12CaO·7Al_2O_3基无氟精炼渣脱硫及去除夹杂物实验研究
|
摘要
随着纯净钢冶炼技术的不断进步和对钢水纯净度要求的提高,用户对超低硫钢需求量的不断增大,采用优质精炼渣进行炉外脱硫处理已成为目前国内外许多钢铁厂关注的工艺。根据不同的炉外精炼工艺选择合适的精炼渣成为人们研究精炼渣的热点之一。
本研究对脱硫的热力学和动力学进行了分析,在总结前人工作和理论分析的基础上,通过在井式电阻炉的实验,对LF炉用12CaO·7Al_2O_3预熔精炼渣的预熔工艺、脱硫以及吸附非金属夹杂物能力进行了研究。并通过正交实验设计,对12CaO·7Al_2O_3-BaO-MgO-Li_2O-SiO_2无氟精炼渣的脱硫能力进行了实验。
在本实验条件下,12CaO·7Al_2O_3具有较强的脱硫能力,钢中初始硫含量为0.030%～0.031%,终点硫含量为0.016%～0.023%,脱硫率为23.33%～48.391%。12CAO·7Al_2O_3-SiO_2-BaO-Li_2O-MgO无氟精炼渣具有更强的脱硫能力,将钢样中0.030%的硫脱除到0.006%,脱硫率高达80.00%,已达到无氟精炼渣脱硫的较高水平。最后,通过正交实验设计,得出LF用12CaO·7Al_2O_3基无氟精炼渣最佳渣系组成:12CAO·7Al_2O_3(%)/SiO_2(%)为9～10,BaO含量15%～20%,MgO含量4%,Li_2O含量3%。LF炉用12CAO·7Al_2O_3基无氟精炼渣,满足无氟的要求,具有良好的环保效果,同时,该渣系原料来源广泛、对炉衬侵蚀小、便于加工和储运。
另外,12CaO·7Al_2O_3具有较高含量的CaO和Al_2O_3,能够吸附大量的铝脱氧产物-Al_2O_3,而且在吸附钢液中Al_2O_3夹杂物后,不会造成精炼渣成分波动太大,比较适用于铝脱氧钢。
With the progress of the clean steel smelting technique,the requirement increase of the steel with ultralow sulphur content,desulphurization in the secondary refining process with fine refining stags has become a focal problem concerned all over the world.The main purpose is how to choose proper refining slag in accordance to different facility of second refining.
According with the study of desulphurization dynamics and thermodynamics, With summarizing research work of the predecessor,through experiments on resistance furnace,there study sintering technology and desulphurization ability and removal non-metallic inclusion ability of refining slag of 12CaO·7Al_2O_3 in ladle furnace.With theoretical analysis,this paper deals with desulphurization ability of free-fluoride refining slag of 12CaO·7Al_2O_3-BaO-MgO-Li_2O-SiO_2.Under the experimental conditions,12CaO·7Al_2O_3 premelted refining slag has high desulphurization ability,the initial sulfur content in steel was in the range of 0.030%～0.031%,the final sulfur content in steel was decreased to the range of 0.016%～0.023%,and the desulpurizaiton ratio was in the range of 23.33%～48.391%.Free-fluoride refining slag of 12CaO·7Al_2O_3-SiO_2-BaO-Li_2O-MgO has perfect desulphurization ability.Under the experimental conditions,the initial sulfur content in steel was 0.030%,the final sulfur content in steel was decreased to 0.006%,and the desulpurizaiton ratio was 80.00%. Under theoretical analysis,the optimal slag composition attained from the experiment was 12CaO·7Al_2O_3(%)/SiO_2(%) 9～10,(BaO%) 15%～20%,(MgO%) 4%,(Li_2O%) 3%.12CaO·7Al_2O_3 base free-fluoride refining slag in ladle furnace has satisfied the requirement of free-fluoride,and which is harmless to the environment.Which we researched has wide resource and low weathering for furnace firebrick lining,its easy to process and transport.
12CaO·7Al_2O_3 free-fluoride refining slag high content of CaO and Al_2O_3,can absorb a large number of aluminum deoxidation product of-Al_2O_3,and Al_2O_3 inclusions adsorbed,the composition will not cause substantial fluctuations in refining slag. Comparison of aluminum for deoxidation of steel.
本研究对脱硫的热力学和动力学进行了分析,在总结前人工作和理论分析的基础上,通过在井式电阻炉的实验,对LF炉用12CaO·7Al_2O_3预熔精炼渣的预熔工艺、脱硫以及吸附非金属夹杂物能力进行了研究。并通过正交实验设计,对12CaO·7Al_2O_3-BaO-MgO-Li_2O-SiO_2无氟精炼渣的脱硫能力进行了实验。
在本实验条件下,12CaO·7Al_2O_3具有较强的脱硫能力,钢中初始硫含量为0.030%～0.031%,终点硫含量为0.016%～0.023%,脱硫率为23.33%～48.391%。12CAO·7Al_2O_3-SiO_2-BaO-Li_2O-MgO无氟精炼渣具有更强的脱硫能力,将钢样中0.030%的硫脱除到0.006%,脱硫率高达80.00%,已达到无氟精炼渣脱硫的较高水平。最后,通过正交实验设计,得出LF用12CaO·7Al_2O_3基无氟精炼渣最佳渣系组成:12CAO·7Al_2O_3(%)/SiO_2(%)为9～10,BaO含量15%～20%,MgO含量4%,Li_2O含量3%。LF炉用12CAO·7Al_2O_3基无氟精炼渣,满足无氟的要求,具有良好的环保效果,同时,该渣系原料来源广泛、对炉衬侵蚀小、便于加工和储运。
另外,12CaO·7Al_2O_3具有较高含量的CaO和Al_2O_3,能够吸附大量的铝脱氧产物-Al_2O_3,而且在吸附钢液中Al_2O_3夹杂物后,不会造成精炼渣成分波动太大,比较适用于铝脱氧钢。
With the progress of the clean steel smelting technique,the requirement increase of the steel with ultralow sulphur content,desulphurization in the secondary refining process with fine refining stags has become a focal problem concerned all over the world.The main purpose is how to choose proper refining slag in accordance to different facility of second refining.
According with the study of desulphurization dynamics and thermodynamics, With summarizing research work of the predecessor,through experiments on resistance furnace,there study sintering technology and desulphurization ability and removal non-metallic inclusion ability of refining slag of 12CaO·7Al_2O_3 in ladle furnace.With theoretical analysis,this paper deals with desulphurization ability of free-fluoride refining slag of 12CaO·7Al_2O_3-BaO-MgO-Li_2O-SiO_2.Under the experimental conditions,12CaO·7Al_2O_3 premelted refining slag has high desulphurization ability,the initial sulfur content in steel was in the range of 0.030%～0.031%,the final sulfur content in steel was decreased to the range of 0.016%～0.023%,and the desulpurizaiton ratio was in the range of 23.33%～48.391%.Free-fluoride refining slag of 12CaO·7Al_2O_3-SiO_2-BaO-Li_2O-MgO has perfect desulphurization ability.Under the experimental conditions,the initial sulfur content in steel was 0.030%,the final sulfur content in steel was decreased to 0.006%,and the desulpurizaiton ratio was 80.00%. Under theoretical analysis,the optimal slag composition attained from the experiment was 12CaO·7Al_2O_3(%)/SiO_2(%) 9～10,(BaO%) 15%～20%,(MgO%) 4%,(Li_2O%) 3%.12CaO·7Al_2O_3 base free-fluoride refining slag in ladle furnace has satisfied the requirement of free-fluoride,and which is harmless to the environment.Which we researched has wide resource and low weathering for furnace firebrick lining,its easy to process and transport.
12CaO·7Al_2O_3 free-fluoride refining slag high content of CaO and Al_2O_3,can absorb a large number of aluminum deoxidation product of-Al_2O_3,and Al_2O_3 inclusions adsorbed,the composition will not cause substantial fluctuations in refining slag. Comparison of aluminum for deoxidation of steel.
引文
[1]祝贞学,李桂荣,徐明喜,等.添加BaO和Li_2O对CaO基脱硫精炼渣熔点和粘度的影响[J].上海金属,2005,27(5):20-27.
[2]Ohta H,Suito H.Activities in CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3 Slag and Deoxidation Equilibria of Si and Al[J].Metallrugical and Material Transaction,1996,27B(5):943-953.
[3]Wu C S.Sulphur absorption rate of some premelted fluxes during transitory heating period[J].Ironmaking and Steeking,1987,14(6):291-295.
[4]张晨,王群,刘世洲.预熔精炼渣脱硫的实验研究[J].钢铁,1997,(5):782.
[5]任正德,庞福如,雷亚.复合精炼剂处理氧化性钢液的实验研究[J].钢铁研究,1999,(5):17-20.
[6]汪明东,杨素波,赵启云,等.RH用脱硫剂实验研究[J].钢铁钒钛,2001,22(1):48-52.
[7]余志祥,郑万,汪晓川,等.洁净钢的生产实践[J].炼钢,2000,16(3):11-15.
[8]朱立光,唐国章.纯净钢及纯净铸坯的生产技术[J].河北理工学院学报,2002,22:6-11.
[9]刘中柱,蔡开科.纯净钢生产技术[J].钢铁,2000,35(2):64-69.
[10]刘浏,曾加庆.纯净钢及其生产工艺的发展[J].钢铁,2000,35(3):68-102.
[11]朱苗勇.现代冶金学(钢铁冶金部分)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2005,149.
[12]胡晓军,方克明,周国治,等.硫在TMF钢中的作用[J].北京科技大学学报,2001,23(3):275-277.
[13]梶冈博幸著,李宏译.炉外精炼[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002.
[14]陈家祥.钢铁冶金学(炼钢部分)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1990.
[15]Nicholsion.A.etal.,Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1986(2):53.
[16]王展宏,钢包炉(LF)精炼渣的作用和特性分析[J].钢铁研究,1996,03:11-16.
[17]赵和明,谢兵.LF炉精炼渣冶金性能的研究现状[J].钢铁钒钛,2002,23(4):52-57.
[18]徐增启.炉外精炼[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2003.
[19]许荣昌.轴承钢精炼合成渣研究与工艺优化[D].北京:北京科技大学,2002.
[20]章修明.碳化硅(SiC)在电弧炉炼钢上的应用[J].炼钢,1989,(4):37-41.
[21]牛四通,张鉴,成国光,等.LF埋弧渣技术的开发及其应用[J].钢铁,1997,32(3):21-24.
[22]牛四通,张鉴,成国光,等.埋弧渣精炼技术的应用[J].特殊钢,1996,17(2):47-51.
[23]杨晓江,夏春学,王晓明,等.150tLF快速脱硫工艺实践[J].炼钢,2006,22(1):16-19.
[24]张东力,王晓鸣,匡世波,等.LF精炼渣发泡性能的实验研究[J].钢铁研究学报,2003,15(6):12-15.
[25]王书桓,唐国章,李福民,等.12CaOAl_2O_3型精炼合成渣物性与脱硫试验[J].河北理工学院学报,2001,23(3):9-13.
[26]周宏.硫在CaO-Al_2O_3熔渣与钢液间的分配率[J].钢铁,1995,30(6):14-17
[27]E.T.Turkdogau,et al.Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1985,112(2):132-143.
[28]Allen H.Chan et al.The Sulfur Partition Ratio and Sulfide Capacity of Na_2O-SiO_2Slag at 1200℃,Metallurgical TransactionsB.1986,17B(9):491.
[29]J.T.Haddock,I.Hussain,etal,New MgO-CaO based reagent for ladle Treatment of steel.Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1994,21(6):479.
[30]温良英,陈登福,白晨光.钢包炉(LF)预熔精炼渣的研究[J].特殊钢,2003,24(2):13-15.
[31]战东平,姜周华,王文忠,等.预熔精炼渣钢水深脱硫的实验研究[J].材料与冶金学报,2002,(1):65-68.
[32]刘新生,赵宏欣,吕晓芳.12CaO·7Al_2O_3预熔渣在精炼过程中的粉化问题[J].炼钢,2006,22(6):18-20.
[33]郭汉杰.冶金物理化学教程[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2006,234-243.
[34]齐江华,薛正良,高俊波.脱硫精炼渣熔点的实验研究[J].钢铁研究,2007,35(4):9-11.
[35]肖兴国,谢蕴国.冶金反应工程学基础[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996,53-60.
[36]王俭.渣图集[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1989:102-105.
[37]陆钢,牛四通,黄钢汉.多功能调渣剂的开发与应用[J].包头钢铁学院学报,2001,20(4):315.
[38]阮小江,等.精炼渣的组成对管坯钢SA-210℃洁净度的影响[J].特殊钢,2007,28(2):51.
[39]ItoK.Fruehan.R.J.Slag foaming in smelting reduction Proeess.Steel Research.1989,Vol.60,No.O3:151.
[40]王展宏.钢包炉(LF)精炼渣的作用和特性分析[J].钢铁研究,1996,(3):11-16
[41]李广田,陈俊锋,李文献.多功能预熔精炼渣的研制和应用[J].特殊钢,2004,25(2):47.
[42]李素芹,李士琦,朱荣,等.高硫容含BaO超低硫钢精炼渣系[J].特殊钢,2004,25(2):22-25.
[43]高祥明,孙力军,李桂军.低硫、低氧钢冶炼工艺技术的现状及发展[J].江苏冶金,2007,35(2):1-4.
[44]于学斌,时启龙,翟荣灿,等.B_2O_3对CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-CaF_2-MgO五元精炼渣系熔化特性的影响[J].特殊钢,2006,27(4):5-7.
[45]李桂荣,丁振涛.Li_2O对钢包精炼渣的调质处理[J].甘肃冶金,2007,29(1):1-3.
[46]奥特斯著,倪瑞明译.钢冶金学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997.
[47]Sosinsky D J,Sommerville I D.The composition and temperature dependence of the sulfide capacity of metallurgical slags[J].Metall.Trans.,1986,17B:331-337.
[48]王雨.精炼渣组成对钢-渣硫分配比的影响[J].殊钢,2007,28(4):36-38.
[49]张鉴.炉外精炼的理论与实践[J].北京:冶金工业出版社,1993.
[50]朱苗勇.现代冶金学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1993:164-167.
[51]朱建新,张显鹏,崔传孟,等.含硼炉渣脱硫性能研究[J].矿冶,1999,8(4):55-58.
[52]王书桓,唐国章,李福民,等.12CaO-7Al_2O_3型精炼合成渣物性与脱硫试验[J].河北理工学院学报,2001,23(3):9-13.
[53]赵和明,王新华,谢兵.铝钙型预熔精炼渣熔化温度和粘度的研究[J].钢铁钒钛,2004,25(2):13-17.
[54]吕同军,倪友来,张雪松,等.50t钢包炉(LF)用精炼渣的研制[J].特殊钢,2002,23(5):41-42.
[55]李广田,陈俊锋,李文献.多功能预熔精炼渣的研制和应用[J].特殊钢,2004,25(2):47-49.
[56]于广石,许晓东,郭家林,等.首钢LF埋弧精炼技术的应用[J].钢铁研究,2000,(4):115-117.
[57]汪明东,杨素波,赵启云,等.RH用脱硫剂实验研究[J].钢铁钒钛,2001,22(1):48-52.
[58]梁连科,车荫昌,杨怀,等.冶金热力学及动力学[M].沈阳:东北工学院出版社,1990:202.
[59]黄希枯.钢铁冶金原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:380-385.
[60]高允彦.正交及回归试验设计方法[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988:111-164
[61]李素芹,李士琦,朱荣.高硫容量含BaO超低硫钢精炼脱硫渣系[J].特殊钢,2004,25(2):22-24.
[62]祝贞学,李桂荣,王宏明,等.BaO,B_2O_3对CaO基精炼渣熔化性能及脱硫能力的影响[J].北京科技大学学报,2006,28(8):725-727.
[63]陈跃峰,王雨.精炼渣组成对钢-渣硫分配比的影响[J].特殊钢,2007,28(4):36-38.
[64]李代锺.钢中的非金属夹杂[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.
[65]尹安远,吴素君.钢中非金属夹杂物的鉴定[J].理化检验,2007,43(8):395-398.
[66]GB/T 10561-2005,钢中非金属夹杂物的测定标准评级图显微检验法[S].
[67]邱绍岐,祝桂华.电炉炼钢原理及工艺[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2004.
[68]赵俊学,张丹力,等.冶金原理[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2002.
[69]赵和明,王新华,谢兵.Al_2O_3-CaO基预熔精炼渣吸收Al_2O_3夹杂的动力学研究[J].特殊钢,2005,26(1):21-23.
[70]李静媛.钢和钼中夹杂物的鉴定[M].北京:科学出版社,1988:1.
[71]屠世润,高越.金相原理及实践[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1990:293.
[2]Ohta H,Suito H.Activities in CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3 Slag and Deoxidation Equilibria of Si and Al[J].Metallrugical and Material Transaction,1996,27B(5):943-953.
[3]Wu C S.Sulphur absorption rate of some premelted fluxes during transitory heating period[J].Ironmaking and Steeking,1987,14(6):291-295.
[4]张晨,王群,刘世洲.预熔精炼渣脱硫的实验研究[J].钢铁,1997,(5):782.
[5]任正德,庞福如,雷亚.复合精炼剂处理氧化性钢液的实验研究[J].钢铁研究,1999,(5):17-20.
[6]汪明东,杨素波,赵启云,等.RH用脱硫剂实验研究[J].钢铁钒钛,2001,22(1):48-52.
[7]余志祥,郑万,汪晓川,等.洁净钢的生产实践[J].炼钢,2000,16(3):11-15.
[8]朱立光,唐国章.纯净钢及纯净铸坯的生产技术[J].河北理工学院学报,2002,22:6-11.
[9]刘中柱,蔡开科.纯净钢生产技术[J].钢铁,2000,35(2):64-69.
[10]刘浏,曾加庆.纯净钢及其生产工艺的发展[J].钢铁,2000,35(3):68-102.
[11]朱苗勇.现代冶金学(钢铁冶金部分)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2005,149.
[12]胡晓军,方克明,周国治,等.硫在TMF钢中的作用[J].北京科技大学学报,2001,23(3):275-277.
[13]梶冈博幸著,李宏译.炉外精炼[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002.
[14]陈家祥.钢铁冶金学(炼钢部分)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1990.
[15]Nicholsion.A.etal.,Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1986(2):53.
[16]王展宏,钢包炉(LF)精炼渣的作用和特性分析[J].钢铁研究,1996,03:11-16.
[17]赵和明,谢兵.LF炉精炼渣冶金性能的研究现状[J].钢铁钒钛,2002,23(4):52-57.
[18]徐增启.炉外精炼[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2003.
[19]许荣昌.轴承钢精炼合成渣研究与工艺优化[D].北京:北京科技大学,2002.
[20]章修明.碳化硅(SiC)在电弧炉炼钢上的应用[J].炼钢,1989,(4):37-41.
[21]牛四通,张鉴,成国光,等.LF埋弧渣技术的开发及其应用[J].钢铁,1997,32(3):21-24.
[22]牛四通,张鉴,成国光,等.埋弧渣精炼技术的应用[J].特殊钢,1996,17(2):47-51.
[23]杨晓江,夏春学,王晓明,等.150tLF快速脱硫工艺实践[J].炼钢,2006,22(1):16-19.
[24]张东力,王晓鸣,匡世波,等.LF精炼渣发泡性能的实验研究[J].钢铁研究学报,2003,15(6):12-15.
[25]王书桓,唐国章,李福民,等.12CaOAl_2O_3型精炼合成渣物性与脱硫试验[J].河北理工学院学报,2001,23(3):9-13.
[26]周宏.硫在CaO-Al_2O_3熔渣与钢液间的分配率[J].钢铁,1995,30(6):14-17
[27]E.T.Turkdogau,et al.Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1985,112(2):132-143.
[28]Allen H.Chan et al.The Sulfur Partition Ratio and Sulfide Capacity of Na_2O-SiO_2Slag at 1200℃,Metallurgical TransactionsB.1986,17B(9):491.
[29]J.T.Haddock,I.Hussain,etal,New MgO-CaO based reagent for ladle Treatment of steel.Ironmaking and Steelmaking,1994,21(6):479.
[30]温良英,陈登福,白晨光.钢包炉(LF)预熔精炼渣的研究[J].特殊钢,2003,24(2):13-15.
[31]战东平,姜周华,王文忠,等.预熔精炼渣钢水深脱硫的实验研究[J].材料与冶金学报,2002,(1):65-68.
[32]刘新生,赵宏欣,吕晓芳.12CaO·7Al_2O_3预熔渣在精炼过程中的粉化问题[J].炼钢,2006,22(6):18-20.
[33]郭汉杰.冶金物理化学教程[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2006,234-243.
[34]齐江华,薛正良,高俊波.脱硫精炼渣熔点的实验研究[J].钢铁研究,2007,35(4):9-11.
[35]肖兴国,谢蕴国.冶金反应工程学基础[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996,53-60.
[36]王俭.渣图集[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1989:102-105.
[37]陆钢,牛四通,黄钢汉.多功能调渣剂的开发与应用[J].包头钢铁学院学报,2001,20(4):315.
[38]阮小江,等.精炼渣的组成对管坯钢SA-210℃洁净度的影响[J].特殊钢,2007,28(2):51.
[39]ItoK.Fruehan.R.J.Slag foaming in smelting reduction Proeess.Steel Research.1989,Vol.60,No.O3:151.
[40]王展宏.钢包炉(LF)精炼渣的作用和特性分析[J].钢铁研究,1996,(3):11-16
[41]李广田,陈俊锋,李文献.多功能预熔精炼渣的研制和应用[J].特殊钢,2004,25(2):47.
[42]李素芹,李士琦,朱荣,等.高硫容含BaO超低硫钢精炼渣系[J].特殊钢,2004,25(2):22-25.
[43]高祥明,孙力军,李桂军.低硫、低氧钢冶炼工艺技术的现状及发展[J].江苏冶金,2007,35(2):1-4.
[44]于学斌,时启龙,翟荣灿,等.B_2O_3对CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-CaF_2-MgO五元精炼渣系熔化特性的影响[J].特殊钢,2006,27(4):5-7.
[45]李桂荣,丁振涛.Li_2O对钢包精炼渣的调质处理[J].甘肃冶金,2007,29(1):1-3.
[46]奥特斯著,倪瑞明译.钢冶金学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997.
[47]Sosinsky D J,Sommerville I D.The composition and temperature dependence of the sulfide capacity of metallurgical slags[J].Metall.Trans.,1986,17B:331-337.
[48]王雨.精炼渣组成对钢-渣硫分配比的影响[J].殊钢,2007,28(4):36-38.
[49]张鉴.炉外精炼的理论与实践[J].北京:冶金工业出版社,1993.
[50]朱苗勇.现代冶金学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1993:164-167.
[51]朱建新,张显鹏,崔传孟,等.含硼炉渣脱硫性能研究[J].矿冶,1999,8(4):55-58.
[52]王书桓,唐国章,李福民,等.12CaO-7Al_2O_3型精炼合成渣物性与脱硫试验[J].河北理工学院学报,2001,23(3):9-13.
[53]赵和明,王新华,谢兵.铝钙型预熔精炼渣熔化温度和粘度的研究[J].钢铁钒钛,2004,25(2):13-17.
[54]吕同军,倪友来,张雪松,等.50t钢包炉(LF)用精炼渣的研制[J].特殊钢,2002,23(5):41-42.
[55]李广田,陈俊锋,李文献.多功能预熔精炼渣的研制和应用[J].特殊钢,2004,25(2):47-49.
[56]于广石,许晓东,郭家林,等.首钢LF埋弧精炼技术的应用[J].钢铁研究,2000,(4):115-117.
[57]汪明东,杨素波,赵启云,等.RH用脱硫剂实验研究[J].钢铁钒钛,2001,22(1):48-52.
[58]梁连科,车荫昌,杨怀,等.冶金热力学及动力学[M].沈阳:东北工学院出版社,1990:202.
[59]黄希枯.钢铁冶金原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:380-385.
[60]高允彦.正交及回归试验设计方法[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988:111-164
[61]李素芹,李士琦,朱荣.高硫容量含BaO超低硫钢精炼脱硫渣系[J].特殊钢,2004,25(2):22-24.
[62]祝贞学,李桂荣,王宏明,等.BaO,B_2O_3对CaO基精炼渣熔化性能及脱硫能力的影响[J].北京科技大学学报,2006,28(8):725-727.
[63]陈跃峰,王雨.精炼渣组成对钢-渣硫分配比的影响[J].特殊钢,2007,28(4):36-38.
[64]李代锺.钢中的非金属夹杂[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.
[65]尹安远,吴素君.钢中非金属夹杂物的鉴定[J].理化检验,2007,43(8):395-398.
[66]GB/T 10561-2005,钢中非金属夹杂物的测定标准评级图显微检验法[S].
[67]邱绍岐,祝桂华.电炉炼钢原理及工艺[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2004.
[68]赵俊学,张丹力,等.冶金原理[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2002.
[69]赵和明,王新华,谢兵.Al_2O_3-CaO基预熔精炼渣吸收Al_2O_3夹杂的动力学研究[J].特殊钢,2005,26(1):21-23.
[70]李静媛.钢和钼中夹杂物的鉴定[M].北京:科学出版社,1988:1.
[71]屠世润,高越.金相原理及实践[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1990:293.