic conditions [J]. Soil Sci. plant Nutr. , 1983,29: 517-524
[128] Thomas L, Thompson, Thomas A, et al. Nitrogen and water interactions in subsurface
[129] drip-irrigated cauliflower: II. Agronomic, economic, and environmental outcomes. Soil Sci. Soc.
[130] Am. J. 2000,64:412-419
[131] Varshney P, Kanwar R S,Baker J L,et al. Tillage and nitrogen management effects on nitrate-nitrogen in the soil profile[J].Transactions of the ASAE, 1993,36(3):783 789.
[132] WadeThomason,MarkAlley.Wheat Tissue Testing and Spring Nitrogen Rate Determination[J].Crop and Soil Environmental News, 2006, 3
[133] Wu N-Y ,Liang F-X. Effects of limited water stress on wheat growth and the relative soil moisture Index of rational irrigation Quarterly. Journal of Applied Meteorology ,2000 ,11 (l1) :170～177
[134] Zhu Z L, Chen D L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts on the environment and best management strategies[J].Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. ,2002.63(2-3):117-127
[2]陈志雄.封丘地区土壤水分平衡研究之四:雨养条件下三个不同湿度春季的小麦耗水量与水分利用率[J].土壤学报. 1991,28(4):396~403.
[3]陈子明,袁锋明,姚造华等.北京潮土NO -3N在土壤中的移动特点及其淋失动态[J ] .植物营养与肥料学报,1995 , 1(2) :71～79.
[4]陈刚才.土壤氮素及其环境效益[J].地质地球化学,2001,29(1):63-67.
[5]褚鹏飞;于振文;张玉芳;灌水量和灌水时期对小麦产量和水分利用率的影响[J].山东农业科学, 2007年01期.
[6]党廷辉,郭胜利,郝明德..黄土旱塬长期施肥下硝态氮深层累积的定量研究.水土保持研究[J]2003,10(1):58-60.
[7]党廷辉,马海涛,高晓妮.矿态氮反映旱地土壤供氮能力的研究[J].陕西农业科学, 1991, (6) :14-15.
[8]董树连,王卫国,李春茂,等.旱地高产小麦光合速率与产量变化的研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,2000,17(3):194～195.
[9]范丙全,胡春芳,平建立.灌溉施肥对壤质潮土硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998 , 4 (1) :16～21.
[10]樊军,郝明德,党廷辉.旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响[J ].土壤与环境, 2000, 9 (1) 23- 26.
[11]樊军,邵明安,郝明德,等.黄土旱塬塬面生态系统土壤硝酸盐累积分布特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(1):8-12.
[12]高亚军,施肥与灌水对硝态氮在土壤中残留的影响[J].水土保持学报. 2005,19(6)
[13]高金梅,熊勤学.土壤水分变化规律及其对小麦产量的影响[J].湖象,1994,1:36-37.
[14]郭天财,姚战军,王晨阳,等.水肥运筹对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响[J].西北植物学报,2004 ,24(10):1786～1791.
[15]郭胜利,张文菊,党廷辉,等.2003.干旱半干旱地区农田土壤NO3-N深层积累及其影响因素[J].地球科学进展18(4):584-591.
[16]郭胜利,党廷辉,郝明德. 2000a.黄土高原沟壑区不同施肥条件下土壤剖面中矿质氮的分布特征[J].干旱地区农业研究18(1):22-27.
[17]韩燕来;葛东杰;汪强.施氮量对豫北潮土区不同肥力麦田氮肥去向及小麦产量的影响[J]. 2007年10月第21卷第5期
[18]韩占江;吴玉娥;郜庆炉等.施氮水平对小麦灌浆特性、产量及品质的影响[J].湖北农业科学. 2007年11月第46卷第6期
[19]胡田田,李生秀,郝乾坤. 2000.旱地土壤矿质氮和可矿化氮与土壤供氮能力的关系[J].水土保持学报14(4):83-86,103.
[20]胡承孝,邓波儿,刘同仇,等.武汉市菜田硝酸盐的残留与运移[J].土壤通报,1993,245(3):118-120.
