准分子激光角膜屈光术后皮质类固醇性高眼压发病机制的初步研究
|
摘要
目的
通过回顾性分析准本院准分子激光角膜屈光术(laser keratorefractive surgery,LKRS)后皮质类固醇性高眼压(glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension,GIOH)的发病率及临床相关因素,检测GIOH患者泪液总蛋白和各蛋白成分的变化,并分析其糖皮质激素受体(Glucocorticoid receptor,GR)基因多态性的变化,探讨GIOH的发病机制。
方法
实验分以下三部分
第一部分LKRS后GIOH临床相关因素分析
回顾性分析LKRS后2060例患者,计算GIOH的发病率;对其中88例GIOH患者及随机选择的125例正常眼压者,采用Logistic回归分析GIOH与年龄、性别、眼别、最大径线屈光度、最大径线曲率、切削深度、眼底杯/盘比(C/D)值及术前眼压的相关性。
第二部分LKRS后GIOH泪液蛋白变化
研究对象:LKRS术前组、术后1周地塞米松(dexamethasone,DEX)组、、术后1周氟米龙(fluorometholone,FML)组、术后1月组、术后3月组各10例,术后高眼压组23例。
方法:1.毛细管法取基础泪液5ul,-20℃保存备用;
2.BCA法测泪液总蛋白浓度;
3.泪液SDS-PAGE,Bio-Rad图像分析系统分析泪液中各种蛋白的变化。
第三部分GR基因多态性分析
研究对象:重庆地区健康人266名,准分子激光角膜屈光术后GIOH患者39人,正常眼压者37人,POAG患者11人。
方法:1.所有受试者均取外周静脉血1ml,提取全血DNA;
2.对重庆地区健康人进行GR基因分型,并计算各位点SNP发生频率。基因分型方法:根据GR基因ER22/23EK、N363S和BclⅠSNP位点设计PCR引物,PCR扩增后,选择合适的限制性内切酶进行酶切及电泳鉴定;
3.哈迪—温伯格(Hardy-Weinberg,H-W)平衡分析;
4.根据健康人GR基因分型的结果,对LKRS后GIOH患者、正常眼压者及POAG患者进行GR基因BclⅠ位点、N363S位点SNP分型
5.分别对各组进行哈迪—温伯格(Hardy-Weinberg,H-W)平衡分析
6.计算各组SNP发生频率,并分析SNP与GIOH和POAG的关系,比较组间差异。
结果
1.LKRS后GIOH发病率为3.5%;GIOH的发生与患者眼底C/D值明显相关;
2.泪液总蛋白:LKRS后1周DEX组明显高于其它各组;LKRS后高眼压组各时间点的变化趋势同正常眼压组;
3.LKRS后GIOH患者泪液溶菌酶及乳铁蛋白浓度增加;
4.重庆地区健康人中未发现GR基因编码区ER22/23EK、N363S多态性,而发现有内含子BclⅠ位点多态性存在,G等位基因发生频率为23.5%;H-W平衡分析发现所选人群符合H-W平衡。
5.LKRS后正常眼压和高眼压患者GR基因BclⅠ位点SNP发生频率分别为21.62%、18.29%,两者间无显著差异;
6.POAG患者GR基因N363S和BclⅠ位点SNP发生频率分别为0、33.3%,与其他各组间无显著差异。
结论
LKRS后GIOH的发病率为3.5%,GIOH的发生与患者视乳头杯/盘比值明显相关;LKRS后早期泪液总蛋白浓度增加,GC由DEX改为FML后泪液总蛋白浓度降低,推测与DEX的强效抗炎、抗免疫和对间叶组织的作用有关;观察到LKRS后GIOH患者泪液溶菌酶及乳铁蛋白浓度增加的现象,其机制有待进一步研究。重庆地区人群中GR基因无ER22/23EK及N363S多态性存在,与白种人不同,而与日本人相似;存在BclⅠ位点SNP,但发生频率为23.5%,较白种人低。LKRS后GIOH患者与正常眼压患者、健康人群、POAG患者在GR基因N363S位点和BclⅠ位点SNP发生频率上无显著差异;虽然GR基因N363S和BclⅠ位点多态性与GC敏感性增强有关,但与GIOH、POAG的发生之间没有统计学关联,推测GR基因内或GR基因外可能存在其它与GIOH、POAG发生有关的多态性。
Objective
To study the pathogenesy of glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension(GIOH) in patients after laser keratorefractive surgery(LKRS),by analyzing retrospectively the incidence and clinical related factors of GIOH,investigating their variations of total tear protein and tear protein compositions,and detecting polymorphism changes within glucocorticoid receptor(GR) gene.
Methods
The whole experiment is consisted of 3 parts as follows.
The 1~(st) part Analysis of the incidence and clinical related factors of GIOH in patients after LKRS
2060 subjects after LKRS were recruited in our retrospective study to assess the incidence of GIOH;by logistic regression analysis,data of GIOH group and normal group were collected to analyse the association between GIOH and age,sex,right/left eye,max saggital diopter,max saggital curvature,depth of cut,papilla cup/disc ratio of ocular fundus and preoperative intraocular pressure.
The 2~(nd) part Tear protein variations in patients with GIOH after LKRS
Subjects
10 subjects respectively in preoperative group,postoperative groups including of the 1st week with dexamethasone(DEX),the 1st week with fluorometholone(FML),the 1st month and the 3rd month;23 subjects with GIOH after LKRS.
Methods
1.5ul basal tear was collected by capillary tube method and stored at -20℃.
2.Measurement of total tear protein with BCA kit.
3.Variation of tear protein compositions by Bio-Rad image analysis system after SDS-PAGE.
The 3~(rd) part Polymorphism analysis of GR gene
Subjects:266 healthy individuals in Chongqing,39 patients with GIOH and 37 patients with normal intraocular pressure(IOP) after LKRS,12 patients with POAG.
Methods:
1.1ml peripheral venous blood was collected and genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood.
2.Genotyping:first,PCR primers were designed according to SNP within GR gene and suitable restriction enzymes were selected for PCR amplification,then genotyping of GR gene was finished in healthful subjects in Chongqing region,at last each SNP frequency was assessed.
3.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assay
4.According to SNP results from healthy population,genotyping of GR gene was done by BclⅠand N363S SNPs in subjects with GIOH and normal IOP after LKRS,and patients with POAG.
5.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assay of all groups.
6.Incidences of 2 kinds of SNPs were calculated,and then differences among groups and associations between these SNPs and GIOH,POAG were assessed.
Results
1.Incidence of GIOH after LKRS is 3.5%and is associated with C/D ratio of optic nerve head.
2.Total tear protein level in postoperative group at 1~(st) week with DEX is higher than other groups;its variation tendency in GIOH group at different time is same to group with normal IOP.
3.Tear lysozyme and lactoferrin level in patients with GIOH is higher.
4.There is no ER22/23EK and N363S polymorphism of GR gene in
Chongqing's healthy population,but BclⅠSNP exists and its G allele frequency is 23.5%.All groups in this study are in line with H-W equilibrium. 5.The incidence of BclⅠSNP of GR gene is 21.62%and 18.57%respectively in group of normal IOP and GIOH after LKRS. 6.The incidence of N363S and BclⅠSNP of GR gene is 0 and 18.57%respectively in group of POAG,and there is no significant difference with other groups.
Conclusion
Incidence of GIOH after LKRS is 3.5%and is associated significantly with C/D ratio of optic nerve head;total tear protein level in patients at early postoperative period increased but decreased when GC changed from DEX to FML.So we suppose this is induced by strong anti-inflammatory,anti-immunization and effects on mesenchymal tissue of DEX;We also found tear lysozyme and lactoferrin level in patients with GIOH after LKRS improved,which maybe caused by tear secretion changes of patients with GIOH.
The Chongqing population hasn't polymorphisms of ER22/23EK and N363S location but has BclⅠSNP,which is different from Caucasian but same to Japanese in the Asia. However,SNP frequency of BclⅠin Chongqing population is lower than Caucasian's. There is no difference in SNP frequency of N363S and BclⅠamong patients with and without GIOH after LKRS and with POAG.Although SNPs of N363S and BclⅠwithin GR gene has been reported to be associated with increased sensitivity to GC,no statistical association was found between these two SNPs and GIOH.Maybe there are some other SNPs associated with GIOH,which needs further research.
通过回顾性分析准本院准分子激光角膜屈光术(laser keratorefractive surgery,LKRS)后皮质类固醇性高眼压(glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension,GIOH)的发病率及临床相关因素,检测GIOH患者泪液总蛋白和各蛋白成分的变化,并分析其糖皮质激素受体(Glucocorticoid receptor,GR)基因多态性的变化,探讨GIOH的发病机制。
方法
实验分以下三部分
第一部分LKRS后GIOH临床相关因素分析
回顾性分析LKRS后2060例患者,计算GIOH的发病率;对其中88例GIOH患者及随机选择的125例正常眼压者,采用Logistic回归分析GIOH与年龄、性别、眼别、最大径线屈光度、最大径线曲率、切削深度、眼底杯/盘比(C/D)值及术前眼压的相关性。
第二部分LKRS后GIOH泪液蛋白变化
研究对象:LKRS术前组、术后1周地塞米松(dexamethasone,DEX)组、、术后1周氟米龙(fluorometholone,FML)组、术后1月组、术后3月组各10例,术后高眼压组23例。
方法:1.毛细管法取基础泪液5ul,-20℃保存备用;
2.BCA法测泪液总蛋白浓度;
3.泪液SDS-PAGE,Bio-Rad图像分析系统分析泪液中各种蛋白的变化。
第三部分GR基因多态性分析
研究对象:重庆地区健康人266名,准分子激光角膜屈光术后GIOH患者39人,正常眼压者37人,POAG患者11人。
方法:1.所有受试者均取外周静脉血1ml,提取全血DNA;
2.对重庆地区健康人进行GR基因分型,并计算各位点SNP发生频率。基因分型方法:根据GR基因ER22/23EK、N363S和BclⅠSNP位点设计PCR引物,PCR扩增后,选择合适的限制性内切酶进行酶切及电泳鉴定;
3.哈迪—温伯格(Hardy-Weinberg,H-W)平衡分析;
4.根据健康人GR基因分型的结果,对LKRS后GIOH患者、正常眼压者及POAG患者进行GR基因BclⅠ位点、N363S位点SNP分型
5.分别对各组进行哈迪—温伯格(Hardy-Weinberg,H-W)平衡分析
6.计算各组SNP发生频率,并分析SNP与GIOH和POAG的关系,比较组间差异。
结果
1.LKRS后GIOH发病率为3.5%;GIOH的发生与患者眼底C/D值明显相关;
2.泪液总蛋白:LKRS后1周DEX组明显高于其它各组;LKRS后高眼压组各时间点的变化趋势同正常眼压组;
3.LKRS后GIOH患者泪液溶菌酶及乳铁蛋白浓度增加;
4.重庆地区健康人中未发现GR基因编码区ER22/23EK、N363S多态性,而发现有内含子BclⅠ位点多态性存在,G等位基因发生频率为23.5%;H-W平衡分析发现所选人群符合H-W平衡。
5.LKRS后正常眼压和高眼压患者GR基因BclⅠ位点SNP发生频率分别为21.62%、18.29%,两者间无显著差异;
6.POAG患者GR基因N363S和BclⅠ位点SNP发生频率分别为0、33.3%,与其他各组间无显著差异。
结论
LKRS后GIOH的发病率为3.5%,GIOH的发生与患者视乳头杯/盘比值明显相关;LKRS后早期泪液总蛋白浓度增加,GC由DEX改为FML后泪液总蛋白浓度降低,推测与DEX的强效抗炎、抗免疫和对间叶组织的作用有关;观察到LKRS后GIOH患者泪液溶菌酶及乳铁蛋白浓度增加的现象,其机制有待进一步研究。重庆地区人群中GR基因无ER22/23EK及N363S多态性存在,与白种人不同,而与日本人相似;存在BclⅠ位点SNP,但发生频率为23.5%,较白种人低。LKRS后GIOH患者与正常眼压患者、健康人群、POAG患者在GR基因N363S位点和BclⅠ位点SNP发生频率上无显著差异;虽然GR基因N363S和BclⅠ位点多态性与GC敏感性增强有关,但与GIOH、POAG的发生之间没有统计学关联,推测GR基因内或GR基因外可能存在其它与GIOH、POAG发生有关的多态性。
Objective
To study the pathogenesy of glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension(GIOH) in patients after laser keratorefractive surgery(LKRS),by analyzing retrospectively the incidence and clinical related factors of GIOH,investigating their variations of total tear protein and tear protein compositions,and detecting polymorphism changes within glucocorticoid receptor(GR) gene.
Methods
The whole experiment is consisted of 3 parts as follows.
The 1~(st) part Analysis of the incidence and clinical related factors of GIOH in patients after LKRS
2060 subjects after LKRS were recruited in our retrospective study to assess the incidence of GIOH;by logistic regression analysis,data of GIOH group and normal group were collected to analyse the association between GIOH and age,sex,right/left eye,max saggital diopter,max saggital curvature,depth of cut,papilla cup/disc ratio of ocular fundus and preoperative intraocular pressure.
The 2~(nd) part Tear protein variations in patients with GIOH after LKRS
Subjects
10 subjects respectively in preoperative group,postoperative groups including of the 1st week with dexamethasone(DEX),the 1st week with fluorometholone(FML),the 1st month and the 3rd month;23 subjects with GIOH after LKRS.
Methods
1.5ul basal tear was collected by capillary tube method and stored at -20℃.
2.Measurement of total tear protein with BCA kit.
3.Variation of tear protein compositions by Bio-Rad image analysis system after SDS-PAGE.
The 3~(rd) part Polymorphism analysis of GR gene
Subjects:266 healthy individuals in Chongqing,39 patients with GIOH and 37 patients with normal intraocular pressure(IOP) after LKRS,12 patients with POAG.
Methods:
1.1ml peripheral venous blood was collected and genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood.
2.Genotyping:first,PCR primers were designed according to SNP within GR gene and suitable restriction enzymes were selected for PCR amplification,then genotyping of GR gene was finished in healthful subjects in Chongqing region,at last each SNP frequency was assessed.
3.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assay
4.According to SNP results from healthy population,genotyping of GR gene was done by BclⅠand N363S SNPs in subjects with GIOH and normal IOP after LKRS,and patients with POAG.
5.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assay of all groups.
6.Incidences of 2 kinds of SNPs were calculated,and then differences among groups and associations between these SNPs and GIOH,POAG were assessed.
Results
1.Incidence of GIOH after LKRS is 3.5%and is associated with C/D ratio of optic nerve head.
2.Total tear protein level in postoperative group at 1~(st) week with DEX is higher than other groups;its variation tendency in GIOH group at different time is same to group with normal IOP.
3.Tear lysozyme and lactoferrin level in patients with GIOH is higher.
4.There is no ER22/23EK and N363S polymorphism of GR gene in
Chongqing's healthy population,but BclⅠSNP exists and its G allele frequency is 23.5%.All groups in this study are in line with H-W equilibrium. 5.The incidence of BclⅠSNP of GR gene is 21.62%and 18.57%respectively in group of normal IOP and GIOH after LKRS. 6.The incidence of N363S and BclⅠSNP of GR gene is 0 and 18.57%respectively in group of POAG,and there is no significant difference with other groups.
Conclusion
Incidence of GIOH after LKRS is 3.5%and is associated significantly with C/D ratio of optic nerve head;total tear protein level in patients at early postoperative period increased but decreased when GC changed from DEX to FML.So we suppose this is induced by strong anti-inflammatory,anti-immunization and effects on mesenchymal tissue of DEX;We also found tear lysozyme and lactoferrin level in patients with GIOH after LKRS improved,which maybe caused by tear secretion changes of patients with GIOH.
The Chongqing population hasn't polymorphisms of ER22/23EK and N363S location but has BclⅠSNP,which is different from Caucasian but same to Japanese in the Asia. However,SNP frequency of BclⅠin Chongqing population is lower than Caucasian's. There is no difference in SNP frequency of N363S and BclⅠamong patients with and without GIOH after LKRS and with POAG.Although SNPs of N363S and BclⅠwithin GR gene has been reported to be associated with increased sensitivity to GC,no statistical association was found between these two SNPs and GIOH.Maybe there are some other SNPs associated with GIOH,which needs further research.
引文
1.Johnson D,Gottanka J,Fl(u|¨)gel C,et al.Ultrastructural changes in the trabecular meshwork of human eyes treated with corticosteroids.Arch Ophthalmol,1997;115:375-383.
2.李春武,张建华,黄翠萍。准分子激光屈光性角膜切削术后皮质类固醇性高眼压和青光眼的临床分析。中华眼科杂志1999.5;35(3):179-182。
3.Katbab A,Pooyan S,Salouti R,Reza H,Hosseini J.High IOP as a cause of sudden increased myopia after LASIK.J Cataract Refract Surg.2005 Oct;31(10):2031-2.8.
4.Considerations of glaucoma in patients undergoing corneal refractive surgery.Surv Ophthalmol.2005;50(3):245-51.
5.Francois J.Corticosteroid glaucoma.Ophthalmologica,1984,188:76-81.
6.Armaly MF.Statistical attributes of the steroid hypertensive response in the clinical normal eye.I.the demonstration of three levels of response.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1965.4;4:187-197.14.
7.Becker B,Hahn KA.Topical corticosteroids and heredity in primary open-angle glaucoma.Am J Ophthalmol.1964;57:543-551
8.Becker B.Intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.Invest Ophthalmol,1965.4;4:198- 205.
9.Mindel JS,Tavitian HO,Smith H Jr,Walker EC.Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone,fluorometholone,and dexamethasone phosphate.Arch Ophthalmol.1980.9;98(9):1577-1578.
10.Calvo Arrabal MA,Bilbao-Calabuig R,Alen Cordero R,Llovet Osuna F.Atypical presentation of ocular hypertension following myopic LASIK.Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol.2005.3;80(3):163-170.
11.Toshino A,Uno T,Ohashi Y,Maeda N,Oshika T.Transient keratectasia caused by intraocular pressure elevation after laser in situ keratomileusis.J Cataract Refract Surg.2005.1;31(1):202-204.
12.Topical corticosteroids after keratorefractive surgery.J Cataract Refract Surg.2002.8;28(8):1307-1308.
13.Frucht-Pery J,Landau D,Raiskup F,Orucov F,Strassman E,Blumenthal EZ,Solomon A.Early transient visual acuity loss after LASIK due to steroid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure.J Refract Surg.2007.3;23(3):244-251.
14.王造文,庞国祥,郑蔚,等。准分子激光光学角膜切削术治疗近视随诊结果分析中华眼科杂志,1995,31:172-175。
15.Postoperative complications of refractive surgery,Lasik technique.Oftalmologia.2003;58(3):60-63.
16.Gordon MO,Beiser JA,Brandt JD,Heuer DK,Higginbotham EJ,Johnson CA,Keltner JL,Miller JP,Parrish RK 2nd,Wilson MR,Kass MA.The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study:baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma.Arch Ophthalmol.2002.6;120(6):714-720
17.Schallhorn SC,Amesbury EC,Tanzer DJ.Avoidance,recognition,and management of LASIK complications.Am J Ophthalmol.2006.4;141(4):733-739.
18.Changes in corneal biomechanics and intraocular pressure following LASIK using static,dynamic,and noncontact tonometry.Am J Ophthalmol.2007.1;143(1):39-47
19.Galal A,Artola A,Belda J,Rodriguez-Prats J,Claramonte P,Sanchez A,Ruiz-Moreno O,Merayo J,Alio J.Interface corneal edema secondary to steroid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure simulating diffuse lamellar keratitis.J Refract Surg.2006.5;22(5):441-447.
20.Hamilton DR,Manche EE,Rich LF,Maloney RK.Steroid-induced glaucoma after laser in situ keratomileusis associated with interface fluid.Ophthalmology.2002.4;109(4):659-665.
1.Anderson NL,Anderson NG.Proteome and proteomics:new technologies,new concepts,and new words.Electrophoresis,1998.8;19(11):1853-61.
2.Haynes PA,Gygi SP,Figeys D,Aebersold R.Proteome analysis:biological assay or data archive? Electrophoresis,1998.8;19(11):1862-71.
3.Corthals GL,Wasinger VC,Hochstrasser DF,Sanchez JC.The dynamic range of protein expression:a challenge for proteomic research.Electrophoresis,2000.4;21(6):1104-15.
4.高雪飞。关于蛋白质组学及其在眼科的应用。哈尔滨医药,2004,24(6):59-61。
5.刘祖国,陈家祺。眼表泪液病的研究,中华眼科杂志,2000.1,36(1):74-76。
6.Cojocaru VM,Ciurtin C,Puchianu E,Antohe F.Lacrimal proteins electrophoretic analysis--diagnostic method in secondary Sjogren syndrome.Oftalmologia.2006;50(4):60-3.
7.FH Grus,P Sabuncuo,HB Dick,et al.Changes in the tear proteins of diabetic patients.BMC Ophthalmology,2002.2:4
8.余玲,谢汉平,孟晓红。2型糖尿病患者泪液分泌及泪膜功能的初步研究。眼科研究,2004.10,22(5):533-535.
9.Herber S,Grus FH,Sabuncuo P,Augustin AJ.Two-dimensional analysis of tear protein patterns of diabetic patients.Electrophoresis.2001 May;22(9):1838-44.
10.Herber S,Grus FH,Sabuncuo P,Augustin AJ.Changes in the tear protein patterns of diabetic patients using two-dimensional electrophoresis.Adv Exp Med Biol.2002;506:623-6.
11.Lew H,Yun YS,Lee SY.Electrolytes and electrophoretic studies of tear proteins in tears of patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction.Ophthalmologica.2005May-Jun;219(3):142-6.
12.Koo BS,Lee DY,Ha HS,Kim JC,Kim CW.Comparative analysis of the tear protein expression in blepharitis patients using two-dimensional electrophoresis.J Proteome Res.2005 May-Jun;4(3):719-24.
13.Grus FH,Sabuncuo P,Augustin A,Pfeiffer N.Effect of smoking on tear proteins. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.2002 Nov;240(11):889-92.
14.Spurr-Michaud S,Argueso P,Gipson I.Assay of mucins in human tear fluid.Exp Eye Res.2007 Feb 7;
15.Lema I,Duran JA.Inflammatory molecules in the tears of patients with keratoconus.Ophthalmology.2005 Apr;112(4):654-9.
16.Tsai PS,Evans JE,Green KM,Sullivan RM,Schaumberg DA,Richards SM,Dana MR,Sullivan DA.Proteomic analysis of human meibomian gland secretions.Br J Ophthalmol.2006 Mar;90(3):372-7.
17.Ohashi Y,Dogru M,Tsubota K.Laboratory findings in tear fluid analysis.Clin Chim Acta.2006 Jul 15;369(1):17-28.
18.佟大年,秦环龙。创伤后不同阶段内分泌激素变化对营养物质代谢的影响。肠外与肠内营养,2005.3,12(2):113-116.
19.Clague MB.Keir MJ,Wright PD,et al.The effects of nutrition and trauma on whole—body protein metabolism in man I J I.Clin Sci,1983.65(2):165-175。
20.Mindel JS,Tavitian HO,Smith H Jr,Walker EC.Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone,fluorometholone,and dexamethasone phosphate.Arch Ophthalmol.1980;98(9):1577-8.
21.Fust A,Veres A,Kiszel P,Nagy ZZ,Cervenak L,Csakany B,Maka E,Suveges I,Grus FH.Changes in tear protein pattern after photorefractive keratectomy.Eur J Ophthalmol.2003 Jul;13(6):525-31.
1. Encio I J , Detera2Wadleigh SD. The genomic structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem, 1991 , 266 :718227188.
2. McKay LI and Cidlowski JA. CBP (CREB binding protein) integrates NFkappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) and glucocorticoid receptor physical interactions and antagonism. Mol Endocrinol, 2000, 14:1222-1234.
3. Reichardt HM, Kaestner KH, Tuckermann J, Kretz O, Wessely O, Bock R, Gass P, Schmid W, Herrlich P, Angel P, et al. DNA binding of the glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival. Cell, 1998, 93:531-541.
4. Nissen RM and Yamamoto KR. The glucocorticoid receptor inhibits NFkappaB by interfering with serine-2 phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxyterminal domain. Genes Dev, 2000, 14:2314-2329.
5. De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, and Haegeman G. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action and of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: negative interference of activated glucocorticoid receptor with transcription factors. J Neuroimmunol, 2000, 109:16-22.
6. Shen LX, Basilion JP , Stanton VP Jr. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms can cause different structural folds of mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,1999 , 96 :787127876.
7. Cartegni L , Chew SL , Krainer AR. Listening to silence and understanding nonsense : exonic mutations that affect splicing. Nat Rev Genet, 2002 , 3 :2852298.
8. Stanley M ,Hollenberg ,Weinberger C ,et al. Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor[J ] . CD2 NA , 1985 ,318.
9. Weaver JU ,Hitman GA , Kopelman PG. An association between a Bcl I restrction fragment length polymphsism of the glucocorticoid receptor locus and hyperinsulinaemia in obese woman [J ] . J Mol Endocri nol, 1992 ,9 :295.
10. Huizenga NA, Koper JW, de Lange P, Pols HA, Stolk RP, Burger DE, Brinkmann AO, De Jong FH, Lamberts SW Interperson but intraperson stability of baseline plasma cortisol concentrations, relation to feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal low dose of dexamethasone in elderly individuals. J Clin Endocrinol 1998,83:47-54
11. van Rossum EF, Feelders RA, van den Beld AW, Uitterlinden AG, Janssen J A, Ester W, Brinkmann AO, Grobbee DE, de Jong FH, Pols HA, Koper JW, Lamberts SW. Association of the ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene with survival and C-reactive protein levels in elderly men. Am J Med 2004, 117:158-162
12. Lamberts SW, Huizenga AT, de Lange P, de Jong FH, Koper JW. Clinical aspects of glucocorticoid sensitivity. Steroids 1996,61:157-160
13. Smit P, Russcher H, de Jong FH, Brinkmann AO, Lamberts SW, Koper JW. Differential regulation of synthetic glucocorticoids on gene expression levels of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) and IL-2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005,90:2994-3000.
14. Hurley DM, Accili D , Stratakis CA , et al . Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone2binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in familial glucocorticoid resistance. J Clin Invest, 1991 , 87 :680-686.
15. Vottero A , Kino T , Combe H , et al . A novel, C-terminal dominant negative mutation of the GR causes familial glucocorticoid resistance through abnormal interactions with p160 steroid receptor coactivators. J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 2002 , 87 :2658-2667.
16. Mendonca BB , Leite MV , de Castro M, et al . Female pseudohermaphroditism caused by a novel homozygous missense mutation of the GR gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 2002,87 :1805-1809
17. . Hillmann AG, Ramdas J , Multanen K, et al . Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutations in lukemic cells acquired in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res , 2000 , 60 :2056-2062.
18. Jiang T , Liu S , Tan M, et al . The phase-shift mutation in the glucocorticoid receptor gene : potential etiologic significance of neuroendocrine mechanisms in lupus nephritis. Clin Chim Acta, 2001, 313:113-117.
19. Van Rossum EF, Lamberts SW. Polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and their association with metabolic parameters and body composition. Recent Prog Horm Res,2004,59:333-357.
20. Koper JW, Stolk RP, de Lange P, et al. Lack of association between five polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene and glucocorticoid resistance. Hum Genet, 1997 , 99 :663-668.
21. Di Blasio AM, van Rossum EF, Maestrini S, Berselli ME, Tagliaferri M, Podesta F, Koper JW, Liuzzi A, Lamberts SW. The relation between two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and body mass index, blood pressure and cholesterol in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003, 59:68-74
22. Lin RC, Wang WY, Morris BJ. High penetrance, overweight, and glucocorticoid receptor variant: case-control study. BMJ 1999, 319:1337-1338
23. Rosmond R, Bouchard C, Bjorntorp P. Tsp509I. Polymorphism in exon 2 of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in relation to obesity and cortisol secretion: cohort study. BMJ 2001, 322:652-653
24. Echwald SM, Sorensen TI, Andersen T, Pedersen O. The Asn363Ser variant of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is not associated with obesity or weight gain in Danish men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001, 25:1563-1565.
25. Watt GCM , Harrap SB , Foy CJW, et al. Abnormalities of glucocorticoid metabolism and rennin-angiotensin system: a four corners approach to the identification of genetic determinants of blood pression[J ] . J Hypertens, 1992 , 10 :473.
26. Ukkola O , Rosmond R , Tremblay A , et al. Glucocorticoid receptor Bcl I variant is associated with an increased atherogenic profile in response to long-term overfeeding [J ] . Atherosclerosis , 2001 ,157 (1) :221.
27. Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, Shiinoki T, Kaneda T, Kumon Y, Hashimoto K. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with its transcriptional activity. Endocr J 2001, 48:723-726
28. Lei SF, Deng FY, Liu XH, Huang QR, Qin Y, Zhou Q, Jiang DK, Li YM, Mo XY, Liu MY, Chen XD, Wu XS, Shen H, Dvornyk V, Zhao L, Recker RR, Deng HW. Polymorphisms of four bone mineral density candidate genes in Chinese populations and comparison with other populations of different ethnicity. J Bone Miner Metab 2003, 21:34-42.
29. Van Rossum EF, KoperJW,Van Den Beld AW, et al. Identification of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: association with sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo and body mass index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:585-92.
30. Rosmond R, ChagnonYC, Holm G, et al. A glucocorticoid receptor gene marker is associated with abdominal obesity, leptin, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis.Obes Res 2000;8:211^8.
31.Huizenga NA,Koper JW,Lange KP,et al.A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene may be associate with an increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo.J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1998,83:144-151.
32.Armaly MF.Statistical attributes of the steroid hypertensive response in the clinical normal eye.I.the demonstration of three levels of response.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1965.4;4:187-197.
33.Becker B.intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.Invest Ophthalmol,1965.4;4:198-205
34.Armaly MF,Becker B.Intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.Fed Proc.1965;24:1274-1278.
35.Mindel JS,Tavitian HO,Smith H Jr,Walker EC.Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone,fluorometholone,and dexamethasone phosphate.Arch Ophthalmol.1980.9;98(9):1577-1578.
36.李春武,张建华,黄翠萍。准分子激光屈光性角膜切削术后皮质类固醇性高眼压和青光眼的临床分析。中华眼科杂志 1999.5;35(3):179-182。
37.李伟力,王华,姜西挺,戴守。准分子激光角膜切削术后皮质类固醇激素的应用。中华眼科杂志,1997.1;33(1):16-18。
1.Armaly MF.Statistical attributes of the steroid hypertensive response in the clinical normal eye.I.the demonstration of three levels of response.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1965.4;4:187-197.
2.Becker B.intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.Invest Ophthalmol,1965.4;4:198-205
3.Lam DS,Fan DS,Ng JS,Yu CB,Wong CY,Cheung AY.Ocular hypertensive and anti-inflammatory responses to different dosages of topical dexamethasone in children:a randomized trial.Clin Experiment Ophthalmol.2005 Jun;33(3):252-8
4.Ng JSK,Fan DS。 Young AL,et al.Ocular hypertensive response to topical dexamethasone in children:A dose-dependent phenomenon.Ophthalmology,2000,107(11):2097-2100)
5.Fan DS,Ng JS,Lam DS.A prospective study on ocular hypertensive and antiinflammatory response to different dosages of fluorometholone in children.Ophthalmology.2001;108(11):1973-7.
6.Johnson D,Gottanka J,Flugel C,Hoffmann F,Futa R,Lutjen-Drecoll E.Ultrastructural changes in the trabecular meshwork of human eyes treated with corticosteroids.Arch Ophthalmol,1997;115:375-383
7.Mindel JS,Tavitian HO,Smith H Jr,Walker EC.Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone,fluorometholone,and dexamethasone phosphate.Arch Ophthalmol.1980;98(9):1577-8.
8.葛坚,林明楷,卓业鸿,郑健梁。糖皮质激素性青光眼患者小梁细胞体外培养和超微结构观研究。中华眼科杂志,2000.5;36(3):238-240.
9.杨新光,李美玉。牛眼小粱网细胞体外培养及吞噬功能的研究.中华眼科杂志。1996,32:136-139.
10.Whine VA,Grierson I.Phagocytosis in cultured bovine trabecular meshwork cells.Invest Ophthalmol.Vis Sci,1988,29 suppl:125-128.
11.Zhang X,Ognibene CM,Clark AF,Yorio T.Dexamethasone inhibition of trabecular meshwork cell phagocytosis and its modulation by glucocorticoid receptor beta.Exp Eye Res. 2007; 84(2):275-84.
12. Steely HT, Browder SL, Julian MB,Miggans ST, Wilson KL,Clark AF. The effects of dexamethasone on fibronectin expression in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992; 33(7):2242-50
13. Clark AF, Wilson K, McCartney MD, Miggans ST, Kunkle M, Howe W. lucocorticoid-induced formation of cross- linked actin networks in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1994.1; 35(1): 281-94.
14. Clark AF,Lane D,Wilson K,Miggans ST, McCartney MD. Inhibition of dexamethasone-induced cytoskeletal changes in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells by tetrahydrocortisol.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996.4; 37(5):805-13.
15. Clark AF, Brotchie D, Read AT, Hellberg P, English-Wright S, Pang IH, Ethier CR, Grierson I. Dexamethasone alters F-actin architecture and promotes cross-linked actin network formation in human trabecular meshwork tissue .Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2005.2; 60(2):83-95
16. Wilson K, McCartney MD, Miggans ST, Clark AF. Dexamethasone induced ultrastructural changes in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Curr Eye Res. 1993 Sep;12(9):783-93.
17. McCartney MD, Cantu-Crouch D, Clark AF. Freeze-fracture examination of cultured human trabecular meshwork cells: effect of dexamethasone. Exp Eye Res. 2006.6; 82(6):994-1001. Epub 2005 Nov 28
18. Yun AJ, Murphy CG, Polansky JR, Newsome DA, Alvarado JA. Proteins secreted by human trabecular cells. Glucocorticoid and other effects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989.9;30(9):2012-22
19. Dickerson JE Jr, Steely HT Jr, English-Wright SL,Clark AF. The effect of dexamethasone on integrin and laminin expression in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res. 1998.6; 66(6):731-8.
20. Matsumoto Y, Johnson DH. Dexamethasone decreases phagocytosis by human trabecular meshwork cells in situ. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997.7; 38(9): 1902-7.
21. Alexander JP, Samples JR, Van Buskirk EM, Acott TS. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inhibitor by human trabecular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991.1; 32(1): 172-80.
22. Snyder RW, Stamer WD, Kramer TR, Seftor RE. Corticosteroid treatment and trabecular meshwork proteases in cell and organ culture supernatants. Exp Eye Res. 1993.10; 57(4):461-8
23. Shuman MA, Polansky JR, Merkel C, Alvarado JA. Tissue plasminogen activator in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Predominance of enzyme over plasminogen activator inhibitor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988.3; 29(3):401-5.
24. Polansky JR, Fauss DJ, Chen P, Chen H, Lutjen-Drecoll E, Johnson D, Kurtz RM, Ma ZD, Bloom E, Nguyen TD. Cellular pharmacology and molecular biology of the trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticoid response gene product. Ophthalmologica. 1997; 211(3):126-39.
25. Armaly MF, Becker B. Intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids. Fed Proc. 1965; 24:1274-1278.
26. Richards JE. Lichter PR, BoehnkeM, UroJL, TorrezD, Wong D, et al. Mapping of a gene for autosomal dominant juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma to chromosome 1q. Am J Hum Genet, 1994;54(1):62-70.
27. WiggsJL, Haines JL, Paglinauan C, Fine A. Sporn C, Lou D. Genetic linkage of autosomal dominant juvenile glaucoma to 1q21-q31 in three affected pedigrees. Genomics, 1994;21(2):299-303.
28. Kubota R, Noda S, Wang Y, Minoshima S, Asakawa S, Kudoh J, et aJ. A novelmyosin-like protein(myocilin)expressed in the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor: molecular cloning, tissue expression and chromosomal mapping, Genomics 1997;41(3): 360-369.
29. Stone EM. Fingert JH, Alward WLM, Nguyen TD,Polansky JR, Sunden SLF, et al. Identification of a gene that causes primary open angle glaucoma. Science, 1997, 275(5300):668-670.
30. Kubota R. Noda S. Wang Y, et al A novel myosin-like protein(myocilin)expressed in the connecting cilium of the photoreeeptor: molecular cloning, tissue expression, and chromosomal mapping. Genomics, 1997;41:360-369.
31. Nguyen TD, Chen P, Huang WD, et al. Gene structure dna properties of MYOC, an olfaetomedin-related glycoprotein cloned from glucocortcoid-induced trabecular meshwork cells. J Biol Chem, 1998;273:6341-6350.
32. Tanemoto K, Tomarev S1. Transcriptional regulation of the human MYOC / TIGR promotor in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41:S821
33. Fautsch MP. Johnson DH. Characterization of myocilin-myocilin interactions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2001;42:2324-233.
34. Budde WM. Heredity in primary open-angle glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2000;11(2):101-l06.
35. Lam DSC, Leung YF, ChuaJKH, Baum L, Fan DSP, Choy KW. et al. Truncations in the TIGR gene in individuals with and without primary open-angle glaucoma. .Ivest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41(6):1386-1391.
36. Kim BS, Savinova OV, Reedy MV, Martin J, Lun Y, Gan L, Smith RS, Tomarev SI, et al. Targeted Disruption of the Myocilin Gene (MYOC) Suggests that Human Glaucoma-Causing Mutations Are Gain of Function. Mol Cell Biol, 2001.11, 21(22):7707-7713.
37. Kanagavalli J, Pandaranayaka E, Kfishnadas SR, et al. A review of genetic and structural understanding of the role of myocilin in primary open angle glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2004;52(4):271-280.
38. Fautsch MP, Bahler CK, Jewison DJ, Johnson DH . Recombinant TIGR / MYOC increases outflow resistance in the human anterior segment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41:4163-4168.
39. Filla MS, Liu X, Nguyen TD, et al. In vitro localization of TIGR / MYOC intrabecular meshwork extracellular matrix and binding to fibronectin.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2002;43:151-161.
40. Joe MK, SohnS, HurW, etal. Accumulation of mutant myocilins in ER leads to ER stress and potential cytotoxicity in human trabecular meshwork cells. [J]. Biochem Bio phys Res Commun, 2003;3(12):592-600.
41. Lindsey JD, Gaton DD, Sagara T, et al. Reduced T1GR / myocilin protein in the monkey ciliary muscle after topical prostaglandin F (2alpha) treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2001;42(8):1781-1786.
42. Karali A. Russell P. Stefani FH, et al . Localization of myocilin / trabecular meshwork-inducible glucocorticoid response protein in the human eye . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41:729-740
43. Wang XF. Johnson DH. mRNA in situ hybridization of TIGR / MYOC in human trabecular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41:1724-1729.
44. Douglas B. Gould, Laura Miceli-Libby, Olga V. Savinova, Mario Torrado, Stanislav I. Tomarev, Richard S. Smith, and Simon W. M. John. Genetically Increasing Myoc Expression Supports a Necessary Pathologic Role of Abnormal Proteins in Glaucoma. Mol Cell Biol, 2004.10; 24(20): 9019-9025.
45. Douglas B. Gould, Mark Reedy, Lawriston A. Wilson,Richard S. Smith, Randy L. Johnson,and Simon W. M. John. Mutant Myocilin Nonsecretion In Vivo Is Not Sufficient To Cause Glaucoma. Mol Cell Biol. 2006.11; 26(22): 8427-8436.
46. John H. Fingert, Abbot F. Clark, Jamie E. Craig, Wallace L. M. Alwardl, Grant R. Snibson3, Marsha McLaughlin, Linda Tuttle, David A. Mackey, Val C. Sheffield, Edwin M. Stonel. Evaluation of the Myocilin (MYOC) Glaucoma Gene in Monkey and Human Steroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension.Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2001 ;42: 145-152.
47. Allan R. Shepardl, Nasreen Jacobsonl, John H. Fingert2, Edwin M. Stone2, Val C. Sheffield3 and Abbot F. Clark1. Delayed Secondary Glucocorticoid Responsiveness of MYOC in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2001 ;42:3173-3181
48. Chan, GC, Hess, P, Meenakshi, T, Carlstedt-Duke, J, Gustafsson, JA, Payvar, F. (1991) Delayed secondary glucocorticoid response elements: unusual nucleotide motifs specify glucocorticoid receptor binding to transcribed regions of alpha 2u-globulin DNA J Biol Chem 266,22634-22644
49. Nordeen, SK, Suh, BJ, Kuhnel, B, Hutchison, CD. Structural determinants of a glucocorticoid receptor recognition element. Mol Endocrinol, 1990; 4:1866-1873.
50. Chandler, VL, Maler, BA, Yamamoto, KR. DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo Cell, 1983;33:489-499.
51. Fingert, JH, Clark, AF, Craig, JE, et al. Evaluation of the myocilin (MYOC) glaucoma gene in monkey and human steroid-induced ocular hypertension Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:145-152.
52. Kee, C, Ahn, BH. TIGR gene in primary open-angle glaucoma and steroid-induced glaucoma Korean. J Ophthalmol, 1997; 11:75-78.
53. Xinyu Zhang, Abbot F. Clark, Thomas Yorio. Regulation of Glucocorticoid Responsiveness in Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Glucocorticoid Receptor-Bo Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2005;46:4607-4616
1. Huizenga NA, Koper JW, de Lange P, Pols HA, Stolk RP, Burger H, Grobbee DE, Brinkmann AO, De Jong FH, Lamberts SW. Interperson variability but intraperson stability of baseline plasma cortisol concentrations, and its relation to feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to a low dose of dexamethasone in elderly individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1998;83:47-54
2. Pratt WB, Toft DO. Steroid receptor interactions with heat shock protein and immunophilin chaperones. Endocr Rev, 1997; 8:306-360
3. Toft DO. Recent advances in the study of hsp90 structure and mechanism of action. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1998;9:238-243
4. Schaaf MJ, Cidlowski JA. Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor mobility in living cells: the importance of ligand affinity. Mol Cell Biol,2003; 23:1922-1934
5. Diamond MI, Miner JN, Yoshinaga SK, Yamamoto KR Transcription factor interactions selectors of positive or negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science 1990;249:1266-1272
6. Yang-Yen HF, Chambard JC, Sun YL, Smeal T, Schmidt TJ, Drouin J, Karin M. Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell,1990;62: 1205-1215
7. Yudt MR, Cidlowski JA The glucocorticoid receptor: coding a diversity of proteins and responses through a single gene. Mol Endocrinol,2002,16:1719-1726
8. Lamberts SW, Koper JW, Biemond P, den Holder FH, de Jong FH. Cortisol receptor resistance: the variability of its clinical presentation and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992;74:313-321
9. Lamberts SW. Hereditary glucocorticoid resistance. Ann Endocrinol (Paris), 2001; 62:164-167
10. Iida S, Nakamura Y, Fujii H, Nishimura J, Tsugawa M, Gomi M, Fukata J, Tarui S, Moriwaki K, Kitani T. A patient with hypocortisolism and Cushing's syndrome-like manifestations: cortisol hyperreactive syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1990; 70:729-737.
11. Newfield RS, Kalaitzoglou G, Licholai T, Chilton D, Ashraf J, Thompson EB, New MI. Normocortisolemic Cushing's syndrome initially presenting with increased glucocorticoid receptor numbers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2000;85:14-21.
12. Bray PJ, Cotton RG. Variations of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1):pathological and in vitro mutations and polymorphisms. Hum Mutat, 2003; 21:557-568
13. Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, et al . Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature, 1985;318 :635-641.
14. Theriault A, Boyd E, Harrap SB, et al. Regional chromosomal assignment of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene to 5q31. Hum Genet, 1989;83:289-291.
15. Encio IJ, Detera Wadleigh SD. The genomic structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem, 1991;266 :7182-7188.
16. van Rossum EF, Koper JW, Huizenga NA, et al. A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene, which decreases sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo, is associated with low insulin and cholesterol levels. Diabetes 2002;51:3128-3134.
17. Koper JW, Stolk RP, de Lange P, et al. Lack of association between five polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene and glucocorticoid resistance. Hum Genet, 1997; 99: 663- 668.
18. Huizenga NA, KoperJW, De Lange P, et al. A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene may be associatedwith and increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:144-151.
19. Van Rossum EF, KoperJW,Van Den Beld AW, et al. Identification of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: association with sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo and body mass index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:585-592.
20. Rosmond R, Bouchard C, Bjorntorp P. Tsp509I polymorphismin exon 2 of the glucocorticoidreceptor gene in relation to obesity and cortisol secretion: cohort study. BMJ, 2001;322:652-653.
21. Dobson MG, Redfern CP, Unwin N,WeaverJU.The N363S polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor: potential contribution to central obesity in men and lack of association with other risk factors for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2270-2274.
22. Di BlasioAM, van Rossum EF,Maestrini S, et al. The relation between two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene andbodymass index, bloodpressure and cholesterol in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:68-74.
23. Lin RC, Wang WY, Morris BJ. High penetrance, overweight, and glucocorticoid receptor variant: case-control study. BMJ, 1999;319:1337—1338.
24. Rosmond R, ChagnonYC, Holm G, et al. A glucocorticoid receptor gene marker is associated with abdominal obesity, leptin, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Obes Res 2000;8:211-218.
25. Fleury I, Beaulieu P, Primeau M, Labuda D, Sinnett D, KrajinovicM. Characterization of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Clin Chem 2003 ;49:1528-1531.
26. Buemann B, Vohl MC , C hagnonM, et al. Abdominal visceral fat is associated with a BclI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the glucocorticoid receptor gene locus. Obes Res 1997;5:186-192.
27. Ukkola O, Rosmond R,TremblayA, Bouchard C. Glucocorticoid receptor BclI variant is associated with an increased atherogenic profile in response to long-term overfeeding. Atherosclerosis 2001; 157:221-224.
28. Koper JW, Stolk RP, de Lange P, Huizenga NA, Molijn GJ, Pols HA, Grobbee DE, Karl M, de Jong FH, Brinkmann AO, Lamberts SW. Lack of association between five polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene and glucocorticoid resistance. Hum Genet 1997;99:663-668
29. Rosmond R. The glucocorticoid receptor gene and its association to metabolic syndrome. Obes Res,2002; 10:1078-1086
30. Dobson MG, Redfern CP, Unwin N, Weaver JU. The N363S polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor: potential contribution to central obesity in men and lack of association with other risk factors for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2001;86:2270-2274
31. Halsall D, Luan J, Hales N, Wareham N, O'Rahilly S. 2000 Glucocorticoid receptor variant and body mass index. Br Med J, http://bmj.com/cgi/eletters/319/7221/1337
32. Echwald SM, Sorensen TI, Andersen T, Pedersen O. The Asn363Ser variant of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is not associated with obesity or weight gain in Danish men. Intl J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2001;25:1563-1565.
33. Rosmond R, Bouchard C, Bjorntorp P. Tsp509I polymorphism in exon 2 of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in relation to obesity and cortisol secretion: cohort study. Br Med J, 200l;322:652-653.
34. Buemann B, Black E, Hoist C, Toubro S, Echwald S, Pedersen O, Astrup A, S0rensen T. The N363S Polymorphism of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Metabolic Syndrome Factors in Men. Obes Res, 2005.5; 13(5):862-867.
35. Di Blasio AM, van Rossum EFC, Maestrini S, Berselli ME, Tagliaferri M, Podesta F, Koper JW, Liuzzi A, Lamberts SWJ. The relation between two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and body mass index, blood pressure and cholesterol in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol 2003; 59:68-74.
36. Lin RC, Wang XL, Morris BJ. Association of coronary artery disease with glucocorticoid receptor N363S variant. Hypertension 2003; 41:404-407.
37. Lin RC, Wang XL, Dalziel B, Caterson ID, Morris BJ. Association of obesity, but not diabetes or hypertension, with glucocorticoid receptor N363S variant. Obes Res 2003; 11:802-808
38. Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, Shiinoki T, Kaneda T, Kumon Y, Hashimoto K. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with its transcriptional activity. Endocr J, 2001;48:723-726
39. Lei SF, Deng FY, Liu XH, Huang QR, Qin Y, Zhou Q, Jiang DK, Li YM, Mo XY, Liu MY, Chen XD, Wu XS, Shen H, Dvornyk V, Zhao L, Recker RR, Deng HW. Polymorphisms of four bone mineral density candidate genes in Chinese populations and comparison with other populations of different ethnicity. J Bone Miner Metab, 2003;21:34-42
40. de Lange P, Koper JW, Huizenga NA, Brinkmann AO, de Jong FH, Karl M, Chrousos GP,Lamberts SW. Differential hormone-dependent transcriptional activation and repression by naturally occurring human glucocorticoid receptor variants. Mol Endocrinol, 1997; 11:1156-1164
41. Feng J, Zheng J, Bennett WP, Heston LL, Jones IR, Craddock N, Sommer SS. Five missense variants in the amino-terminal domain of the glucocorticoid receptor: no association with puerperal psychosis or schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet, 2000; 96:412-417.
42. Heck S, Kullmann M, Gast A, Ponta H, Rahmsdorf HJ, Herrlich P, Cato AC. A distinct modulating domain in glucocorticoid receptor monomers in the repression of activity of the transcription factor AP-1. EMBO J, 1994; 13:4087-4095.
43. Guido EC, Delorme EO, Clemm DL, Stein RB, Rosen J, Miner JN.Determinants of promoter-specific activity by glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol,1996; 10:1178 — 1190.
44. Murray JC, Smith RF, Ardinger HA, Weinberger C. RFLP for the glucocorticoid receptor (GRL) located at 5ql l-5ql3. Nucl Acids Res, 1987;15:6765.
45. Weaver JU, Hitman GA, Kopelman PG. An association between a BclI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor locus and hyperinsulinaemia in obese women. J Molec Endocrinol,1992; 9:295-300.
46. Panarelli M, Holloway CD, Fraser R, Connell JM, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, Kenyon CJ. Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism, skin vasoconstriction, and other metabolic intermediate phenotypes in normal human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1998; 83:1846-1852.
47. Ukkola O, Perusse L, Chagnon YC, Despres JP, Bouchard C. Interactions among the glucocorticoid receptor, lipoprotein lipase and adrenergic receptor genes and abdominal fat in the Quebec Family Study. Intl J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1332-1339.
48. Ukkola O, Rosmond R, Tremblay A, Bouchard C. Glucocorticoid receptor BclI variant is associated with an increased atherogenic profile in response to long-term overfeeding. Atherosclerosis,2001; 157:221 -224
49. Tremblay A, Bouchard L, Bouchard C, Despres JP, Drapeau V, Perusse L. Long-term adiposity changes are related to a glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism in young females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2003; 88:3141-3145.
50. van Rossum EF, Lamberts SW. Polymorphisms in the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene and Their Associations with Metabolic Parameters and Body Composition. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004; 59:333-357.
51. Fain JN, Ballou LR, Bahouth SW. Obesity is induced in mice heterozygous for cyclooxygenase-2. Prostaglandins Oth Lipid Mediat, 2001; 65:199-209.
52. van Rossum EF, Feelders RA, van den Beld AW, Uitterlinden AG, Janssen JA, Ester W, Brinkmann AO, Grobbee DE, de Jong FH, Pols HA, Koper JW, Lamberts SW. Association of the ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene with survival and C-reactive protein levels in elderly men. Am J Med. 2004; 117(3): 158-62.
53. Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Pyke SD, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB. Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. Lancet 1997; 349:462-466.
54. Thompson SG, Kienast J, Pyke SD, Haverkate F, van de Loo JC. Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1995; 332:635-641.
55. van Rossum EF, Voorhoeve PG, te Velde SJ, Koper JW, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Kemper HC, Lamberts SW. The ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with a beneficial body composition and muscle strength in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004; 89(8):4004-4009.
56. Lupien SJ, Gaudreau S, Tchiteya BM, Maheu F, Sharma S, Nair NP, Hauger RL, McEwen BS,Meaney MJ.Stress-induced declarative memory impairment in healthy elderly subjects: relationship to cortisol reactivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997; 82: 2070-2075.
57. Nasman B, Olsson T, Viitanen M, Carlstrom K.A subtle disturbance in the feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology.1995; 20:211-220.
58. van Rossum EFC, de Jong FJ, den Heijer T, Koper JW, Koper JW, Uitterlinden AG, de Jong FH, Lamberts SWJ, Breteler MMB.The ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene protects against white matter lesions and dementia. In: Program & Abstracts of the 85th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society.2003;6: 19-22.
59. Bots ML, van Swieten JC, Breteler MM, de Jong PT, van Gijn J, Hofman A, Grobbee DE.Cerebral white matter lesions and atherosclerosis in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet 1993; 341:1232-1237.
60. Breteler MM, van Amerongen NM, van Swieten JC, Claus JJ, Grobbee DE, van Gijn J,Hofman A, van Harskamp F.Cognitive correlates of ventricular enlargement and cerebral white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. The Rotterdam Study. Stroke, 1994; 25:1109-1115.
61. De Kloet ER, Reul JM.Feedback action and tonic influence of corticosteroids on brain function: a concept arising from the heterogeneity of brain receptor systems. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1987; 12:83-105.
62. Russcher H, Smit P, van den Akker EL, van Rossum EF, Brinkmann AO, de Jong FH, Lamberts SW, Koper JW. Two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene directly affect glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(10):5804-5810.
63. Yudt MR, Cidlowski JA. Molecular identification and characterization of a and b forms of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol, 2001; 15:1093-1103.
64. Weverling-Rijnsburger AW, Blauw GJ, Lagaay AM, Knook DL, Meinders AE, Westendorp RG. Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in the oldest old. Lancet, 1997; 350: 1119-1123.
2.李春武,张建华,黄翠萍。准分子激光屈光性角膜切削术后皮质类固醇性高眼压和青光眼的临床分析。中华眼科杂志1999.5;35(3):179-182。
3.Katbab A,Pooyan S,Salouti R,Reza H,Hosseini J.High IOP as a cause of sudden increased myopia after LASIK.J Cataract Refract Surg.2005 Oct;31(10):2031-2.8.
4.Considerations of glaucoma in patients undergoing corneal refractive surgery.Surv Ophthalmol.2005;50(3):245-51.
5.Francois J.Corticosteroid glaucoma.Ophthalmologica,1984,188:76-81.
6.Armaly MF.Statistical attributes of the steroid hypertensive response in the clinical normal eye.I.the demonstration of three levels of response.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1965.4;4:187-197.14.
7.Becker B,Hahn KA.Topical corticosteroids and heredity in primary open-angle glaucoma.Am J Ophthalmol.1964;57:543-551
8.Becker B.Intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.Invest Ophthalmol,1965.4;4:198- 205.
9.Mindel JS,Tavitian HO,Smith H Jr,Walker EC.Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone,fluorometholone,and dexamethasone phosphate.Arch Ophthalmol.1980.9;98(9):1577-1578.
10.Calvo Arrabal MA,Bilbao-Calabuig R,Alen Cordero R,Llovet Osuna F.Atypical presentation of ocular hypertension following myopic LASIK.Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol.2005.3;80(3):163-170.
11.Toshino A,Uno T,Ohashi Y,Maeda N,Oshika T.Transient keratectasia caused by intraocular pressure elevation after laser in situ keratomileusis.J Cataract Refract Surg.2005.1;31(1):202-204.
12.Topical corticosteroids after keratorefractive surgery.J Cataract Refract Surg.2002.8;28(8):1307-1308.
13.Frucht-Pery J,Landau D,Raiskup F,Orucov F,Strassman E,Blumenthal EZ,Solomon A.Early transient visual acuity loss after LASIK due to steroid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure.J Refract Surg.2007.3;23(3):244-251.
14.王造文,庞国祥,郑蔚,等。准分子激光光学角膜切削术治疗近视随诊结果分析中华眼科杂志,1995,31:172-175。
15.Postoperative complications of refractive surgery,Lasik technique.Oftalmologia.2003;58(3):60-63.
16.Gordon MO,Beiser JA,Brandt JD,Heuer DK,Higginbotham EJ,Johnson CA,Keltner JL,Miller JP,Parrish RK 2nd,Wilson MR,Kass MA.The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study:baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma.Arch Ophthalmol.2002.6;120(6):714-720
17.Schallhorn SC,Amesbury EC,Tanzer DJ.Avoidance,recognition,and management of LASIK complications.Am J Ophthalmol.2006.4;141(4):733-739.
18.Changes in corneal biomechanics and intraocular pressure following LASIK using static,dynamic,and noncontact tonometry.Am J Ophthalmol.2007.1;143(1):39-47
19.Galal A,Artola A,Belda J,Rodriguez-Prats J,Claramonte P,Sanchez A,Ruiz-Moreno O,Merayo J,Alio J.Interface corneal edema secondary to steroid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure simulating diffuse lamellar keratitis.J Refract Surg.2006.5;22(5):441-447.
20.Hamilton DR,Manche EE,Rich LF,Maloney RK.Steroid-induced glaucoma after laser in situ keratomileusis associated with interface fluid.Ophthalmology.2002.4;109(4):659-665.
1.Anderson NL,Anderson NG.Proteome and proteomics:new technologies,new concepts,and new words.Electrophoresis,1998.8;19(11):1853-61.
2.Haynes PA,Gygi SP,Figeys D,Aebersold R.Proteome analysis:biological assay or data archive? Electrophoresis,1998.8;19(11):1862-71.
3.Corthals GL,Wasinger VC,Hochstrasser DF,Sanchez JC.The dynamic range of protein expression:a challenge for proteomic research.Electrophoresis,2000.4;21(6):1104-15.
4.高雪飞。关于蛋白质组学及其在眼科的应用。哈尔滨医药,2004,24(6):59-61。
5.刘祖国,陈家祺。眼表泪液病的研究,中华眼科杂志,2000.1,36(1):74-76。
6.Cojocaru VM,Ciurtin C,Puchianu E,Antohe F.Lacrimal proteins electrophoretic analysis--diagnostic method in secondary Sjogren syndrome.Oftalmologia.2006;50(4):60-3.
7.FH Grus,P Sabuncuo,HB Dick,et al.Changes in the tear proteins of diabetic patients.BMC Ophthalmology,2002.2:4
8.余玲,谢汉平,孟晓红。2型糖尿病患者泪液分泌及泪膜功能的初步研究。眼科研究,2004.10,22(5):533-535.
9.Herber S,Grus FH,Sabuncuo P,Augustin AJ.Two-dimensional analysis of tear protein patterns of diabetic patients.Electrophoresis.2001 May;22(9):1838-44.
10.Herber S,Grus FH,Sabuncuo P,Augustin AJ.Changes in the tear protein patterns of diabetic patients using two-dimensional electrophoresis.Adv Exp Med Biol.2002;506:623-6.
11.Lew H,Yun YS,Lee SY.Electrolytes and electrophoretic studies of tear proteins in tears of patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction.Ophthalmologica.2005May-Jun;219(3):142-6.
12.Koo BS,Lee DY,Ha HS,Kim JC,Kim CW.Comparative analysis of the tear protein expression in blepharitis patients using two-dimensional electrophoresis.J Proteome Res.2005 May-Jun;4(3):719-24.
13.Grus FH,Sabuncuo P,Augustin A,Pfeiffer N.Effect of smoking on tear proteins. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.2002 Nov;240(11):889-92.
14.Spurr-Michaud S,Argueso P,Gipson I.Assay of mucins in human tear fluid.Exp Eye Res.2007 Feb 7;
15.Lema I,Duran JA.Inflammatory molecules in the tears of patients with keratoconus.Ophthalmology.2005 Apr;112(4):654-9.
16.Tsai PS,Evans JE,Green KM,Sullivan RM,Schaumberg DA,Richards SM,Dana MR,Sullivan DA.Proteomic analysis of human meibomian gland secretions.Br J Ophthalmol.2006 Mar;90(3):372-7.
17.Ohashi Y,Dogru M,Tsubota K.Laboratory findings in tear fluid analysis.Clin Chim Acta.2006 Jul 15;369(1):17-28.
18.佟大年,秦环龙。创伤后不同阶段内分泌激素变化对营养物质代谢的影响。肠外与肠内营养,2005.3,12(2):113-116.
19.Clague MB.Keir MJ,Wright PD,et al.The effects of nutrition and trauma on whole—body protein metabolism in man I J I.Clin Sci,1983.65(2):165-175。
20.Mindel JS,Tavitian HO,Smith H Jr,Walker EC.Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone,fluorometholone,and dexamethasone phosphate.Arch Ophthalmol.1980;98(9):1577-8.
21.Fust A,Veres A,Kiszel P,Nagy ZZ,Cervenak L,Csakany B,Maka E,Suveges I,Grus FH.Changes in tear protein pattern after photorefractive keratectomy.Eur J Ophthalmol.2003 Jul;13(6):525-31.
1. Encio I J , Detera2Wadleigh SD. The genomic structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem, 1991 , 266 :718227188.
2. McKay LI and Cidlowski JA. CBP (CREB binding protein) integrates NFkappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) and glucocorticoid receptor physical interactions and antagonism. Mol Endocrinol, 2000, 14:1222-1234.
3. Reichardt HM, Kaestner KH, Tuckermann J, Kretz O, Wessely O, Bock R, Gass P, Schmid W, Herrlich P, Angel P, et al. DNA binding of the glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival. Cell, 1998, 93:531-541.
4. Nissen RM and Yamamoto KR. The glucocorticoid receptor inhibits NFkappaB by interfering with serine-2 phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxyterminal domain. Genes Dev, 2000, 14:2314-2329.
5. De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, and Haegeman G. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action and of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: negative interference of activated glucocorticoid receptor with transcription factors. J Neuroimmunol, 2000, 109:16-22.
6. Shen LX, Basilion JP , Stanton VP Jr. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms can cause different structural folds of mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,1999 , 96 :787127876.
7. Cartegni L , Chew SL , Krainer AR. Listening to silence and understanding nonsense : exonic mutations that affect splicing. Nat Rev Genet, 2002 , 3 :2852298.
8. Stanley M ,Hollenberg ,Weinberger C ,et al. Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor[J ] . CD2 NA , 1985 ,318.
9. Weaver JU ,Hitman GA , Kopelman PG. An association between a Bcl I restrction fragment length polymphsism of the glucocorticoid receptor locus and hyperinsulinaemia in obese woman [J ] . J Mol Endocri nol, 1992 ,9 :295.
10. Huizenga NA, Koper JW, de Lange P, Pols HA, Stolk RP, Burger DE, Brinkmann AO, De Jong FH, Lamberts SW Interperson but intraperson stability of baseline plasma cortisol concentrations, relation to feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal low dose of dexamethasone in elderly individuals. J Clin Endocrinol 1998,83:47-54
11. van Rossum EF, Feelders RA, van den Beld AW, Uitterlinden AG, Janssen J A, Ester W, Brinkmann AO, Grobbee DE, de Jong FH, Pols HA, Koper JW, Lamberts SW. Association of the ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene with survival and C-reactive protein levels in elderly men. Am J Med 2004, 117:158-162
12. Lamberts SW, Huizenga AT, de Lange P, de Jong FH, Koper JW. Clinical aspects of glucocorticoid sensitivity. Steroids 1996,61:157-160
13. Smit P, Russcher H, de Jong FH, Brinkmann AO, Lamberts SW, Koper JW. Differential regulation of synthetic glucocorticoids on gene expression levels of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) and IL-2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005,90:2994-3000.
14. Hurley DM, Accili D , Stratakis CA , et al . Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone2binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in familial glucocorticoid resistance. J Clin Invest, 1991 , 87 :680-686.
15. Vottero A , Kino T , Combe H , et al . A novel, C-terminal dominant negative mutation of the GR causes familial glucocorticoid resistance through abnormal interactions with p160 steroid receptor coactivators. J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 2002 , 87 :2658-2667.
16. Mendonca BB , Leite MV , de Castro M, et al . Female pseudohermaphroditism caused by a novel homozygous missense mutation of the GR gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 2002,87 :1805-1809
17. . Hillmann AG, Ramdas J , Multanen K, et al . Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutations in lukemic cells acquired in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res , 2000 , 60 :2056-2062.
18. Jiang T , Liu S , Tan M, et al . The phase-shift mutation in the glucocorticoid receptor gene : potential etiologic significance of neuroendocrine mechanisms in lupus nephritis. Clin Chim Acta, 2001, 313:113-117.
19. Van Rossum EF, Lamberts SW. Polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and their association with metabolic parameters and body composition. Recent Prog Horm Res,2004,59:333-357.
20. Koper JW, Stolk RP, de Lange P, et al. Lack of association between five polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene and glucocorticoid resistance. Hum Genet, 1997 , 99 :663-668.
21. Di Blasio AM, van Rossum EF, Maestrini S, Berselli ME, Tagliaferri M, Podesta F, Koper JW, Liuzzi A, Lamberts SW. The relation between two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and body mass index, blood pressure and cholesterol in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003, 59:68-74
22. Lin RC, Wang WY, Morris BJ. High penetrance, overweight, and glucocorticoid receptor variant: case-control study. BMJ 1999, 319:1337-1338
23. Rosmond R, Bouchard C, Bjorntorp P. Tsp509I. Polymorphism in exon 2 of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in relation to obesity and cortisol secretion: cohort study. BMJ 2001, 322:652-653
24. Echwald SM, Sorensen TI, Andersen T, Pedersen O. The Asn363Ser variant of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is not associated with obesity or weight gain in Danish men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001, 25:1563-1565.
25. Watt GCM , Harrap SB , Foy CJW, et al. Abnormalities of glucocorticoid metabolism and rennin-angiotensin system: a four corners approach to the identification of genetic determinants of blood pression[J ] . J Hypertens, 1992 , 10 :473.
26. Ukkola O , Rosmond R , Tremblay A , et al. Glucocorticoid receptor Bcl I variant is associated with an increased atherogenic profile in response to long-term overfeeding [J ] . Atherosclerosis , 2001 ,157 (1) :221.
27. Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, Shiinoki T, Kaneda T, Kumon Y, Hashimoto K. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with its transcriptional activity. Endocr J 2001, 48:723-726
28. Lei SF, Deng FY, Liu XH, Huang QR, Qin Y, Zhou Q, Jiang DK, Li YM, Mo XY, Liu MY, Chen XD, Wu XS, Shen H, Dvornyk V, Zhao L, Recker RR, Deng HW. Polymorphisms of four bone mineral density candidate genes in Chinese populations and comparison with other populations of different ethnicity. J Bone Miner Metab 2003, 21:34-42.
29. Van Rossum EF, KoperJW,Van Den Beld AW, et al. Identification of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: association with sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo and body mass index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:585-92.
30. Rosmond R, ChagnonYC, Holm G, et al. A glucocorticoid receptor gene marker is associated with abdominal obesity, leptin, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis.Obes Res 2000;8:211^8.
31.Huizenga NA,Koper JW,Lange KP,et al.A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene may be associate with an increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo.J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1998,83:144-151.
32.Armaly MF.Statistical attributes of the steroid hypertensive response in the clinical normal eye.I.the demonstration of three levels of response.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1965.4;4:187-197.
33.Becker B.intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.Invest Ophthalmol,1965.4;4:198-205
34.Armaly MF,Becker B.Intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.Fed Proc.1965;24:1274-1278.
35.Mindel JS,Tavitian HO,Smith H Jr,Walker EC.Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone,fluorometholone,and dexamethasone phosphate.Arch Ophthalmol.1980.9;98(9):1577-1578.
36.李春武,张建华,黄翠萍。准分子激光屈光性角膜切削术后皮质类固醇性高眼压和青光眼的临床分析。中华眼科杂志 1999.5;35(3):179-182。
37.李伟力,王华,姜西挺,戴守。准分子激光角膜切削术后皮质类固醇激素的应用。中华眼科杂志,1997.1;33(1):16-18。
1.Armaly MF.Statistical attributes of the steroid hypertensive response in the clinical normal eye.I.the demonstration of three levels of response.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1965.4;4:187-197.
2.Becker B.intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.Invest Ophthalmol,1965.4;4:198-205
3.Lam DS,Fan DS,Ng JS,Yu CB,Wong CY,Cheung AY.Ocular hypertensive and anti-inflammatory responses to different dosages of topical dexamethasone in children:a randomized trial.Clin Experiment Ophthalmol.2005 Jun;33(3):252-8
4.Ng JSK,Fan DS。 Young AL,et al.Ocular hypertensive response to topical dexamethasone in children:A dose-dependent phenomenon.Ophthalmology,2000,107(11):2097-2100)
5.Fan DS,Ng JS,Lam DS.A prospective study on ocular hypertensive and antiinflammatory response to different dosages of fluorometholone in children.Ophthalmology.2001;108(11):1973-7.
6.Johnson D,Gottanka J,Flugel C,Hoffmann F,Futa R,Lutjen-Drecoll E.Ultrastructural changes in the trabecular meshwork of human eyes treated with corticosteroids.Arch Ophthalmol,1997;115:375-383
7.Mindel JS,Tavitian HO,Smith H Jr,Walker EC.Comparative ocular pressure elevation by medrysone,fluorometholone,and dexamethasone phosphate.Arch Ophthalmol.1980;98(9):1577-8.
8.葛坚,林明楷,卓业鸿,郑健梁。糖皮质激素性青光眼患者小梁细胞体外培养和超微结构观研究。中华眼科杂志,2000.5;36(3):238-240.
9.杨新光,李美玉。牛眼小粱网细胞体外培养及吞噬功能的研究.中华眼科杂志。1996,32:136-139.
10.Whine VA,Grierson I.Phagocytosis in cultured bovine trabecular meshwork cells.Invest Ophthalmol.Vis Sci,1988,29 suppl:125-128.
11.Zhang X,Ognibene CM,Clark AF,Yorio T.Dexamethasone inhibition of trabecular meshwork cell phagocytosis and its modulation by glucocorticoid receptor beta.Exp Eye Res. 2007; 84(2):275-84.
12. Steely HT, Browder SL, Julian MB,Miggans ST, Wilson KL,Clark AF. The effects of dexamethasone on fibronectin expression in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992; 33(7):2242-50
13. Clark AF, Wilson K, McCartney MD, Miggans ST, Kunkle M, Howe W. lucocorticoid-induced formation of cross- linked actin networks in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1994.1; 35(1): 281-94.
14. Clark AF,Lane D,Wilson K,Miggans ST, McCartney MD. Inhibition of dexamethasone-induced cytoskeletal changes in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells by tetrahydrocortisol.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996.4; 37(5):805-13.
15. Clark AF, Brotchie D, Read AT, Hellberg P, English-Wright S, Pang IH, Ethier CR, Grierson I. Dexamethasone alters F-actin architecture and promotes cross-linked actin network formation in human trabecular meshwork tissue .Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2005.2; 60(2):83-95
16. Wilson K, McCartney MD, Miggans ST, Clark AF. Dexamethasone induced ultrastructural changes in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Curr Eye Res. 1993 Sep;12(9):783-93.
17. McCartney MD, Cantu-Crouch D, Clark AF. Freeze-fracture examination of cultured human trabecular meshwork cells: effect of dexamethasone. Exp Eye Res. 2006.6; 82(6):994-1001. Epub 2005 Nov 28
18. Yun AJ, Murphy CG, Polansky JR, Newsome DA, Alvarado JA. Proteins secreted by human trabecular cells. Glucocorticoid and other effects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989.9;30(9):2012-22
19. Dickerson JE Jr, Steely HT Jr, English-Wright SL,Clark AF. The effect of dexamethasone on integrin and laminin expression in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res. 1998.6; 66(6):731-8.
20. Matsumoto Y, Johnson DH. Dexamethasone decreases phagocytosis by human trabecular meshwork cells in situ. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997.7; 38(9): 1902-7.
21. Alexander JP, Samples JR, Van Buskirk EM, Acott TS. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inhibitor by human trabecular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991.1; 32(1): 172-80.
22. Snyder RW, Stamer WD, Kramer TR, Seftor RE. Corticosteroid treatment and trabecular meshwork proteases in cell and organ culture supernatants. Exp Eye Res. 1993.10; 57(4):461-8
23. Shuman MA, Polansky JR, Merkel C, Alvarado JA. Tissue plasminogen activator in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Predominance of enzyme over plasminogen activator inhibitor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988.3; 29(3):401-5.
24. Polansky JR, Fauss DJ, Chen P, Chen H, Lutjen-Drecoll E, Johnson D, Kurtz RM, Ma ZD, Bloom E, Nguyen TD. Cellular pharmacology and molecular biology of the trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticoid response gene product. Ophthalmologica. 1997; 211(3):126-39.
25. Armaly MF, Becker B. Intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids. Fed Proc. 1965; 24:1274-1278.
26. Richards JE. Lichter PR, BoehnkeM, UroJL, TorrezD, Wong D, et al. Mapping of a gene for autosomal dominant juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma to chromosome 1q. Am J Hum Genet, 1994;54(1):62-70.
27. WiggsJL, Haines JL, Paglinauan C, Fine A. Sporn C, Lou D. Genetic linkage of autosomal dominant juvenile glaucoma to 1q21-q31 in three affected pedigrees. Genomics, 1994;21(2):299-303.
28. Kubota R, Noda S, Wang Y, Minoshima S, Asakawa S, Kudoh J, et aJ. A novelmyosin-like protein(myocilin)expressed in the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor: molecular cloning, tissue expression and chromosomal mapping, Genomics 1997;41(3): 360-369.
29. Stone EM. Fingert JH, Alward WLM, Nguyen TD,Polansky JR, Sunden SLF, et al. Identification of a gene that causes primary open angle glaucoma. Science, 1997, 275(5300):668-670.
30. Kubota R. Noda S. Wang Y, et al A novel myosin-like protein(myocilin)expressed in the connecting cilium of the photoreeeptor: molecular cloning, tissue expression, and chromosomal mapping. Genomics, 1997;41:360-369.
31. Nguyen TD, Chen P, Huang WD, et al. Gene structure dna properties of MYOC, an olfaetomedin-related glycoprotein cloned from glucocortcoid-induced trabecular meshwork cells. J Biol Chem, 1998;273:6341-6350.
32. Tanemoto K, Tomarev S1. Transcriptional regulation of the human MYOC / TIGR promotor in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41:S821
33. Fautsch MP. Johnson DH. Characterization of myocilin-myocilin interactions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2001;42:2324-233.
34. Budde WM. Heredity in primary open-angle glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2000;11(2):101-l06.
35. Lam DSC, Leung YF, ChuaJKH, Baum L, Fan DSP, Choy KW. et al. Truncations in the TIGR gene in individuals with and without primary open-angle glaucoma. .Ivest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41(6):1386-1391.
36. Kim BS, Savinova OV, Reedy MV, Martin J, Lun Y, Gan L, Smith RS, Tomarev SI, et al. Targeted Disruption of the Myocilin Gene (MYOC) Suggests that Human Glaucoma-Causing Mutations Are Gain of Function. Mol Cell Biol, 2001.11, 21(22):7707-7713.
37. Kanagavalli J, Pandaranayaka E, Kfishnadas SR, et al. A review of genetic and structural understanding of the role of myocilin in primary open angle glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2004;52(4):271-280.
38. Fautsch MP, Bahler CK, Jewison DJ, Johnson DH . Recombinant TIGR / MYOC increases outflow resistance in the human anterior segment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41:4163-4168.
39. Filla MS, Liu X, Nguyen TD, et al. In vitro localization of TIGR / MYOC intrabecular meshwork extracellular matrix and binding to fibronectin.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2002;43:151-161.
40. Joe MK, SohnS, HurW, etal. Accumulation of mutant myocilins in ER leads to ER stress and potential cytotoxicity in human trabecular meshwork cells. [J]. Biochem Bio phys Res Commun, 2003;3(12):592-600.
41. Lindsey JD, Gaton DD, Sagara T, et al. Reduced T1GR / myocilin protein in the monkey ciliary muscle after topical prostaglandin F (2alpha) treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2001;42(8):1781-1786.
42. Karali A. Russell P. Stefani FH, et al . Localization of myocilin / trabecular meshwork-inducible glucocorticoid response protein in the human eye . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41:729-740
43. Wang XF. Johnson DH. mRNA in situ hybridization of TIGR / MYOC in human trabecular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000;41:1724-1729.
44. Douglas B. Gould, Laura Miceli-Libby, Olga V. Savinova, Mario Torrado, Stanislav I. Tomarev, Richard S. Smith, and Simon W. M. John. Genetically Increasing Myoc Expression Supports a Necessary Pathologic Role of Abnormal Proteins in Glaucoma. Mol Cell Biol, 2004.10; 24(20): 9019-9025.
45. Douglas B. Gould, Mark Reedy, Lawriston A. Wilson,Richard S. Smith, Randy L. Johnson,and Simon W. M. John. Mutant Myocilin Nonsecretion In Vivo Is Not Sufficient To Cause Glaucoma. Mol Cell Biol. 2006.11; 26(22): 8427-8436.
46. John H. Fingert, Abbot F. Clark, Jamie E. Craig, Wallace L. M. Alwardl, Grant R. Snibson3, Marsha McLaughlin, Linda Tuttle, David A. Mackey, Val C. Sheffield, Edwin M. Stonel. Evaluation of the Myocilin (MYOC) Glaucoma Gene in Monkey and Human Steroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension.Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2001 ;42: 145-152.
47. Allan R. Shepardl, Nasreen Jacobsonl, John H. Fingert2, Edwin M. Stone2, Val C. Sheffield3 and Abbot F. Clark1. Delayed Secondary Glucocorticoid Responsiveness of MYOC in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2001 ;42:3173-3181
48. Chan, GC, Hess, P, Meenakshi, T, Carlstedt-Duke, J, Gustafsson, JA, Payvar, F. (1991) Delayed secondary glucocorticoid response elements: unusual nucleotide motifs specify glucocorticoid receptor binding to transcribed regions of alpha 2u-globulin DNA J Biol Chem 266,22634-22644
49. Nordeen, SK, Suh, BJ, Kuhnel, B, Hutchison, CD. Structural determinants of a glucocorticoid receptor recognition element. Mol Endocrinol, 1990; 4:1866-1873.
50. Chandler, VL, Maler, BA, Yamamoto, KR. DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo Cell, 1983;33:489-499.
51. Fingert, JH, Clark, AF, Craig, JE, et al. Evaluation of the myocilin (MYOC) glaucoma gene in monkey and human steroid-induced ocular hypertension Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:145-152.
52. Kee, C, Ahn, BH. TIGR gene in primary open-angle glaucoma and steroid-induced glaucoma Korean. J Ophthalmol, 1997; 11:75-78.
53. Xinyu Zhang, Abbot F. Clark, Thomas Yorio. Regulation of Glucocorticoid Responsiveness in Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Glucocorticoid Receptor-Bo Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2005;46:4607-4616
1. Huizenga NA, Koper JW, de Lange P, Pols HA, Stolk RP, Burger H, Grobbee DE, Brinkmann AO, De Jong FH, Lamberts SW. Interperson variability but intraperson stability of baseline plasma cortisol concentrations, and its relation to feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to a low dose of dexamethasone in elderly individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1998;83:47-54
2. Pratt WB, Toft DO. Steroid receptor interactions with heat shock protein and immunophilin chaperones. Endocr Rev, 1997; 8:306-360
3. Toft DO. Recent advances in the study of hsp90 structure and mechanism of action. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1998;9:238-243
4. Schaaf MJ, Cidlowski JA. Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor mobility in living cells: the importance of ligand affinity. Mol Cell Biol,2003; 23:1922-1934
5. Diamond MI, Miner JN, Yoshinaga SK, Yamamoto KR Transcription factor interactions selectors of positive or negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science 1990;249:1266-1272
6. Yang-Yen HF, Chambard JC, Sun YL, Smeal T, Schmidt TJ, Drouin J, Karin M. Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell,1990;62: 1205-1215
7. Yudt MR, Cidlowski JA The glucocorticoid receptor: coding a diversity of proteins and responses through a single gene. Mol Endocrinol,2002,16:1719-1726
8. Lamberts SW, Koper JW, Biemond P, den Holder FH, de Jong FH. Cortisol receptor resistance: the variability of its clinical presentation and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992;74:313-321
9. Lamberts SW. Hereditary glucocorticoid resistance. Ann Endocrinol (Paris), 2001; 62:164-167
10. Iida S, Nakamura Y, Fujii H, Nishimura J, Tsugawa M, Gomi M, Fukata J, Tarui S, Moriwaki K, Kitani T. A patient with hypocortisolism and Cushing's syndrome-like manifestations: cortisol hyperreactive syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1990; 70:729-737.
11. Newfield RS, Kalaitzoglou G, Licholai T, Chilton D, Ashraf J, Thompson EB, New MI. Normocortisolemic Cushing's syndrome initially presenting with increased glucocorticoid receptor numbers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2000;85:14-21.
12. Bray PJ, Cotton RG. Variations of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1):pathological and in vitro mutations and polymorphisms. Hum Mutat, 2003; 21:557-568
13. Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, et al . Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature, 1985;318 :635-641.
14. Theriault A, Boyd E, Harrap SB, et al. Regional chromosomal assignment of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene to 5q31. Hum Genet, 1989;83:289-291.
15. Encio IJ, Detera Wadleigh SD. The genomic structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem, 1991;266 :7182-7188.
16. van Rossum EF, Koper JW, Huizenga NA, et al. A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene, which decreases sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo, is associated with low insulin and cholesterol levels. Diabetes 2002;51:3128-3134.
17. Koper JW, Stolk RP, de Lange P, et al. Lack of association between five polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene and glucocorticoid resistance. Hum Genet, 1997; 99: 663- 668.
18. Huizenga NA, KoperJW, De Lange P, et al. A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene may be associatedwith and increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:144-151.
19. Van Rossum EF, KoperJW,Van Den Beld AW, et al. Identification of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: association with sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo and body mass index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:585-592.
20. Rosmond R, Bouchard C, Bjorntorp P. Tsp509I polymorphismin exon 2 of the glucocorticoidreceptor gene in relation to obesity and cortisol secretion: cohort study. BMJ, 2001;322:652-653.
21. Dobson MG, Redfern CP, Unwin N,WeaverJU.The N363S polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor: potential contribution to central obesity in men and lack of association with other risk factors for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2270-2274.
22. Di BlasioAM, van Rossum EF,Maestrini S, et al. The relation between two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene andbodymass index, bloodpressure and cholesterol in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:68-74.
23. Lin RC, Wang WY, Morris BJ. High penetrance, overweight, and glucocorticoid receptor variant: case-control study. BMJ, 1999;319:1337—1338.
24. Rosmond R, ChagnonYC, Holm G, et al. A glucocorticoid receptor gene marker is associated with abdominal obesity, leptin, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Obes Res 2000;8:211-218.
25. Fleury I, Beaulieu P, Primeau M, Labuda D, Sinnett D, KrajinovicM. Characterization of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Clin Chem 2003 ;49:1528-1531.
26. Buemann B, Vohl MC , C hagnonM, et al. Abdominal visceral fat is associated with a BclI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the glucocorticoid receptor gene locus. Obes Res 1997;5:186-192.
27. Ukkola O, Rosmond R,TremblayA, Bouchard C. Glucocorticoid receptor BclI variant is associated with an increased atherogenic profile in response to long-term overfeeding. Atherosclerosis 2001; 157:221-224.
28. Koper JW, Stolk RP, de Lange P, Huizenga NA, Molijn GJ, Pols HA, Grobbee DE, Karl M, de Jong FH, Brinkmann AO, Lamberts SW. Lack of association between five polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene and glucocorticoid resistance. Hum Genet 1997;99:663-668
29. Rosmond R. The glucocorticoid receptor gene and its association to metabolic syndrome. Obes Res,2002; 10:1078-1086
30. Dobson MG, Redfern CP, Unwin N, Weaver JU. The N363S polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor: potential contribution to central obesity in men and lack of association with other risk factors for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2001;86:2270-2274
31. Halsall D, Luan J, Hales N, Wareham N, O'Rahilly S. 2000 Glucocorticoid receptor variant and body mass index. Br Med J, http://bmj.com/cgi/eletters/319/7221/1337
32. Echwald SM, Sorensen TI, Andersen T, Pedersen O. The Asn363Ser variant of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is not associated with obesity or weight gain in Danish men. Intl J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2001;25:1563-1565.
33. Rosmond R, Bouchard C, Bjorntorp P. Tsp509I polymorphism in exon 2 of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in relation to obesity and cortisol secretion: cohort study. Br Med J, 200l;322:652-653.
34. Buemann B, Black E, Hoist C, Toubro S, Echwald S, Pedersen O, Astrup A, S0rensen T. The N363S Polymorphism of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Metabolic Syndrome Factors in Men. Obes Res, 2005.5; 13(5):862-867.
35. Di Blasio AM, van Rossum EFC, Maestrini S, Berselli ME, Tagliaferri M, Podesta F, Koper JW, Liuzzi A, Lamberts SWJ. The relation between two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and body mass index, blood pressure and cholesterol in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol 2003; 59:68-74.
36. Lin RC, Wang XL, Morris BJ. Association of coronary artery disease with glucocorticoid receptor N363S variant. Hypertension 2003; 41:404-407.
37. Lin RC, Wang XL, Dalziel B, Caterson ID, Morris BJ. Association of obesity, but not diabetes or hypertension, with glucocorticoid receptor N363S variant. Obes Res 2003; 11:802-808
38. Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, Shiinoki T, Kaneda T, Kumon Y, Hashimoto K. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with its transcriptional activity. Endocr J, 2001;48:723-726
39. Lei SF, Deng FY, Liu XH, Huang QR, Qin Y, Zhou Q, Jiang DK, Li YM, Mo XY, Liu MY, Chen XD, Wu XS, Shen H, Dvornyk V, Zhao L, Recker RR, Deng HW. Polymorphisms of four bone mineral density candidate genes in Chinese populations and comparison with other populations of different ethnicity. J Bone Miner Metab, 2003;21:34-42
40. de Lange P, Koper JW, Huizenga NA, Brinkmann AO, de Jong FH, Karl M, Chrousos GP,Lamberts SW. Differential hormone-dependent transcriptional activation and repression by naturally occurring human glucocorticoid receptor variants. Mol Endocrinol, 1997; 11:1156-1164
41. Feng J, Zheng J, Bennett WP, Heston LL, Jones IR, Craddock N, Sommer SS. Five missense variants in the amino-terminal domain of the glucocorticoid receptor: no association with puerperal psychosis or schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet, 2000; 96:412-417.
42. Heck S, Kullmann M, Gast A, Ponta H, Rahmsdorf HJ, Herrlich P, Cato AC. A distinct modulating domain in glucocorticoid receptor monomers in the repression of activity of the transcription factor AP-1. EMBO J, 1994; 13:4087-4095.
43. Guido EC, Delorme EO, Clemm DL, Stein RB, Rosen J, Miner JN.Determinants of promoter-specific activity by glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol,1996; 10:1178 — 1190.
44. Murray JC, Smith RF, Ardinger HA, Weinberger C. RFLP for the glucocorticoid receptor (GRL) located at 5ql l-5ql3. Nucl Acids Res, 1987;15:6765.
45. Weaver JU, Hitman GA, Kopelman PG. An association between a BclI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor locus and hyperinsulinaemia in obese women. J Molec Endocrinol,1992; 9:295-300.
46. Panarelli M, Holloway CD, Fraser R, Connell JM, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, Kenyon CJ. Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism, skin vasoconstriction, and other metabolic intermediate phenotypes in normal human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1998; 83:1846-1852.
47. Ukkola O, Perusse L, Chagnon YC, Despres JP, Bouchard C. Interactions among the glucocorticoid receptor, lipoprotein lipase and adrenergic receptor genes and abdominal fat in the Quebec Family Study. Intl J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1332-1339.
48. Ukkola O, Rosmond R, Tremblay A, Bouchard C. Glucocorticoid receptor BclI variant is associated with an increased atherogenic profile in response to long-term overfeeding. Atherosclerosis,2001; 157:221 -224
49. Tremblay A, Bouchard L, Bouchard C, Despres JP, Drapeau V, Perusse L. Long-term adiposity changes are related to a glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism in young females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2003; 88:3141-3145.
50. van Rossum EF, Lamberts SW. Polymorphisms in the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene and Their Associations with Metabolic Parameters and Body Composition. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004; 59:333-357.
51. Fain JN, Ballou LR, Bahouth SW. Obesity is induced in mice heterozygous for cyclooxygenase-2. Prostaglandins Oth Lipid Mediat, 2001; 65:199-209.
52. van Rossum EF, Feelders RA, van den Beld AW, Uitterlinden AG, Janssen JA, Ester W, Brinkmann AO, Grobbee DE, de Jong FH, Pols HA, Koper JW, Lamberts SW. Association of the ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene with survival and C-reactive protein levels in elderly men. Am J Med. 2004; 117(3): 158-62.
53. Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Pyke SD, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB. Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. Lancet 1997; 349:462-466.
54. Thompson SG, Kienast J, Pyke SD, Haverkate F, van de Loo JC. Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1995; 332:635-641.
55. van Rossum EF, Voorhoeve PG, te Velde SJ, Koper JW, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Kemper HC, Lamberts SW. The ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with a beneficial body composition and muscle strength in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004; 89(8):4004-4009.
56. Lupien SJ, Gaudreau S, Tchiteya BM, Maheu F, Sharma S, Nair NP, Hauger RL, McEwen BS,Meaney MJ.Stress-induced declarative memory impairment in healthy elderly subjects: relationship to cortisol reactivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997; 82: 2070-2075.
57. Nasman B, Olsson T, Viitanen M, Carlstrom K.A subtle disturbance in the feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology.1995; 20:211-220.
58. van Rossum EFC, de Jong FJ, den Heijer T, Koper JW, Koper JW, Uitterlinden AG, de Jong FH, Lamberts SWJ, Breteler MMB.The ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene protects against white matter lesions and dementia. In: Program & Abstracts of the 85th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society.2003;6: 19-22.
59. Bots ML, van Swieten JC, Breteler MM, de Jong PT, van Gijn J, Hofman A, Grobbee DE.Cerebral white matter lesions and atherosclerosis in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet 1993; 341:1232-1237.
60. Breteler MM, van Amerongen NM, van Swieten JC, Claus JJ, Grobbee DE, van Gijn J,Hofman A, van Harskamp F.Cognitive correlates of ventricular enlargement and cerebral white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. The Rotterdam Study. Stroke, 1994; 25:1109-1115.
61. De Kloet ER, Reul JM.Feedback action and tonic influence of corticosteroids on brain function: a concept arising from the heterogeneity of brain receptor systems. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1987; 12:83-105.
62. Russcher H, Smit P, van den Akker EL, van Rossum EF, Brinkmann AO, de Jong FH, Lamberts SW, Koper JW. Two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene directly affect glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(10):5804-5810.
63. Yudt MR, Cidlowski JA. Molecular identification and characterization of a and b forms of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol, 2001; 15:1093-1103.
64. Weverling-Rijnsburger AW, Blauw GJ, Lagaay AM, Knook DL, Meinders AE, Westendorp RG. Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in the oldest old. Lancet, 1997; 350: 1119-1123.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |