用于泵浦激光放大器的稀土掺杂纳米粒子及有机杂化材料的制备与表征
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摘要
任何技术的创新都由相应领域材料学的快速发展来推动,全光通讯技术的发展正在广泛而深刻地影响着人们生活的各个方面,促进着社会的进步。掺铒平面光波导放大器(EDWA)是集成光学、全光通信系统的重要组成部分,可以补偿光传输过程中的各类损耗。有机无机复合材料作为一种新型光波导放大器材料,以其高灵活性、多功能性、可集成性、经济性和易加工等特点在EDWA方面表现出强大的应用前景,用湿化学方法大量制备掺杂浓度高、粒径小、与有机物相容性好的无机纳米粒子和低光损的光波导聚合物材料的研究是决定无机有机杂化光波导材料能否真正实用化的关键性课题。本论文正是基于这一思路,从制备稀土掺杂的无机纳米粒子出发,分别运用微乳液法、通入潮湿空气法、浸渍法等方法成功制备稀土掺杂的二氧化硅纳米粒子；又在稀土盐存在的情况下水解钛酸丁酯,在二氧化硅纳米粒子表面包覆一层二氧化钛,成功制备了多种稀土掺杂的TiO2@SiO2核壳纳米粒子；本论文也对纳米粒子团聚的机理做了初步探讨,根据团聚机理,提出了利用活性炭吸附保护来防止二氧化硅纳米粒子高温处理时团聚的方法。此外,我们制备了表面用油酸修饰的铒镱共掺杂的氟化镧纳米粒子,将其与我们合成的新型含氟光刻胶进行复合杂化,利用旋涂技术,制备了有机无机杂化薄膜,对薄膜的热学、光学等性能进行了表征,结果表明这种杂化材料满足光波导放大器的制作要求,我们也在光波导放大器器件制备方面进行了尝试。
In the 21st century, human society has entered the information epoch with the features of high capacity, high broadband and high velocity, at which the integrated optics and optical communication develop at an unprecedented rapid. Erbium-doped planar waveguide amplifiers (EDWA) are an important part of integrated optics and optical communication system. EDWA can compensate for various types of optical loss in the process of transmission. Organic-inorganic composite materials, owing to their high flexibility, versatility, good thermal stability, integration, ease of processing and other features, have been prepared and investigated by numerous scientists. However, it is still considered to be a challenge for researchers to prepare rare-earth-doped silica nanoparticles via wet-chemistry. And few successful EDWAs have been demonstrated using erbium-doped Organic-inorganic composite materials. In this paper, we do some research on two parts. One part is to fabrication several different types of rare earth doped inorganic nanoparticles, another part is to synthesize waveguide polymer with the low optical loss. The theory and principles, preparation methods, and development of optical waveguide amplifiers materials have been reviewed in chapter 1.
It is difficult to fabricate the lanthanide doped silica particles because the lanthanide ions will form insoluble lanthanide hydroxides in basic environment, at the same time, it is difficult to control the hydrolysis of the tetraethyl in acidic enviroment. In chapter 2, in order to resolve the problems, at first, we synthesized and characterized rare earth doped silica nano-particles by using the reverse emulsion formed by Span80, Tween60, cyclohexane and the lanthanide salt solution. Second, we fabricated monodispersive Eu(TTA)2(Phen)MA silica hybrid nanospheres by hydrolysis condensation reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of acid via sol-gel method modified by introducing water molecule into the TEOS-acetic acid system by moist airflow. At last, we fabricated the lanthanide ions-doped silica nanoparticles using two steps. We fabricated the porous silica particles and then dipped them in the solution of lanthanide salt. We characterized the structure and luminescence properties of the ions-doped particles using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and so on.
In chapter 3, for the first time, we developed a coating process to fabricate Eu3+-doped, Tb+-doped or Er3+-doped titania coatings deposited on silica nanoparticles. One modification of the process is that the diameter of the silica particles used to give the support for titania coating is nanosized. The other one is that the lathanide salts were added into the reactant mixture. The doping density is controlled by the concentration of the lanthanide ions in the reaction mixture. The typical Ln3+doping density is 0.052 at.%-0.535at.%. Indentical photoluminescence spectra were observed respectively from the Eu3+-doped, Tb3+-doped and Er3+-doped particles. The Er3+-Yb3+codoped core-shell titania@silica nanoparticles were prepared via this method. The diameter of the silica core is about 50 nm. The thickness of the titania shell is about 4 nm. A typical doping density of Er3+in the titania shell is 4.51 at.%, and the one of Yb3+is 12.20 at.%. The Er3+-Yb3+codoped core-shell titania@silica nanoparticles may find applications as optical materials because their excellent photoluminescence properties.
In chapter 4, oleic acid-modified Er3+-Yb3+codoped LaF3 nanoparticles have been prepared and investigated. The scale of the diameter of the particles is 10-30nm. The results of TGA experiments tell us that the content of the solid can reach up to 85%. And then a fluorinated bis-phenol-A novolac resin for optical waveguide was synthesized based on 4,4-(hexafluoro-isopropylidene) diphenol, epoxy chloropropane and formaldehyde. A hybrid material was fabricated by mixing the nanoparticles and the polymer. The concentration of nanoparticles in hybrid materials was up to 30 wt%. The hybrid materials had good chemical resistance, thermal resistance and high glasstransition temperature, showing possibility for direct photolithography technique of waveguide amplifier structures.
Any way, we fabricated several lanthanide ions doped inorganic nanoparticles via several methods and synthesized a new hybrid material with fluorinated photoresist and oleic acid-modified Er3+-Yb3+codoped LaF3 nanoparticles. The new hybrid materials we fabricated may find application on waveguide amplifiers.
In the 21st century, human society has entered the information epoch with the features of high capacity, high broadband and high velocity, at which the integrated optics and optical communication develop at an unprecedented rapid. Erbium-doped planar waveguide amplifiers (EDWA) are an important part of integrated optics and optical communication system. EDWA can compensate for various types of optical loss in the process of transmission. Organic-inorganic composite materials, owing to their high flexibility, versatility, good thermal stability, integration, ease of processing and other features, have been prepared and investigated by numerous scientists. However, it is still considered to be a challenge for researchers to prepare rare-earth-doped silica nanoparticles via wet-chemistry. And few successful EDWAs have been demonstrated using erbium-doped Organic-inorganic composite materials. In this paper, we do some research on two parts. One part is to fabrication several different types of rare earth doped inorganic nanoparticles, another part is to synthesize waveguide polymer with the low optical loss. The theory and principles, preparation methods, and development of optical waveguide amplifiers materials have been reviewed in chapter 1.
It is difficult to fabricate the lanthanide doped silica particles because the lanthanide ions will form insoluble lanthanide hydroxides in basic environment, at the same time, it is difficult to control the hydrolysis of the tetraethyl in acidic enviroment. In chapter 2, in order to resolve the problems, at first, we synthesized and characterized rare earth doped silica nano-particles by using the reverse emulsion formed by Span80, Tween60, cyclohexane and the lanthanide salt solution. Second, we fabricated monodispersive Eu(TTA)2(Phen)MA silica hybrid nanospheres by hydrolysis condensation reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of acid via sol-gel method modified by introducing water molecule into the TEOS-acetic acid system by moist airflow. At last, we fabricated the lanthanide ions-doped silica nanoparticles using two steps. We fabricated the porous silica particles and then dipped them in the solution of lanthanide salt. We characterized the structure and luminescence properties of the ions-doped particles using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and so on.
In chapter 3, for the first time, we developed a coating process to fabricate Eu3+-doped, Tb+-doped or Er3+-doped titania coatings deposited on silica nanoparticles. One modification of the process is that the diameter of the silica particles used to give the support for titania coating is nanosized. The other one is that the lathanide salts were added into the reactant mixture. The doping density is controlled by the concentration of the lanthanide ions in the reaction mixture. The typical Ln3+doping density is 0.052 at.%-0.535at.%. Indentical photoluminescence spectra were observed respectively from the Eu3+-doped, Tb3+-doped and Er3+-doped particles. The Er3+-Yb3+codoped core-shell titania@silica nanoparticles were prepared via this method. The diameter of the silica core is about 50 nm. The thickness of the titania shell is about 4 nm. A typical doping density of Er3+in the titania shell is 4.51 at.%, and the one of Yb3+is 12.20 at.%. The Er3+-Yb3+codoped core-shell titania@silica nanoparticles may find applications as optical materials because their excellent photoluminescence properties.
In chapter 4, oleic acid-modified Er3+-Yb3+codoped LaF3 nanoparticles have been prepared and investigated. The scale of the diameter of the particles is 10-30nm. The results of TGA experiments tell us that the content of the solid can reach up to 85%. And then a fluorinated bis-phenol-A novolac resin for optical waveguide was synthesized based on 4,4-(hexafluoro-isopropylidene) diphenol, epoxy chloropropane and formaldehyde. A hybrid material was fabricated by mixing the nanoparticles and the polymer. The concentration of nanoparticles in hybrid materials was up to 30 wt%. The hybrid materials had good chemical resistance, thermal resistance and high glasstransition temperature, showing possibility for direct photolithography technique of waveguide amplifier structures.
Any way, we fabricated several lanthanide ions doped inorganic nanoparticles via several methods and synthesized a new hybrid material with fluorinated photoresist and oleic acid-modified Er3+-Yb3+codoped LaF3 nanoparticles. The new hybrid materials we fabricated may find application on waveguide amplifiers.
引文
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