[21]黄思光,李世清,王启勇,等. 2004.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程对土壤剖面矿质氮累积影响--以纸坊沟流域试验区为例[J].水土保持学报18 (6):58-62.
[22]黄绍敏,皇甫湘荣,宝德俊,等.2001.土壤中硝态氮含量的影响因素研究[J].农业环境保护20(5):351-354.
[23]黄绍敏,宝德俊,皇甫湘荣.施氮对潮土土壤及地下水硝态氮含量的影响[J].农业环境保,2000.19 (4) : 228-229, 243.
[24]黄国宏,陈冠雄.土壤含水量与氧化亚氮产生途径研究[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(1):53-56.
[25]黄益宗,张福珠.化感物质对土壤N2O释放量地影响的研究[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(5):479-482.
[26]侯爱新,陈冠雄,CLEEMPUT O V.不同种类氮肥对土壤释放N2O的影响[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(2):176-180.
[27]金翔,韩晓增等.黑土—春小麦中三种化学氮的去向[J].土壤学报,1999,36(4):448-453.
[28]金继运,刘荣乐,译.TISDALE S L,NELSON W L,BEATON J D.土壤肥力与肥料[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1997.
[29]金坷,汪德水,蔡典雄.等.水肥耦合效应研究II不同N、P、水配合对早地冬小麦产量的影响[J].植物物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(1):8-13.
[30]金坷,汪德水,蔡典雄.等.水肥耦合效应研究I不同N、P、水配合对早地冬小麦产量的影响[J].植物物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(1):1-7.
[31]巨晓棠,张福锁. 2003.氮肥利用率的要义及其提高的技术措施[J].科技导报.4:51-54.
[32]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.冬小麦/夏玉米轮作中NO3—-N在土壤剖面的累积和移动[J].土壤学报, 2003, 40(4) :538-546.
[33]孔令聪,汪芝寿,曹承富,等.氮肥运筹方式对优良小麦产量和品质的影响[J].安徽农业科学,1996,24(3): 214-216.
[34]兰晓泉.半干旱黄土丘陵区农田水肥效应研究[J].土壤通报.1998,29(4):161-165.
[35]兰霞,周殿玺,兰林旺.灌溉制度对冬小麦产量结构形成与产量物质来源的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2001,6:17-22.
[36]李世清,李生秀.水肥配合对玉米产量和肥料效果的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究.1994,12(1):47-53.
[37]李世清,李生秀,田霄鸿,等肥力田块小麦的水肥耦合效应,汪德水主编,旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术[M].北京中国农业科技出版社,1995:246~252.
[38]李世清,王瑞军,李紫燕,等.2004b.半干旱半湿润农田生态系统不可忽视的土壤氮库—土壤剖面中累积的硝态氮[J].干旱地区农业研究.22(4):1-13.
[39]李国强,朱云集,郭天财,等.氮磷钾硫的施用对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6): 175-178.
[40]李截然,李文雄,曾寒冰.春小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性与蛋白质含量关系的研究[J].黑龙江农业抖学.1993,(1):5~8.
[41]李向民,许春霞,李开元黄土高原沟壑区水肥因子对冬小麦经济性状的影响[J].应用生态学报,1990,10(3):309~311
[42]李玉山..黄土高原南部作物水肥产量效应的田间研究[J].土壤学报. 1990,27(1):1-4
[43]林葆,刘立新,林继雄,等.旱作土壤机深施碳铵提高肥效的研究[J].土壤肥料,1988,(4):1 4.
[44]李生秀.旱地土壤起始矿质氮与玉米对氮肥的反应[J] .干旱地区农业研究,1993 ,11(增刊) :35– 391
[45]李天杰.土壤环境学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1995,225-26
[46]李永华,王玮,等.干旱胁迫下抗旱高产小麦新品系旱丰9703的渗透调节与光合特性[J].作物学报,2003,29(5):759～764
[47]刘党校,裴阿卫,张睿,等.半湿润地区氮磷钾配施对强筋小麦功能叶光合速率的影[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(4):761-768.
