民航机场停机位分配与优化技术研究
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摘要
民航机场是航空运输链中旅客、货物和邮件的起始点、转接点和终结点，也是一个国家和地区最重要的基础设施之一。机场关注的焦点一直是航空安全、优质服务和经营效益三个方面，面临的主要压力是设施容量不足，保障能力难以适应航空运输业的快速发展。因此，如何在保证地面飞行安全的前提下，通过生产资源的合理调度与优化配置，提高服务水平，提高设施资源利用率，从而提高经营效益，已经成为机场运营迫切需要深入研究和尽快解决的关键问题。
本文利用系统优化和系统仿真，以及人工智能的理论与方法，对机场生产调度的核心环节——停机位分配(Aircraft Stands Assignment，简称ASA)及其优化技术进行了研究，以期为机场生产调度提供理论和方法支持。
本文的主要研究工作及创新点如下：
1．深入考察了民航机场生产调度过程，论述了ASA方法及其优化技术研究的重大意义，分析了国内外ASA问题的研究现状和存在的问题，探讨了ASA问题的研究策略；
2．分析了实际ASA过程的约束条件和目标要求，引进建模假设和简化条件，将ASA过程中的基本约束形式化地表述为一组约束函数，以旅客在机场移动距离最短和机场设施设备利用率最高作为目标函数，建立了ASA问题的多目标二次整数规划模型，为ASA优化算法研究奠定了基础；
3．根据禁忌搜索算法的基本理论和方法，提出了ASA优化求解算法，并对该算法的能行性进行了分析。在算法设计中，引进了解集元素之间距离的概念，提出了“蜘蛛型”和“蝌蚪型”侯选解集结构以及相应的邻域搜索方法，较好地实现了集中搜索和分散搜索策略；
4．采用基于随机事件模型的系统仿真技术，建立了ASA仿真与优化实验平台，对ASA实际过程进行计算机仿真，在此基础上进行计算实验，对ASA优化模型和算法进行验证研究，证明了本文提出的ASA优化模型和算法的可行性与有效性；
5．利用基于规则的推理机制处理附加约束，以弥补模型和算法对描述和处理复杂约束的能力的不足，进而探讨了ASA知识库和推理机的实现技术；
6．分析了实际ASA过程中的突发事件及其影响，提出了ASA应急管理的策略与目标，以及动态约束的处理机制，探讨了ASA优化调度的鲁棒性和受扰恢复技术，提出了将ASA静态优化提升为动态优化的技术途径。
Civil airports are not only the source, exchange and target nodes of airtransportation networks, but also the important infrastructures of nations and areas.Even under the heavy pressure of their small capacities and poor equipments whichcan hardly ensure the rapid growth of civil aviation, airports all over the world have tofocus on the steady aviation safeguard, better service and reasonable operation benefit.The issue of how an airport can improve its services and get more incomes by meansof optimizing the resource scheduling must be deeply investigated and urgentlyresolved.
To provide the airport operation scheduling with theory and method supports,the main operation workflows of an airport has been reviewed in this dissertation, andthe key process of the operation scheduling, that is, Aircraft Stands Assignment (ASA)and optimization technology, has been studied based on System Optimization, SystemSimulation and Artificial Intelligence.
The main contents and contributions of the dissertation are as follows:
1. After reviewing on the literatures of airport operation scheduling, the currentsituations and some limitations of the previous researching results on ASAoptimization have been analyzed, and thus the main research topics of the dissertationhave been introduced.
2. By examining the constrains and objectives of an actual ASA process, anASA optimization model with simplified hypotheses is given. The model is based onmultiobject quadric integer programming with the minimization of total walkingdistances of all passengers in the airport as the first objective, and the maximization ofthe airport income from equipment usage as the second one.
3. According to the basic theory and method of Tuba Search, an ASAoptimization algorithm has been proposed, for which a new concept of the distancebetween two resolutions has been introduced, as well as the "Spider" and "Tadpole" candidate solution set structures with relating search methods have also beenpresented which can efficiently execute both Intensification Search and DiversificationSearch.
4. To establish a platform of ASA simulation and optimization, a systemsimulation based on random event model has been introduced. The computingexperimentations have been carried out on the platform which shows the feasibilityand efficiency of the ASA optimization model and algorithm proposed above.
5. A deducing mechanics based on rulers has been set up as an aided method tomanage the additional constrains. Further more, the implementation technology ofASA knowledge management and deducing machine has also been discussed.
6. The strategies and objectives of ASA Disrupt Management have beenproposed with the emergencies and their influences to the actual ASA process to beanalyzed, for which the ASA Robust Scheduling and Recovery Strategy has beendiscussed as well. Finally, the technical routes for upgrading the Static Optimization ofASA to Dynamic Optimization are also presented.
本文利用系统优化和系统仿真，以及人工智能的理论与方法，对机场生产调度的核心环节——停机位分配(Aircraft Stands Assignment，简称ASA)及其优化技术进行了研究，以期为机场生产调度提供理论和方法支持。
本文的主要研究工作及创新点如下：
1．深入考察了民航机场生产调度过程，论述了ASA方法及其优化技术研究的重大意义，分析了国内外ASA问题的研究现状和存在的问题，探讨了ASA问题的研究策略；
2．分析了实际ASA过程的约束条件和目标要求，引进建模假设和简化条件，将ASA过程中的基本约束形式化地表述为一组约束函数，以旅客在机场移动距离最短和机场设施设备利用率最高作为目标函数，建立了ASA问题的多目标二次整数规划模型，为ASA优化算法研究奠定了基础；
3．根据禁忌搜索算法的基本理论和方法，提出了ASA优化求解算法，并对该算法的能行性进行了分析。在算法设计中，引进了解集元素之间距离的概念，提出了“蜘蛛型”和“蝌蚪型”侯选解集结构以及相应的邻域搜索方法，较好地实现了集中搜索和分散搜索策略；
4．采用基于随机事件模型的系统仿真技术，建立了ASA仿真与优化实验平台，对ASA实际过程进行计算机仿真，在此基础上进行计算实验，对ASA优化模型和算法进行验证研究，证明了本文提出的ASA优化模型和算法的可行性与有效性；
5．利用基于规则的推理机制处理附加约束，以弥补模型和算法对描述和处理复杂约束的能力的不足，进而探讨了ASA知识库和推理机的实现技术；
6．分析了实际ASA过程中的突发事件及其影响，提出了ASA应急管理的策略与目标，以及动态约束的处理机制，探讨了ASA优化调度的鲁棒性和受扰恢复技术，提出了将ASA静态优化提升为动态优化的技术途径。
Civil airports are not only the source, exchange and target nodes of airtransportation networks, but also the important infrastructures of nations and areas.Even under the heavy pressure of their small capacities and poor equipments whichcan hardly ensure the rapid growth of civil aviation, airports all over the world have tofocus on the steady aviation safeguard, better service and reasonable operation benefit.The issue of how an airport can improve its services and get more incomes by meansof optimizing the resource scheduling must be deeply investigated and urgentlyresolved.
To provide the airport operation scheduling with theory and method supports,the main operation workflows of an airport has been reviewed in this dissertation, andthe key process of the operation scheduling, that is, Aircraft Stands Assignment (ASA)and optimization technology, has been studied based on System Optimization, SystemSimulation and Artificial Intelligence.
The main contents and contributions of the dissertation are as follows:
1. After reviewing on the literatures of airport operation scheduling, the currentsituations and some limitations of the previous researching results on ASAoptimization have been analyzed, and thus the main research topics of the dissertationhave been introduced.
2. By examining the constrains and objectives of an actual ASA process, anASA optimization model with simplified hypotheses is given. The model is based onmultiobject quadric integer programming with the minimization of total walkingdistances of all passengers in the airport as the first objective, and the maximization ofthe airport income from equipment usage as the second one.
3. According to the basic theory and method of Tuba Search, an ASAoptimization algorithm has been proposed, for which a new concept of the distancebetween two resolutions has been introduced, as well as the "Spider" and "Tadpole" candidate solution set structures with relating search methods have also beenpresented which can efficiently execute both Intensification Search and DiversificationSearch.
4. To establish a platform of ASA simulation and optimization, a systemsimulation based on random event model has been introduced. The computingexperimentations have been carried out on the platform which shows the feasibilityand efficiency of the ASA optimization model and algorithm proposed above.
5. A deducing mechanics based on rulers has been set up as an aided method tomanage the additional constrains. Further more, the implementation technology ofASA knowledge management and deducing machine has also been discussed.
6. The strategies and objectives of ASA Disrupt Management have beenproposed with the emergencies and their influences to the actual ASA process to beanalyzed, for which the ASA Robust Scheduling and Recovery Strategy has beendiscussed as well. Finally, the technical routes for upgrading the Static Optimization ofASA to Dynamic Optimization are also presented.
引文
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