[48]刘学军,巨晓棠,张福锁.基施尿素对土壤剖面中无机氮动态的影响[J].中国农业大学学报, 2001, 6(5) :63-68
[49]吕殿青,Ove Enteryd ,同延安等.氮肥施用对环境污染的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998 , 4 (1) :8～15.
[50]吕殿青,杨学云,张航等.陕西土娄土中硝态氮运移特点及影响因素[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996 , 2 (4) :289～296.
[51]鲁如坤.土壤-植物营养学原理和施肥[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1998: 377-378.
[52]陆景陵.植物营养学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003:211-218.
[53]罗时石,张浩,葛才林等.不同温度及灌溉量对土壤硝态氮淋失的动态研究[J].核农学报, 1995, 9(增刊) :7-10
[54]马瑞昆,骞家利,贾秀领等.供水深度与冬小麦根系发育的关系[J].干旱地区农业研究.1991,(3):1-9
[55]齐玉春,董云社.土壤氧化亚氮产生、排放及其影响因素[J].地理学报.1999,54(6):534-542
[56]上官周平,刘文兆,徐宣斌等.旱作农田冬小麦水肥空间耦合增产效应[J].水土保持研究.1999,6(1):103-106
[57]沈善敏.长期土壤肥力试验的科学价值[J].植物营养和肥料学报1995,1(1):1-9
[58]沈善敏.中国土壤肥力[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998:170-211,458-463
[59]苏德纯,任春玲,王兴仁.不同水分条件下施磷位置对冬小麦生长及磷营养的影响[J].中国农业大学学报.1998,3(5):55-60
[60]孙宏德,李军,尚惠贤,等.黑土硝态氮移动规律及提高氮肥利用率的研究[J].吉林农业科学, 1995, (4) : 61- 66.
[61]孙克刚,李锦辉,姚键等.不同施肥处理对作物产量及土体NO3- N累积的长期定位试验[J ].土壤肥料, 1999, (6) : 18-20
[62]谭和芳;谢金学;汪吉东等.氮磷钾不同配比对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2008,24(3): 279～283
[63]同延安,吕殿青,张航.灌区土壤氮素平衡与硝态氮淋失[J].陕西农业科学, 1994, (5) : 12- 13.
[64]王凤仙,李韵珠.土壤水分利用效率与氮肥水平的关系[J]节水农业1995,124-130
[65]王俊儒,李生秀,李凯丽.冬小麦不同生育时期水分亏缺胁迫对叶片保护酶系统的影响[J].西北植物学报,2001,21(1):47-52.
[66]王宏等.1989.小麦不同生育期水分胁迫对产量的影响及干早诊断方法初探[J].华北农学报.4(4):15~30
[67]王小彬,蔡典雄,张志田,高绪科.稳态水流下肥料氮的运移[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996 , 2 (2) :110～115.
[68]王朝辉,宗志强,李生秀,等.2002b.菜地和一般农田土壤主要养分累积的差异[J]应用生态学报13(9):1091-1094
[69]王少平,陈满荣,俞立中,等.GIS在农业非点源污染中的应用[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(5):289-292.
[70]王朝辉.冬小麦生长后期地上部分氮素的氨挥发损失[J].作物学报,2001,27(1):1-6
[71]王彩绒,田霄鸿,李生秀.土壤中氧化亚氮的产生及减少排放量的措施[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):143-148.
[72]王晨阳,彭羽等.花后灌水对小麦子粒品质性状及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2004 ,30 (10):1031～103
[73]王学春;李军;樊廷录;黄土旱塬不同施肥水平下小麦玉米轮作的产量与土壤水分效应模拟研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2008,14(2):242-251
[74]王允青,郭熙盛.精制有机肥与化肥配合施用对专用小麦产量的影响[J].河北农业科学, 2008, 12 (5) :50– 51
[75]汪德水.旱地农田肥水协同效应与耦合模式[M].北京气象出版社.1999,44,85
[76]汪德水,程宪国,姚晓晔等.半干旱地区麦田水肥效应研究[J].土壤肥料.1994,2:1-4
[77]汪德水,程宪国,张美荣等.旱地土壤中的肥水激励机制汪德水旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术[M].北京中国农业科技出版社,1995:195~203
[78]汪德水.旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996:106-110
[79]吴金水,郭胜利,党廷辉.半干旱区农田土壤无机氮积累与迁移机理[J].生态学报, 2003.23(10):2040-2049
[80]武继承,朱洪勋,杨占平.不同水肥条件下旱地小麦水肥利用率研究[J].华北农学报,2003,18(4):13-15
[81]武际;郭熙盛;王允青等.氮钾配施对弱筋小麦氮、钾养分吸收利用及产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2007,13(6):1054-1061
[82]奚振邦..现代化学肥料学[M].中国农业出版社, 2003
[83]肖世和.超级麦研究与21世纪小麦育种[C]全国作物遗传育种学术讨论会论文集.北京:北京农业出版社,1998 :175 - 185.
[84]徐祥德,王馥棠,萧永生等.农业气象调控工程与技术系统[M].北京:气象出版社,2002,15-59
[85]杨新泉,冯锋,宋长青,等.主要农田生态系统氮素行为与氮肥高效利用研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报2003 9(3):373-3
[86]杨丽娟,张玉龙.保护地菜田土壤硝酸盐积累及其调控措施的研究进展[J].土壤通报,2001 ,32 (2) :66 - 69.
[87]杨艳生.土壤退化指标体系研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(4):44-46
[88]杨学云,张树兰,袁新民等.长期施肥对娄土硝态氮分布、累积和移动的影响[J]植物营养与肥料学报. 2001,7(2):134-138
[89]杨海川,李萍,李学玲.水肥对藁优9415小麦产量和品质的影响研究.农业科技通讯[J],2008年06期
[90]袁新民,王周琼.硝态氮的淋洗及其影响因素[J].干旱区研究,2000,17(4):46-51
[91]袁新民,同延安,等.有机肥对土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].土壤与环境, 2000,9(3):197-200
[92]袁新民,杨学云,同延安,等.2001.不同施氮量对土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J]干旱地区农业研究19(1):8-11
[93]袁新民,同延安,杨学云,等.施用磷肥对土壤NO3-N累积的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2000, 6 (4) : 397- 403.
[94] [94]赵海祯,梁哲军,齐宏立等.不同时期水肥藕合对旱地小麦光合特性和产量的影响[J].华北农学报2002,17(增刊):61-65
[95]赵炳梓;徐富安;周刘宗;徐梦熊;水肥(N)双因素下的小麦产量及水分利用率[J].土壤, Soils, 2003年02期
[96]张岁岐,氮素营养对春小麦抗旱适应性及水分利用的影响水土保持研究[J], 1995,2(1):31~35
[97]张福珠,熊先哲,戴同顺,应用15N研究土壤-植物系统中氮素淋失动态[J].环境科学,1984,5(1):21~24
[98]张树兰,同延安,梁东丽,等.氮肥用量及施用时间对土体中硝态氮移动的影响[J].土壤学报2004.41(2):270-277
[99]张其德,刘合芹,张建华,等.限水灌溉对冬小麦旗叶某些光合特性的影响[J].作物学报,2000 ,26 (6) :869～873
[100]张永平,王志敏,吴永成.节水高产栽培小麦品种光合性状分析[J].华北农学报,2004,19 (3):47～54
[101]张忠学,于贵瑞.不同灌水处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉与排水学报,2003 ,22(2):36～39
[102]张丽华;贾秀领;张全国.不同小麦品种产量构成和水分利用效率差异分析. [J]河北农业科学, 2008,12 (1): 1-3
[103]周荣,杨荣泉,陈海军.水、氮耦合效应对冬小麦生长、产量及土壤分布的影响[J]北京水利1994, (3):75-78
[104]周健.试论农业非点源污染的危害[J].农业环境保护,1990,9(1):22-25.
[105]周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁.土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究-冬小麦[J].生态学报, 2001, 21 (11) :1782 - 1789
[106]钟茜,巨晓棠,张福锁.华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素环境承受力分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12 (3) :285-293
[107]中华人民共和国农业部.中国农业年鉴.2000
[108]中国统计年鉴—2001[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2002.
[109]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科技出版社,1992. 6-11,111-115,145,164-303
[110] Anghinoni I. and Barber S A. Phosphorus influx and growth characteristics of corm roots as influenced by phosphorus supply. Argon, 1980.72:685-688
[111] Angle J S, Gross C M, Hill R L, et al. Soil nitrate concentrations under corn as affected by tillage, manure, and fertilizer application[J]. J Environ Qual, 1993,22:141 147.
[112] Benzi D K. C R Biswas and J S Kalkat. Nitrate distribution and accumulation in an Ustochrept soilprofile in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Fertilizer Research, 1991,28:173-200
[113] BERSTHINL. Comparison of drip and spinkle irrigation[J ] . SoilSci ,1973 ,115 :73 - 86.
[114] Benbi DK. Efficiency of nitrogen use by dry land wheat in a sub-humid region in relation to optimizing the amount of available water. Journal of Agricultural Science,1989,115(l):7-10
[115] Clark R B and Brown J C..Differential phosphorus uptake by phosphorus-stressed couninbreds, Corp Sciences, 1974,141:505-508
[116] Dinkelaker B Ronheld V and Marshner H.Citic acid excretion sand precipitation of calcium citrate in the rhizosphere of white lupin (lupinmi.albus.L). Plant, Cell and Envionment, 1989.12:285-292
[117] Food and Agriculture Statistics Summary. Food and Agriculture Statistics (as at November 2005)
[118] Fukuoka M., 1985: The natural way of farming, the theory and practice of green philosophy. Japan publication Tokyo & New York
[119] Gabelman W H and Gerloff G C. The search for and interpretation of genetic controls that enhance plant growth under deficiency levels of a macronutrient. Plant and Soil .1983.72:335-350
[120] Goldstein A K.Phosphate starvation inducible metabolism in L eaculetum I Excretion of acid phosphatase by tomato, Plant Physiol.1988, 87:711-715
[121] Hooda P S, Moynagh M, et al. A comparative study of Nitrate leaching from intensively managed monoculture grass and grass-clover pastures[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambrige, 1998, 131:267~275
[122] Hofma G. Nutrient management legislation in European countries. Numalec report[R].Concerted Action, Fair 6-C98-4215,1999
[123] Johansson E ,Prieto Lined ML ,Jonsson J O. Effects of wheat cultivar and nitrogen application on torage protein composition and bread make in quality. Cereal Chemistry ,2001 ,78 (1) :19～44
[124] Kanwar R S, Baker J L, Baker D G. Tillage and split N-fertilization effects on subsurface drainage water quality and crop yields[J].Transactions of the ASAE, 1988,31: 453 461.
[125] Kanwar R S, Baker J L, Laflen. Nitrate movement through the soil profile in relation to tillage system and fertilizer application method[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 1985,28: 1802 1807.
[126] Mary J Guttieri , Jeffrey C Stark. Relative sensitivity of spring wheat grain yield and quality parameters to moisture defict . Crop Science ,2001 ,41 :327～335
[127] Minamic K, Fukushi S. Effects of phosphate and calcium carbonate application on emission of N2Oform soils under aerobic conditions [J]. Soil Sci. plant Nutr. , 1983,29: 517-524
[128] Thomas L, Thompson, Thomas A, et al. Nitrogen and water interactions in subsurface
[129] drip-irrigated cauliflower: II. Agronomic, economic, and environmental outcomes. Soil Sci. Soc.
[130] Am. J. 2000,64:412-419
[131] Varshney P, Kanwar R S,Baker J L,et al. Tillage and nitrogen management effects on nitrate-nitrogen in the soil profile[J].Transactions of the ASAE, 1993,36(3):783 789.
[132] WadeThomason,MarkAlley.Wheat Tissue Testing and Spring Nitrogen Rate Determination[J].Crop and Soil Environmental News, 2006, 3
[133] Wu N-Y ,Liang F-X. Effects of limited water stress on wheat growth and the relative soil moisture Index of rational irrigation Quarterly. Journal of Applied Meteorology ,2000 ,11 (l1) :170～177
[134] Zhu Z L, Chen D L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts on the environment and best management strategies[J].Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. ,2002.63(2-3):117-127
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |